Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 1308-6979 Dogus University Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Daha İyi İşleyen Ekonomilere Yol Açar Mı? Bayes Nedensellik Ağları Analizi Does Gender Equality Lead to Better-Performing Economies? A Bayesian Causal Map Approach Yücel Yelda İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, İşletme Bölümü Ekici Şule Önsel Doğuş Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü 01 01 2017 18 1 15 30 Copyright © 2000, Dogus University Journal 2000 Dogus University Journal

Bu çalışmada Dünya Ekonomik Forumu WEF Küresel Cinsiyet Farkı İndeksi‘nin bileşenleri kullanılarak cinsiyet eşitsizliği ile temel makro ekonomik göstergeler arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı incelenmektedir. Eşitsizlik, eğitim, işgücü piyasası, sağlık ve politika alanlarındaki cinsiyet eşitsizliği ile makroekonomik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler, değişkenler arası nedensel ilişkileri incelemek için etkin bir yöntem olarak tanımlanabilecek Bayes Nedensel Ağları yardımı ile modellenmiş ve incelenmiştir. Bunun için 2007-2011 dönemini kapsayan zaman aralığında 128 ülkenin verileri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular bazı alanlardaki eşitsizliklerin yüksek düzeyde birbiri ile ilişkisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Öte yandan, cinsiyet eşitsizliklerinin ortadan kaldırılmasının, özellikle ülkelerin GSMH, yatırımlar ve rekabet düzeyi açısından daha iyi ekonomik sonuçlara yol açacağı saptanmaktadır

This study explores the existence of relationships between gender inequalities –represented by the components of the World Economic Forum WEF Global Gender Gap Index– and the major macroeconomic indicators. The relationships within gender inequalities in education, the labour market, health and the political arena, and between gender inequalities and gross macroeconomic aggregates were modelled with the Bayesian Causal Map, an effective tool that is used to analyze cause-effect relations and conditional dependencies between variables. A data set of 128 countries during the period 2007–2011 is used. Findings reveal that some inequalities have high levels of interaction with each other. In addition, eradicating gender inequalities is found to be associated with better economic performance, mainly in the form of higher gross domestic product growth, investment, and competitiveness.

 Gender Development Inequality Employment Education Cinsiyet Kalkınma Eşitsizlik İstihdam Eğitim Anderson, R. D., & Vastag, G. (2004). Causal modeling alternatives in operations research: Overview and application. European Journal of Operational Research, 156(1), 92-109. Başlevent, C., & Onaran, Ö. (2004). The effect of export-oriented growth on female labor market outcomes in Turkey. World Development, 32 (8), 1375–1393. Berik, G., Rodgers, Y. M., & Seguino, S. (2009). Feminist economics of inequality, development and growth. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 1–33. Blodgett, J. G., & Anderson, R. D. (2000). A Bayesian network model of the consumer complaint process. Journal of Service Research, 2, 321-338. Boarini, R., Johansson, A., & d’Ercole, M. M. (2006). Alternative measures of well-being. OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers No. 33. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/36165332.pdf Busse, M., & Nunnenkamp, P. (2009). Gender disparity in education and the international competition for foreign direct investment. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 61–90. Busse, M., & Spielmann, C. (2006). Gender inequality and trade. Review of International Economics, 14(3), 362–379. Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2014). Gender inequality and economic growth: A critical review. Journal of International Development, 26, 260–276. Çağatay, N., & Özler, Ş. (1995). Feminization of the labor force: The effects of long-term economic development and structural adjustment. World Development, 23(8), 1183–1194. Dasgupta, P. (2010). The place of nature in economic development. In D. Rodrik & M. R. Rosenzweig (Eds), Handbook of development economics, volume 5 (pp. 4997–5046). North-Holland: Amsterdam. Ekici, A., & Önsel, Ş. (2013). How ethical behavior of firms is influenced by the legal and political environments: A Bayesian causal map analysis based on stages of development. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(2), 271-290. Ekici, A., & Ekici, Onsel Ş. (2015). Value of Bayesian Networks for Macromarketing Investigation. Marketing as Provisioning Technology: Integrating Perspectives on Solutions for Sustainability, Prosperity, and Social Justice. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Macromarketing Conference, 342-350. Elson, D., Grown, C., & Çağatay, N. (2007). Mainstream, heterodox, and feminist trade theory. In I. van Staveren, D. Elson, C. Grown & N. Çağatay (Eds), The feminist economics of trade (pp. 33–52). Routledge: London and New York. Friedman, N., Goldszmidt, M., Heckerman, D., & Russel, S. (1997). Challenge: Where is the impact of Bayesian networks in learning?. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Joint Conference http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=34935F6995867CAA86395AC6 BB437156?doi=10.1.1.51.101&rep=rep1&type=pdf Retrieved from International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2013). Global wage report 2012/13: Wages and equitable growth. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/- --dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_194843.pdf İlkkaracan, İ. (2012). Why so few women in the labour market in Turkey?. Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1–37. Jensen, F. (2002). Bayesian networks and decision graphs. New York, NY: Springer. Jutting, J. P., Morrison, C., Dayton-Johnson, J., & Drechsler, D. (2008). Measuring gender (in)equality: The OECD gender, institutions and development database. Journal of Human Development, 9(1), 65–86. Kabeer, N., & Natali, L. (2013). Gender equality and economic growth: Is there a win-win?” Institute of Development Studies Working Paper No. 417. Retrieved from http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Wp417.pdf Klasen, S., & Schüler, D. (2011). Reforming the gender-related development index and the gender empowerment measure: Implementing some specific proposals. Feminist Economics, 17(1), 1-30. Klasen, S. (1999). Does gender inequality reduce growth and development? Evidence from cross-country regressions. World Bank Policy Research Report Working Paper Number 7. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/wp7.pdf Kongar, E. (2007). Importing equality or exporting jobs? Competition and gender wage and employment differentials in US manufacturing. In I. van Staveren, D. Elson, C. Grown & N. Çağatay (Eds), The feminist economics of trade (pp. 215–236). Routledge: London and New York. Mishra, S., Kemmerer, B., & Shenoy, P. P. (2001). Managing venture capital investment decisions: A knowledge-based approach. Working Paper, School of Business, University of Kansas. Retrieved from http://pshenoy.faculty.ku.edu/Papers/BKERC01.pdf Nadkarni, S., & Shenoy, P. P. (2004). A causal mapping approach to constructing Bayesian networks. Decision Support Systems, 38(2), 259-281. Nadkarni, S., & Shenoy, P. P. (2001). A Bayesian network approach to making inferences in causal maps. European Journal of Operational Research, 128, 479-498. Nash, D., Waters, D., Buldu, A., Wu, Y., Lin, Y., Yang, W. … Hannah, M. (2013). Using a conceptual Bayesian network to investigate environmental management of vegetable production in the lake Taihu region of China. Environmental Modelling & Software, 46, 170-181. Nicholson, A. E., Twardy, C. R., Korb, K. B., & Hope, L. R. (2008). Decision support for clinical cardiovascular risk assessment. In O. Pourret, P. Naim & B. Marcot (Eds), Bayesian networks: A practical guide to applications Bayesian networks (pp. 33–52). John Wiley and Sons: Cornwall. Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). Women and human development: The capabilities approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2011). How is life? Measuring http://unstats.un.org/unsd/broaderprogress/pdf/How%27s%20life%20- %20Measuring%20well-being.pdf OECD Publishing. Retrieved from Onisko, A. (2008). Medical diagnosis. In O. Pourret, P. Naim & B. Marcot (Eds), Bayesian networks: A practical guide to applications Bayesian networks (pp. 15-32). John Wiley and Sons: Cornwall. Pourret, O.. (2008). Introduction to Bayesian networks. In O. Pourret, P. Naim & B. Marcot (Eds), Bayesian networks: A practical guide to applications Bayesian networks (pp. 1-14). John Wiley and Sons: Cornwall. Samuelson, P. A. (1976). The optimum growth rate for population: Agreement and evaluations. International Economic Review, 17(3), 516–525. Seguino, S. (2002). Gender, quality of life and growth in Asia 1970 to 1990. The Pacific Review, 15(2), 245-77. Seguino, S. (2000a). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211–1230. Seguino, S. (2000b). Accounting for Asian economic growth: Adding gender to the equation. Feminist Economics, 6(3), 27-58. Seguino, S. (1997). Gender wage inequality and export-led growth in South Korea. Journal of Development Studies, 34(2), 102–137. Sen, A. (1985).Commodities and capabilities. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A., & Fitoussi, J.-P. (2009). Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Retrieved from http://www.stiglitz-sen- fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf Wanjala, B. M., & Were, M. (2009). Gender disparities and economic growth in Kenya: A social accounting matrix approach. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 227–251. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2012). Global gender gap report. Retrieved from http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2012/ World Economic Forum (WEF). (2010). The global competitiveness report, 2010–2011. Retrieved http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf Wu, W. W. (2010). Linking Bayesian networks and PLS path modeling for causal analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 37, 134–139.