WESTFALYAN ADALETTEN İNSAN MERKEZLİ ADALETE: ULUSLARARASI ADALET VE ADALETSİZLİĞİN GÜNDEMİ

Year 2010, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 911 - 931, 01.08.2010

Ali Şevket Ovalı

Abstract

Uluslararası ilişkiler tarihinin barışlardan çok savaşlar ve yıkımlar tarihi olduğu varsayımı, bu alanı ulusal çıkar, askeri güç ve devlet eksenli kısır bir döngüye hapsetmiştir. Son yüzyıl içinde yaşanan küresel savaşlar ve insanlık trajedileri bu varsayımı doğrulasa da, uluslararası ilişkiler hem kuramsal hem de pratik düzlemde sonu gelmeyen bir güç yarışından ibaret değildir. Tarih boyunca dünyada bir arada yaşayabilmenin koşullarını araştıran düşünürler uluslararası ilişkilere kılavuzluk edecek bazı değerler oluşturmaya gayret etmişler ve bu süreçte adalet, evrensel bir norm ve ilke olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışma uluslararası ilişkilerde adalet kavramının kuramsal ve pratik evrimi çerçevesinde uluslararası adalet ve adaletsizliğin gündemine işaret etmeyi amaçlamaktadır

Keywords

Anahtar KelimelerAnahtar KelimelerKüresel sorumluluk, Siyasal topluluk

FROM WESTPHALIAN TO HUMAN ORIENTED JUSTICE: THE AGENDA OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE AND INJUSTICE

Abstract

The assumption emphasizing that, history of international relations is, at the same time the history of wars and devastating events had created a narrow scope of research on the field focusing solely on the concepts such as national interest, military power and state behaviors. Even though the human tragedies and global wars during the last century seem to verify this assumption, international relations both in the theoretical realm and in the praxis can not be postulated as a field based only on the everlasting struggle for power. Throughout history, political theorists had sought for the values that will possibly guide the course of international relations and within this process justice appeared as an international norm and principle. Taking justice as the core value and norm of international relations into consideration, the study aims to explore the agendas of international justice and injustice within the evolutionary context of the concepts

Keywords

Key Words:Key Words:Key Words:Global responsibility, Political community

References

• Aksar, Yusuf (2005), “Uluslararası Suçlar, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi ve Yeni Türk Ceza Kanunu”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 1(1).
• Amnesty International (2007), PUBLIC AI Index: AFR 54.010.2007, UA 68/07 Death Penalty/ Legal concern, 16 Mart 2007, http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/13aab997-a2b8-11dc-8d74- 6f45f39984e5/afr540102007en.html, Erişim Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Beitz, Charles R. (1975), “Justice and International Relations”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 4(4).
• Beitz, Charles R. (1999), “International Liberalism and Distributive Justice: A Survey of Recent Thought”, World Politics, 51(2).
• Birleşmiş Milletler Türkiye Dergisi (2007), “BM Kadının Statüsü Komisyonu Kadına Karşı Şiddet ve Kız Çocuklarına Uygulanan Ayrımcılığı Büyüteç Altına Aldı”, http://www.un.org.tr/arsiv/haber_sol10.html, Erişim Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Brown, Chris (1997), “Theories of International Justice”, British Journal of Political Science, 27(2).
• Brown, Chris (2002), Sovereignty, Rights and Justice – International Political Theory Today, Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Bull, Hedley (1983), “International Anarchy in the 1980s”, Australian Outlook, 37(3).
• Bull, Hedley (1984), Justice in International Relations, Ontario: Hagey Lectures, University of Waterloo.
• Burns, C. Delisle (1924), “Labor and the League”, International Journal of Ethics, 34(4): 339-350.
• Charter of the United Nations, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/, Erişim Tarihi: 06/01/2008.
• Chen, Shaohua ve Ravallion, Martin (2004), How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?, Policy Research Working Paper, 22.07.2004, The World Bank Data and Resource Center, http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/tables/dollaraday.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Covenant of the League of Nations (Including Amendments Adopted to, December 1924), Avalon Project at Yale Law School, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/leagcov.htm#art24, Erişim Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Dodson, Kevin E. (1997), “Autonomy and Authority in Kant’s Rechtslehre”, Political Theory, 25(1).
• Doyle, Michael W. (1993), “Liberalism and World Politics”, International Relations Theory, New York: MacMillan.
• Gilbert, Felix (1970), The End of the European Era, 1890 to the Present, New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc..
• Grotius, Hugo (2001), De Jure Belli ac Pacis, On the Law of War and Peace (Trans. A.C Campbell), Ontario: Botoche Books.
• Gözübüyük, Şeref (2005), Hukuka Giriş ve Hukukun Temel Kavramları, Güncelleştirilmiş 24. Baskı, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi.
• Harbom, Lotta ve Wallenstein, Peter (2007), Appendix 2A: Patterns of Major Armed Conflicts, 1997-2006, SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, CM Gruppen, Bromma.
• Hersey, Amos S. (1912), “International Law Since the Peace of Westphalia”, The American Journal of International Law, 6(1).
• International Convention with the Object of Securing the Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade (1927), The American Journal of International Law, 21(4), Supplement: Official Documents, ss. 171-179.
• International Labor Organization Factsheet (2003), Facts on Women at Work, Geneva,Switzerland, http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Factshe ets/lang--en/index.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• International Labor Organization Factsheet (2006), Facts on Child Labor, Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Factshe ets/lang--en/index.htm, ErişimTarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Kant, Immanuel (1965), Metaphysical Elements of Justice (Trans. John Ladd), Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
• Kant, Immanuel, “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch”, Section I, Containing the Preliminary Articles for Perpetual Peace, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm, Erişim Tarihi 06/01/2008.
• Knutsen, Torbjon L. (2006), Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorisi Tarihi, (Çev. Mehmet Özay), İstanbul: Açılım Kitap.
• Kunz, Josef L. (1961), “Natural Law Thinking in the Modern Science of International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, 55(4).
• Leitenberg, Milton (2006), Deaths in Wars and Conflicts in the 20th Century, Cornell University Peace Studies Program, Ocassional Paper, No: 29, Third Edition.
• Linklater, Andrew (2006), “Globalization and the Transformation of Political Community”, The Globalization of World Politics (Eds. John Baylis ve Steve Smith), New York: Oxford University Press, ss. 709–741.
• Lu, Catherine (2005), “Cosmopolitan Liberalism and the facets of Injustice in International Relations”, Review of International Studies, 25.
• Newman, Edward (2002), “Human Security and Constructivism”, International Studies Perspective, 2(3).
• Orend, Brian (2000), War and International Justice – A Kantian Perspective, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
• Rawls, John (2001), Justice as Fairness – A Restatement (Der. Erin Kelly), New York: Harvard University Press.
• Rawls, John (2003), Halkların Yasası ve Kamusal Akıl Düşüncesi’nin Yeniden Ele Alınması (Çev. Gül Evrin), İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Rosting, Helmer (1923), “Protection of Minorities by the League of Nations”, The American Journal of International Law, 17(4): 641-60.
• Sander, Oral, Siyasi Tarih 1918-1990, Ankara, Imge Kitabevi,3. Baskı, Slater, Jerome ve Nardin, Terry (1986), “Nonintervention and Human Rights”, The Journal of Politics, 48(1).
• Smith, Steve & Patricia Owens, (2006), “Alternative Approaches to International Theory”, in The Globalization of World Politics (Eds. John Baylis ve Steve Smith), New York: Oxford University Press, ss. 271-293.
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2003), Human Development Report 2003, Millenium Development Goals: A Compact Among Nations to end Human Poverty, New York: Oxford University Press.
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006), Human Development Report 2006, Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and Global Water Crisis, New York: Palgravre MacMillan.
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2007), Human Development Report 2007-2008, Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World, New York: Palgravre MacMillan.
• United Nations Peace Keeping from 1991 to 2000 (2000), Statistical Data and Charts, United Nations Department of Public Information, 77889-DP I/2175- December 2000–10 M.
• UN News Centre (2006), “In Gaza Strip, UN human rights chief decries ‘massive’ violations against civilians”, 20 Kasım 2006, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20669&Cr=Palestin&Cr1, İndirilme Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Walzer, Michael (2006), Just and Unjust Wars – A Moral Arguement with Historical Illustrations, Fourth Edition, New York: Basic Books.
• World Bank, World Development Indicators 2004, http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/tables/dollar.htm, İndirilme Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• World Bank, World Development Indicators 2008, Poverty Data: A Supplement to World Development Indicators, Development Data Group, Washington.
• World March of Women, Sexism and Globalisation (2000), 2000 Good Reasons to March, http://www.worldmarchofwomen.org/publications/en/, İndirilme Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Yeni Şafak (2008), “Afgan Gazeteci İdamdan Kurtuldu”, 8 Şubat 2008, http://www.yenisafak.com.tr/dunya/?t=08.02.2008&c=4&i=98329, İndirilme Tarihi: 13/02/2008.
• Yılmaz, Ejder. (1992), Hukuk Sözlüğü, Ankara: Yetkin Yayınevi.
• Yurdusev, Nuri (1997), “‘Uluslararası İlişkiler’ Öncesi”, Devlet, Sistem ve Kimlik – Uluslararası İlişkilerde Temel Yaklaşımlar (Der. Atilla Eralp), İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi.