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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1308-6979</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Dogus University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31671/doujournal.1183546</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Business Administration</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>İşletme </subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>INFORMATIVE AND NORMATIVE ROLE OF REFERENCE GROUPS: COLLECTIVE REFERENCE</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>REFERANS GRUPLARININ BİLGİLENDİRİCİ VE NORMATİF ROLÜ: KOLEKTİF REFERANS</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-3620</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özden</surname>
                                    <given-names>Aybike Tuba</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230710">
                    <day>07</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>24</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>125</fpage>
                                        <lpage>151</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20221003">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>03</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20230327">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>27</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2000, Dogus University Journal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2000</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Dogus University Journal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Reference groups are groups like family members, friends, influencers, members of an association, or artists who indirectly or directly influence consumers. Consumers can make choices under the influence of reference groups, which can be regarded as sensitivity to the influence of reference groups. Sensitivity to the reference groups influence plays both informative and normative roles. The present study examines whether consumers who previously had a negative opinion about a product were satisfied with the product after purchasing it under the influence of a reference group. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of reference groups on negative opinions about a product. This study also investigated the effects of reference groups on the relationship between demographic characteristics and product groups. For this purpose, a survey was administered including 728 individuals. According to the findings, there is a relationship between product groups and informative and normative effects. Even if consumers have a negative opinion about a product, there is an informative effect on their satisfaction as well as a normative effect on their dissatisfaction after purchasing under the reference group effect. As a result, it has been observed that consumers can change their negative opinions for positive under the influence of reference groups. This process is named a &quot;collective reference&quot; by the author, introducing this concept to the literature. In this context, this study offers a unique contribution to the literature in terms of the subject it deals with. In the light of the findings obtained, various suggestions were presented to businesses and researchers.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Referans grupları, tüketicilerin dolaylı veya dolaysız olarak etkilendikleri aile bireyleri, arkadaşları, fenomenler, dernek üyeleri veya sanatçılar gibi gruplardır.  Tüketiciler, referans gruplarının etkisiyle seçimler yapabilmektedirler. Bu süreç, referans gruplarının etkisine duyarlılık olarak ifade edilebilir. Referans grup etkisine duyarlılığın bilgilendirici ve normatif rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, önceden ürüne ilişkin olumsuz fikri olan tüketicilerin referans grup etkisiyle satın aldıktan sonra memnun kalıp kalmadıklarını ele almaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın temel amacı, referans gruplarının ürüne ilişkin olumsuz fikir üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektedir. Araştırmada ayrıca referans grup etkisinin demografik özellikler ve ürün grupları arasındaki ilişki de ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla 728 kişiye anket uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre ürün grupları ile bilgilendirici ve normatif etki arasında bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Tüketiciler, bir ürünle ilgili olumsuz bir fikre sahip olsalar dahi referans grup etkisiyle satın aldıktan sonra memnun kalmalarının üzerinde bilgilendirici etki, memnun kalmamalarının üzerinde ise normatif etki söz konusudur. Sonuç olarak, tüketicilerin referans grupların etkisiyle olumsuz fikirlerini olumlu yönde değiştirebilecekleri görülmüştür. Bu süreç yazar tarafından “kolektif referans” şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma ile ilgili literatüre “kolektif referans” kavramı kazandırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, ele aldığı konu itibariyle literatüre özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında işletmelere ve araştırmacılara çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Referans Grupları</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bilgilendirici Etki</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Normatif Etki</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kolektif Referans</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mandela Etkisi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Reference Groups</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Informative Effect</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Normative Effect</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Collective Reference</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mandela Effect</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
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