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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1302-1842</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2587-005X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Kütahya Dumlupinar University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Sustainable Development</subject>
                                                            <subject>History of Central Asia</subject>
                                                            <subject>Turkish Savannah Culture</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma</subject>
                                                            <subject>Orta Asya Tarihi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Türk Bozkır Kültürü</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Historical Development Path and Human Development: An ARDL Analysis of the Determinants of Economic Growth in Kazakhstan</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Tarihsel Kalkınma Patikası ve İnsani Gelişim: Kazakistan’da Ekonomik Büyümenin Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir ARDL Analizi</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-4743</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Tarakçı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Vahdet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DÜZCE ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4633-8088</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Külünk</surname>
                                    <given-names>İbrahim</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DÜZCE ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>89</issue>
                                        <fpage>416</fpage>
                                        <lpage>432</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260201">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260429">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1999, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1999</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study jointly examines Kazakhstan’s historical development path and the effect of human development indicators on economic growth in the post-independence period. The main research question is how education and health indicators shape long-run per capita income in Kazakhstan, a country whose development trajectory has been marked by colonial incorporation, central planning, and transition to a market economy. The article argues that natural resource-based growth alone cannot generate sustainable and inclusive development, and that human development indicators strengthening human capital are key determinants of the quality of growth. After discussing the historical background from the 1917 October Revolution to the Soviet period and the post-1991 restructuring process, annual data for 1994-2024 on per capita income, mean years of schooling, and life expectancy at birth are analysed through the ARDL approach. The findings indicate that life expectancy at birth and mean years of schooling have a positive and statistically significant long-run effect on per capita income. The relatively stronger education coefficient highlights the strategic importance of human capital investments for sustainable development in Kazakhstan.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, Kazakistan’ın tarihsel kalkınma patikasını ve bağımsızlık sonrası dönemde insani gelişim göstergelerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini birlikte incelemektedir. Çalışmanın temel araştırma sorusu, tarihsel olarak sömürgecilik, merkezî planlama ve piyasa ekonomisine geçiş gibi kırılmalar yaşayan Kazakistan’da eğitim ve sağlık göstergelerinin kişi başına gelir üzerindeki uzun dönemli etkisinin nasıl şekillendiğidir. Bu çerçevede çalışma, doğal kaynak temelli büyümenin tek başına sürdürülebilir ve kapsayıcı bir kalkınma üretmeye yetmediğini; beşerî sermayeyi güçlendiren insani gelişim göstergelerinin büyümenin niteliğini belirleyen temel unsurlar olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. 1917 Ekim Devrimi’nden Sovyet dönemine ve 1991 sonrası yeniden yapılanma sürecine uzanan tarihsel arka plan değerlendirildikten sonra, 1994-2024 dönemine ait kişi başına gelir, ortalama okula gitme yılı ve doğumda yaşam beklentisi verileri ARDL yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, doğumda yaşam beklentisi ile ortalama okul yılı değişkenlerinin kişi başına gelir üzerinde uzun dönemli, pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle eğitim değişkeninin katsayısının daha yüksek olması, Kazakistan’da sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından beşerî sermaye yatırımlarının stratejik önemini ortaya koymaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Kazakistan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tarih</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kalkınma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İnsani Gelişim</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Kazakhstan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  History</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Development</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Human Development</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
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