Globally Threatened Bird Species of Turkey

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 7, 19 - 39, 30.06.2021

Nizamettin Yavuz Kiraz Erciyas Yavuz Ahmet Karataş

Öz

Among the identified nearly 10.900 bird species, 1.480 of them are considered as globally threatened due to their small and decreasing populations. Over these globally threatened bird species 223 of them are critically endangered and possible to extinct in the near future. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) determines and updates the Red List of species which are under threat and it forms a critical indicator for biodiversity and nature conservation and policy change, and has an international validation. To understand biodiversity loss, we need to know the number of species at risk, their distributional ranges, population sizes, ecology and threats. In this study 28 threatened and 24 near threatened bird species, their distributions and population status in Turkey have been evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Red List, Aves, Conservation, IUCN, Threatened

TÜRKİYE’NİN KÜRESEL ÖLÇEKTE SOYU TEHLİKE ALTINDAKİ KUŞ TÜRLERİ

Öz

Dünyada tanımlanmış yaklaşık 10.900 kuş türünden 1.480’i küçük ve azalan popülasyon büyüklüğüne sahip oldukları için küresel ölçekte tehlike altında olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bunlardan 223’ü ise kritik seviyede soyu tehlike altında olan türlerdir ve yakın gelecekte yüksek olasılıkla yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadırlar. Uluslararası Doğa Koruma Birliği (IUCN) tarafından hazırlanan ve güncellenen kırmızı liste, yok olma riski en yüksek türleri belirleyerek, biyolojik çeşitlilik ve doğanın korunması ile ilgili politikalar için temel oluşturmaktadır ve uluslararası geçerliliği vardır. Biyolojik çeşitlilik kaybını anlayabilmek için kaç türün risk altında olduğunu, nerede bulunduğunu, popülasyon büyüklüğünü, ekolojisini ve ne gibi tehditler olduğunu bilmemiz gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde soyu tehlike altında olan 28 kuş türü ile tehdide yakın olan 24 kuş türünün ülkemizdeki dağılımları ve popülasyon durumları değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kırmızı Liste, Aves, Tehlike Altında, Koruma, IUCN

Kaynakça

• Alonso, J. C. (2014). “The Great Bustard: past, present and future of a globally threatened species”. Ornis Hungarica 22 (2): 1-13.
• Anonim. (2009). “Göksu Deltası Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi yaz ördeği (Marmaronetta angustirostris) araştırma ve izleme projesi kesin raporu”. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, ÖÇK Kurumu Başkanlığı, Ankara.
• Anonim. (2018). Türkiye Ulusal Halkalama Çalışmaları Raporu 2018. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Bachman, S. P., Field, R., Reader, T., Raimondo, D., Donaldson, J., Schatz, G. E., Lughadha, E. N. (2019). Progress, challenges and opportunities for Red Listing. Biological Conservation, 234: 45-55.
• Baptista, L. F., Trail, P. W., Horblit, H. M., Boesman, P. & Sharpe, C. J. (2015). European Turtle-dove (Streptopelia turtur). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (editörler), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
• BirdLife International. (2015). “European Red List of Birds”. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
• BirdLife International. (2017). “Spotlight on threatened birds”. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone (erişim: 29.05.2021).
• BirdLife International. (2021). “IUCN Red List for birds”. http://www.birdlife.org (erişim: 29.05.2021).
• Bolam, F. C., Mair, L., Angelico, M., Brooks, T. M., Burgman, M., Hermes, C., … & Butchart, S. H. (2021). “How many bird and mammal extinctions has recent conservation action prevented?” Conservation Letters, 14 (1), e12762.
• Bozdoğan, M. & Balkız, Ö. 2007. “Sürmeli Kızkuşları (Vanellus gregarius) Arazi Raporu”. Doğa Derneği, Ankara
• Brlík, V., Šilarová, E., Škorpilová, J., Alonso, H., Weiserbs, A. & Klvaňová, A. (2021). “Long-term and large-scale multispecies dataset tracking population changes of common European breeding birds”. Scientific Data, 8, 21: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00804-2.
• Copete, J. L., Garcia, E. F. J. & Sharpe, C.J. 2016. “Rustic Bunting (Emberiza rustica)”. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (editörler), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
• Collen, B., Whitton, F., Dyer, E. E., Baillie, J. E., Cumberlidge, N., Darwall, W. R., … & Böhm, M. (2014). “Global patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism”. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(1), 40-51.
• Deinet, S., Ieronymidou, C., McRae, L., Burfield, I. J., Foppen, R. P., Collen, B. and Böhm, M. (2013). “Wildlife comeback in Europe: The recovery of selected mammal and bird species”.
• eBird. (2021). https://ebird.org/turkey/checklist/S76966861 (erişim tarihi: 30.05.2021)
• Final report to Rewilding Europe by ZSL, BirdLife International and the European Bird Census Council. London, UK: ZSL.
• Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D. A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London.
• García-Tarrasón, M., Bécares, J., Bateman, S., Arcos, J. M., Jover, L. & Sanpera, C. (2015). “Sex-specific foraging behavior in response to fishing activities in a threatened seabird”. Ecology and Evolution 5 (12): 2348–2358.
• Gaucher, P., Thiollay, J. M. & Eichaker, X. (1995). “The Sooty Falcon Falco concolor on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia: distribution, numbers and conservation”. Ibis. 137 (1): 29-34.
• Genovart, M., Oro, D. & Tenan, S. (2018). “Immature survival, fertility and density dependence drive global population dynamics in a long‐lived species”. Ecology 99: 2823-2832.
• Gill, F., Donsker, D. (Eds). (2020). IOC World Bird List (v 10.1). http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ (erişim tarihi: 27.05.2021).
• Harris, J. & Zhuang Hao. (2010). “An Ecosystem Approach to Resolving Conflicts Among Ecological and Economic Priorities for Poyang Lake Wetlands”. Unpublished report. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
• IUCN. (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org (erişim: 29.05.2021).
• Johnson, C. N., Balmford, A., Brook, B. W., Buettel, J. C., Galetti, M., Guangchun, L., & Wilmshurst, J. M. (2017). “Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene”. Science, 356 (6335), 270-275.
• Karyakin, I. V., Nikolenko, E. G., Bekmansurov, R. H. (2009). “Results of monitoring of Greater Spotted Eagle and Imperial Eagle breeding grounds in the Altai pine forests in 2009, Russia”. Raptor Research 17: 125-130.
• Kirwan, G., Boyla, K. A., Castell, P., Demirci, B., Özen, M., Welch, H. & Marlow, T. (2008). The Birds of Turkey. 511 s. Londra: Christopher Helm.
• Kovács, A., Williams, N. P., Galbraith, C. A. (2014). “Saker Falcon Falco cherrug Global Action Plan (SakerGAP), including a management and monitoring system, to conserve the species”. Raptors MOU Technical Publication No. 2. CMS Technical Series No. 31. Coordinating Unit - CMS Raptors MOU, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Majoramo, L., Falcucci, A., Garton, E. O. & Boitani, L. (2007). “Contribution of the Natura 2000 network to biodiversity conservation in Italy”. Conservation Biology, 21 (6): 1433-1444.
• Maltby, E. (1994). An environmental and ecological study of the marshlands of Mesopotamia. AMAR Appeal Trust, Exeter, U.K.
• Matheu, E., del Hoyo, J., Kirwan, G. M. & Garcia, E. F. J. (2020). Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J.
• Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.waldra1.01
• Meyburg, B.-U., Haraszthy, L., Strazds, M., Schäffer, N. (1999). European species action plan for Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga).
• Muir, J. (2009). BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7906512.stm (erişim: 30.5.2021).
• Munoz-Fuentes, V., Vila, C., Green, A. J., Negro, J. J. and Sorenson, M. D. (2007). “Hybridization between white-headed ducks and introduced ruddy ducks in Spain”. Molecular Ecology 16 (3): 629-638.
• Nikolaeva, N. G., Spiridonov, V. A., Krasnov, Y. V. (2006). Existing and proposed marine protected areas and their relevance for seabird conservation: a case study in the Barents Sea region. In: G. Boere, C. Galbraith and D. Stroud (eds), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 743-749. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK.
• Ortaç, O. & Gönülal, O. (2019). “A newly identified breeding site in the Aegean Sea and a status update for Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii in Turkey (Aves: Laridae)”. Zoology in the Middle East, 65:2, 186-188, DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2019.1571745
• Payo-Payo, A., Sanz-Aguilar, A., Genovart, M., Bertolero, A., Piccardo, J., Camps, D., Ruiz-Olmo, J. & Oro, D. (2018). “Predator arrival elicits differential dispersal, change in age structure and reproductive performance in a prey population”. Scientific Reports, 8: 1-7.
• Ritchie, H. & Roser, M. (2021). "Biodiversity". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. 'https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity' (erişim: 29.05.2021).
• Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2020). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Montreal.
• Stedman, S. J. (2018). “Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus)”. version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Ithaca, NY, USA.
• https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.horgre.02 (erişim: 01.06.2021)
• Şahin, D. (2015). “Are there more Yelkouan Shearwaters Puffinus yelkouan than we thought?” (Pp: 27-30) In: Yesou, P., Sultana, J., Walmsley, J., Azafzaf, H. (Eds.) Proceedings of the UNEP-MAP – RAC/SPA Symposium, Conservation of marine and coastal birds in the Mediterranean.
• Väli, Ü. (2011). Numbers and hybrydization of spotted eagles in Estonia as revealed by country-wide field observations and genetic analysis. Estonian Journal of Ecology 60: 143-154
• Wetlands International. (2015). Waterbird Population Estimates. Available at: wpe.wetlands.org. (erişim: 21/05/2021).