Betonarme Perde Duvarların Eğilme ve Kesme Etkilerine Karşı Güçlendirilmesi Üzerine Literatür Değerlendirmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 663 - 675, 30.09.2024

Yunus Efe , İdris Bedirhanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1420105

Abstract

Bölgemizde son yaşanan 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleri dahil olmak üzere birçok deprem sonrası yapılan saha çalışmalarında iyi perde duvara sahip ve binada deprem etkisi karşısında iyi çalışmış perde duvarın rijitliği arttırarak yapının ötelenmesini azalttığı ve bu şekilde binanın göçmesinin ağır hasar almasının önüne geçildiği görülmüştür. Buna karşılık binalardaki kusurlu perdelerin ise deprem esnasında ağır hasar aldığı ve binanın toptan göçme riskini oldukça arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu kusurlu betonarme perdelerin davranışlarını iyileştirecek alternatif güçlendirme yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi ya da bu perdelerin belirlenip, binada perdenin güçlendirilerek etkin hale getirilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Perde duvarın güçlendirilmesi binanın deprem performansına katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada yanal yükler nedeni ile betonarme perde duvarlarda eğilme ve kesme etkileri sonucu oluşabilecek hasarların güçlendirilmesine yönelik literatürde birçok çalışma bulunmasına karşılık daha fazla farklı detayların inceleneceği deneysel çalışma yapılması gerekliliği görülmüştür.

Keywords

Betonarme perde duvar, Güçlendirme, Eğilme, Sargılama, Lifli polimer

References

• [1] S. Pujol, . I. Bedirhanoglu, C. Donmez, J. D. Dowgala, M. Eryilmaz-Yildirim, K. Klaboe, F. B. Koroglu, B. Ozturk, L. Pledger ve E. Sonmez, "Quantitative evaluation of the damage to RC buildings caused by the 2023 southeast Turkey earthquake sequence," EERI Earthquake Spectra, pp. 1–26, 2024, DOI: 10.1177/8755293023.
• [2] T. Shiga, A. Shibata ve T. Takahashi, "Earthquake Damage and Wall Index of Reinforced," Tohoku District Symposium, no. No. 12, pp. 29–32 (in Japanese), Dec. 1968.
• [3] S. Cansız, "Türkiye’de Kullanılan Deprem Yönetmeliklerinin Özellikleri ve Eşdeğer Yatay Deprem Yükü Hesabının Değişimi," pp. 58-71, Ocak 2022.
• [4] TBDY, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Deprem Etkisi Altında Binaların Tasarımı İçin Esaslar, Ankara: Çevre Şehircilik Bakanlığı, 2018.
• [5] TS 500 Betonarme Yapıların Tasarım ve Yapım Kuralları, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, 2000.
• [6] N. Kumbasar ve Z. Celep, Betonarme Yapılar, İstanbul: Sema Matbaacılık, 1998.
• [7] K. Darılmaz, Betonarme, İstanbul: Birsen Yayınevi, 2022.
• [8] ASCE 41-17 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, ASCE, 2017.
• [9] FEMA 306 Evaluation Of Earthquake Damaged Concrete And Masonry Wall Buildings Basic Procedures Manual, FEMA 1998.
• [10] Chilean Standard NCh433.Of96: Seismic Design of Buildings, Chile, 1996.
• [11] ACI 318-19 Building Code Requirements, American Concrete Instute (ACI), 2019.
• [12] ASCE 7-22 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2022.
• [13] Comparison of U.S. and Chilean Building Code Requirements and Seismic Design Practice 1985–2010, National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST), 2012.
• [14] Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1 : General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, European Standard, 2004.
• [15] J. R. Benjamin ve H. A. Williams, "The Behavior of One-Story Reinforced Concrete, Journal of the Structural Division," ASCE, May 1957, pp. pp. 1-49.
• [16] A. E. Cardenas, J. M. Hanson, W. G. Corley ve E. Hognestad, "Design Provisions for Shear Walls," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Feb 1972.
• [17] C. M. Alexander, A. C. Heidebrecht ve W. K. Tso, "Cyclic load tests on shear wall panels," Rome: Proceedings, fifth world conference on earthquake engineering, 1973, pp. 1116-1119.
• [18] M. Hirosawa, "Past Experimental Results on Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls and Analysis on Them," In Kenchiku Kenkyu Shiryo: Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction. (In Japanese)., 1975, p. No. 6 (p. 277).
• [19] F. Barda, J. Hanson ve W. G. Corley, "Shear strength of low-rise walls with boundary elements," Special Publication, pp. 53, 149-202..
• [20] T. Paulay, M. J. N. Priestley ve A. J. Synge, "Ductility in earthquake resisting squat shear walls," ACI Journal Proceedings, July 1982, pp. Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 257-269.
• [21] R. G. Oesterle, J. D. Aristizabal-Ochoa, K. N. Shiu, W. G. Corley ve O. A., "Web Crushing of Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls," ACI Journal Proceedings, 1984, p. 81(3).
• [22] K. Pilakoutas ve A. Elnashai, "Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete cantilever walls I: Experimental results," ACI Structural Journal, pp. 92(3), 271-281.
• [23] T. N. Salonikios, A. J. Kappos, I. A. Tegos ve G. G. Penelis, "Cyclic load behavior of low-slenderness reinforced concrete walls: Design basis and test results," ACI Structural Journal, 96(4), pp. 649–660.
• [24] P. A. Hidalgo, R. M. Jordan ve M. P. Martinez, "An analytical model to predict the inelastic seismic behavior of shear-wall, reinforced concrete structures," Engineering Structures, 2002, pp. 24(1), 85-98.
• [25] L. M. Massone ve J. W. Wallace, "Load-deformation responses of slender reinforced concrete walls," ACI Structural Journal-American Concrete Institute, 2004, pp. 101(1), 103-113.
• [26] K. Shirai, T. Matsumori ve T. Kabeyasawa, "3-D Dynamic Collapse Test of a Six-Story Full-Scale RC Wall-Frame Building," Structural Engineering Research Frontiers, pp. 1–10.
• [27] A. Dazio, K. Beyer ve H. Bachmann, "Quasi-static cyclic tests and plastic hinge analysis of RC structural walls," Engineering Structures, 2009, 31(7), pp. 1556-1571.
• [28] K. Beyer, A. Dazio ve M. J. Nigel Priestley, "Shear deformations of slender reinforced concrete walls under seismic loading," ACI Structural Journal, 108(108), pp.167–177.
• [29] J. S. Kuang ve Y. B. Ho, "Seismic Behavior and Ductility of Squat Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Nonseismic Detailing," ACI Structural Journal, pp. 105(2), 225–231.
• [30] K. Orakçal, L. M. Massone, and J. W. Wallace ve J. W. Wallace, "Shear Strength of Lightly Reinforced Wall Piers and Spandrels," ACI Structural Journal, August 2009, pp. 455-465.
• [31] S. A. Abdullah ve . J. W. Wallace, "Drift Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls with Special Boundary Elements," ACI Structural Journal, Jan 2019, V. 116, No. 1 pp. 183-194.
• [32] A. Fiorato, R. Oesterle ve W. Corley, "Behavior of Earthquake Resistant Structural Walls before and after Repair," ACI Journal, 80(5), pp. 403-413, 1983.
• [33] I. Lefas ve M. Kotsovos, "Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Walls under Load Reversal," ACI Structural Journal, 87(6), pp. 716- 726, 1990.
• [34] F. Vecchio, O. Haro de la Pena, Bucci, F. ve D. Palermo, "Behavior of Repaired Cyclically Loaded Shear Walls," ACI Structural Journal, 99(3), pp. 27-334., 2002.
• [35] M. Corazao ve A. J. Durrani, "Repair and strengthening of beam-to-column connections subjected to earthquake loading.," National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 1989.
• [36] S. M. Alcocer ve J. O. Jirsa, "Reinforced concrete frame connections rehabilitated by jacketing," Phil M. Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory, the University of Texas at Austin, 1991.
• [37] A. Migliacci, R. Antonucci, N. A. Maio, P. Napoli, A. S. Ferretti ve G. Via, "Repair techniques of reinforced concrete beam-column joints," Final report, IABSE Symposium on Strengthening of Building Structures-diagnosis and therapy pp. 355-362, 1983.
• [38] A. Elnashai ve R. Pinho, "Repair and Retrofitting of RC Walls using Selective Techniques," Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2:4, pp. 525-568.
• [39] S. Cho, B. Tubber, W. Cook ve D. Mitchell, "Structural Steel Boundary Elements for Ductile Concrete Walls," Journal of Structural Engineering, 130:5, pp.762-768.
• [40] J. I. Estrada, "Use of steel elements to strengthen a reinforced concrete building." University of Texas at Austin, M.Sc. thesis, p. 66 pages, 1990.
• [41] T. E. Hoffschild, H. G. L. Prion ve S. Cherry, "Seismic retrofit of beam-to-column joints with grouted steel tubes," Proceedings of the Tom Paulay Symposium on Recent Developments in Lateral Force Transfer in Buildings, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, pp. 403-431, 1993.
• [42] A. M. S. Biddah, A. Ghobarah ve T. S. Aziz, "Upgrading of no ductile reinforced concrete frame connections," ASCE, Journal of Structural Eng., Vol. 123, No. 8, pp. 1001-1010, 1997.
• [43] ACI 440.2R-08 Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures, American Concrete Institute (ACI) , 2008.
• [44] M. Ehsani ve H. Saadatmanesh, "Fiber composites: An economical alternative for retrofitting earthquake-damaged precast-concrete walls," Earthquake Spectra, 1997, 13(2), pp. 225-241.
• [45] C. P. Pantelides, J. Gergely ve D. R. Lawrence, "Retrofit of RC Bridge Pier with CFRP Advanced Composites," Journal of Structural Engineering, Volume 125, Issue 10, 1999.
• [46] V. A. Volnyy ve C. P. Pantelides, "Bond Length of CFRP Composites Attached to Precast Concrete Walls," Journal of Composites for Construction, Volume 3, Issue 4, 1999.
• [47] J. Lombard, D. T. Lau, J. L. Humar ve S. Foo, "Seismic strengthening and repair of reinforced concrete shear walls," New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 2032, 2000.
• [48] S. A. Sheikh, D. DeRose ve J. Mardukhi, "Retrofitting of Concrete Structures for Shear and Flexure with Fiber-Reinforced Polymers," ACI Structural Journal, 99(4), pp. 451-459, 2002.
• [49] A. Ghobarah ve A. A. Khalil, "Seismic Rehabilitation Of Reinforced Concrete Walls Using Fibre Composites," 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 3316, 2004.
• [50] K. K. Antoniades, T. N. Salonikios ve A. J. Kappos, "Tests on Seismically Damaged Reinforced Concrete Walls Repaired and Strengthened Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymers," Journal Of Composites For Construction, 9:3, pp. 236-246, 2005.
• [51] K. K. Antoniades, T. N. Salonikios ve A. J. Kappos, "Evaluation of hysteretic response and strength of repaired R/C walls strengthened with FRPs," Engineering Structures, 29, pp. 2158–2171, 2007.
• [52] H. Naderpour, A. Kheyroddin ve S. R. H. Vaez, "Nonlinear behavior of RC shear walls externally bonded with FRP sheets," Fourth International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008), 2008.
• [53] B. Li ve C. L. Lim, "Tests on Seismically Damaged Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls Repaired Using Fiber Reinforced Polymers," Journal of Composites for Construction, 14(5), pp. 597–608, 2010.
• [54] M. Davood ve M. M. Anaei, "Effect of confining of boundary elements of slender RC shear wall by FRP composites and stirrups," Engineering Structures, pp. 1–13, 2012.
• [55] H. El-Sokkary ve K. Galal, "Cyclic Tests on FRP-Retrofitted RC Shear Wall Panels," 15 WCEE Lisboa, 2012. [56] D. Dan, "Experimental tests on seismically damaged composite steel concrete walls retrofitted with CFRP composites," Engineering Structures, 45, pp. 338–348, 2012.
• [57] S. Altin, Ö. Anil, Y. Kopraman ve M. E. Kara, "Hysteretic behavior of RC shear walls strengthened with CFRP strips," Composites: Part B, 44, pp. 321–329, 2012.
• [58] D. T. Lau ve C. A. Cruz-Noguez, "Developments on Seismic Retrofit of RC Shear Wallswith FRP," 5th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering, 2013.
• [59] I. K. Shaheen, C. A. Cruz-Noguez ve D. T. Lau, "Seismic Retrofit of R.C. Shear Walls with Externally Bonded FRP Tow Sheets," 3rd Specialty Conference on Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, 2013.
• [60] K. L. Nguyen, M. Brun, A. Limam ve E. Ferrier, "Pushover experiment and numerical analyses on CFRP-retrofit concrete shear walls with different aspect ratios," Composite Structures, 113, pp. 403–418, 2014.
• [61] S. Qazi, L. Michel ve E. Ferrier, "Impact of CFRP partial bonding on the behaviour of short reinforced concrete wall under monotonic lateral loading," Composite Structures, 128, pp. 251–259, 2015.
• [62] Z. Zhang, B. Li ve K. Qian, "Experimental Investigations on Seismically Damaged Nonrectangular Reinforced-Concrete Structural Nonrectangular Reinforced-Concrete Structural," Journal of Composites for Construction ASCE, 04015033-1-14, 2015.
• [63] D. Shen, Q. Yang, Y. Jiao, Z. Cui ve J. Zhang, "Experimental investigations on reinforced concrete shear walls strengthened with basalt fiber-reinforced polymers under cyclic load," Construction and Building Materials, 136, pp. 217–229, 2017.
• [64] S. Qazi, L. Michel ve E. Ferrier, "Seismic behaviour of RC short shear wall strengthened with externally bonded CFRP strips," Composite Structures, 211, pp. 390-400, 2019.
• [65] D. Shen, Q. Yang, C. Huang, Z. Cui ve J. Zhang, "Tests on seismic performance of corroded reinforced concrete shear walls repaired with basalt fiber-reinforced polymers," Construction and Building Materials, 209, pp. 508-521, 2019.
• [66] K. F. O. El-Kashif, A. K. Adly ve H. A. Abdalla, "Finite element modeling of RC shear walls strengthened with CFRP subjected to cyclic loading," Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58, pp. 189-205, 2019.
• [67] P. Ezzatfar, "Concrete Structural Walls Using Quasi-Static Reversed Cyclic Loading Protocol," The Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy In Civil Engineering Middle East Technical University, 2016.
• [68] T. Terzioğlu, "Experimental Evaluation of The Lateral Load Behavior of Squat Structural Walls," Master of Science Graduate Program in Civil Engineering Boğaziçi University, 2011.
• [69] I. Bedirhanoglu, A. Ilki ve T. C. Triantafillou, "Seismic Behavior of Repaired and Externally FRP-Jacketed Short Columns Built with Extremely Low-Strength Concrete," ASCE, Journal of Composites for Construction, pp. 04021068-1-20, 2022.