Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 14, 30.06.2024

Abstract

This paper aims to construct a comprehensive conceptual model for understanding and assessing the variables influencing life expectancy in European countries. A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted, analyzing 53 European countries and exploring the impact of health, socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic factors on life expectancy. The relationship between life expectancy and these factors were analyzed using univariate analysis which examined key statistics, bivariate analysis, which was used to identify relationships among variables. A linear multivariate regression analysis was used to construct a model that reveals the effect of the different variables on life expectancy. Life expectancy is a multi-dimensional construct influenced by current health expenditure, death rate, GNI, and fertility rate. The study revealed significant correlations, with health spending and GNI positively affecting life expectancy, while higher fertility rates and death rates are associated with decreased life expectancy. The conceptual model proposed requires empirical validation. The study predominantly focused on developed countries, and findings may not be universally applicable, particularly in diverse cultural contexts. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for strategic investments in healthcare and targeted interventions to balance fertility rates. The nuanced relationships identified provide a basis for evidence-based public health policies. This paper consolidates and examines recent findings on life expectancy determinants in European countries, presenting a comprehensive conceptual model. By synthesizing diverse research, it offers a holistic view of factors impacting life expectancy, contributing to the understanding of population health.

References

  • Bai R, Wei J, An R, et al. Trends in Life Expectancy and Its Association with Economic Factors in the Belt and Road Countries-Evidence from 2000−2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12). doi:10.3390/ijerph15122890
  • Kinsella K. Changes in life expectancy 1900–1990. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(6):1196S-1202S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1196S
  • Bulled NL, Sosis R. Examining the Relationship between Life Expectancy, Reproduction, and Educational Attainment. Human Nature. 2010;21(3):269-289. doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9092-2
  • Miladinov G. Socioeconomic development and life expectancy relationship: evidence from the EU accession candidate countries. Genus. 2020;76(1):2. doi:10.1186/s41118-019-0071-0
  • Swift R. The relationship between health and GDP in OECD countries in the very long run. Health Econ. 2011;20(3):306-322. doi:10.1002/hec.1590
  • OECD. Life Expectancy at Birth.; 2017. doi:doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2017-6-en
  • Shafi R, Fatima S. Relationship between GDP, Life Expectancy and Growth Rate of G7 Countries. Int J Sci. 2019;8(06):74-79. doi:10.18483/ijSci.2085
  • Jaba E, Balan CB, Robu IB. The Relationship between Life Expectancy at Birth and Health Expenditures Estimated by a Cross-country and Time-series Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2014;15:108- 114. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00454-7
  • Mondal MNI, Shitan M. Relative importance of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors on life expectancy in low-and lower-middle-income countries. J Epidemiol. 2014;24(2):117-124. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20130059
  • Life expectancy at birth. In: ; 2017:48-49. doi:10.1787/health_glance-2017-6-en
  • Kabir M. Determinants of Life Expectancy in Developing Countries. Vol 41.; 2008.
  • Crémieux PY, Ouellette P, Pilon C. Health care spending as determinants of health outcomes. Health Econ. 1999;8(7):627-639. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199911)8:7<627::AID-HEC474>3.0.CO;2-8
  • Subramanian S V., Belli P, Kawachi I. The Macroeconomic Determinants of Health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23(1):287-302. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140540
  • Hitiris T, Posnett J. The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries. J Health Econ. 1992;11(2):173-181. doi:10.1016/0167-6296(92)90033-W
  • Cheng H, Luo W, Si S, et al. Global trends in total fertility rate and its relation to national wealth, life expectancy and female education. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1346. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13656-1
  • Mondal MNI, Shitan M. Relative importance of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors on life expectancy in low- and lower-middle-income countries. J Epidemiol. 2014;24(2):117-124. doi:10.2188/jea.je20130059
  • Das S, Debanth A. Impact of CO2 emission on life expectancy in India: an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound test approach. Future Business Journal. 2023;9(1):5. doi:10.1186/s43093-022-00179-9
  • Rasoulinezhad E, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. How Is Mortality Affected by Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Factors in CIS Region? Energies (Basel). 2020;13(9):2255. doi:10.3390/en13092255
  • Martins F, Felgueiras C, Smitkova M, Caetano N. Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries. Energies (Basel). 2019;12(6):964. doi:10.3390/en12060964
  • MURTHY U, SHAARI MS, MARIADAS PA, ABIDIN NZ. The Relationships between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Life Expectancy. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business. 2021;8(2):801-808. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no2.0801
  • Amuka JI, Asogwa FO, Ugwuanyi RO, Omeje AN, Onyechi T. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues Climate change and Life Expectancy in a Developing Country: Evidence from Greenhouse Gas (CO 2 ) Emission in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2018;8(4):113-119.
  • http:www.econjournals.com
  • Arltová M, Langhamrová J, Langhamrová J. Development of life expectancy in the Czech Republic in years 1920-2010 with an outlook to 2050. Prague Economic Papers. 2013;(1):125-143. doi:10.18267/j.pep.444
  • Awe O, Ayeni O, Sanusi G, Oderinde L. A comparative time series analysis of crude mortality rate in the BRICS countries. BRICS Journal of Economics. 2021;2(2):17-32. doi:10.38050/2712-7508-2021-2-2
  • Cutler D, Deaton A, Lleras-Muney A. The Determinants of Mortality.
  • Chetty R, Stepner M, Abraham S, et al. The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;315(16):1750-1766. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226
  • Aburto JM, Villavicencio F, Basellini U, Kjærgaard S, Vaupel JW. Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(10):5250-5259. doi:10.1073/pnas.1915884117
  • Preston SH. The Changing Relation between Mortality and Level of Economic Development. Popul Stud (NY). 1975;29(2):231. doi:10.2307/2173509
  • Brønnum-Hansen H, Juel K. Abstention from smoking extends life and compresses morbidity: a population based study of health expectancy among smokers and never smokers in Denmark. Tob Control. 2001;10:273-278. doi:10.1136/tc.10.3.273
  • World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/Popular- Indicators/id/1ff4a498.
  • Aiken LS, West SG, Pitts SC. Multiple Linear Regression. In: Handbook of Psychology. Wiley; 2003:481-507. doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0219
  • Kuningas M, Altmäe S, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Tiemeier H. The relationship between fertility and lifespan in humans. Age (Dordr). 2011;33(4):615-622. doi:10.1007/s11357-010-9202-4

Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 14, 30.06.2024

Abstract

This paper aims to construct a comprehensive conceptual model for understanding and assessing the variables influencing life expectancy in European countries. A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted, analyzing 53 European countries and exploring the impact of health, socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic factors on life expectancy. The relationship between life expectancy and these factors were analyzed using univariate analysis which examined key statistics, bivariate analysis, which was used to identify relationships among variables. A linear multivariate regression analysis was used to construct a model that reveals the effect of the different variables on life expectancy. Life expectancy is a multi-dimensional construct influenced by current health expenditure, death rate, GNI, and fertility rate. The study revealed significant correlations, with health spending and GNI positively affecting life expectancy, while higher fertility rates and death rates are associated with decreased life expectancy. The conceptual model proposed requires empirical validation. The study predominantly focused on developed countries, and findings may not be universally applicable, particularly in diverse cultural contexts. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for strategic investments in healthcare and targeted interventions to balance fertility rates. The nuanced relationships identified provide a basis for evidence-based public health policies. This paper consolidates and examines recent findings on life expectancy determinants in European countries, presenting a comprehensive conceptual model. By synthesizing diverse research, it offers a holistic view of factors impacting life expectancy, contributing to the understanding of population health.

References

  • Bai R, Wei J, An R, et al. Trends in Life Expectancy and Its Association with Economic Factors in the Belt and Road Countries-Evidence from 2000−2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12). doi:10.3390/ijerph15122890
  • Kinsella K. Changes in life expectancy 1900–1990. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(6):1196S-1202S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1196S
  • Bulled NL, Sosis R. Examining the Relationship between Life Expectancy, Reproduction, and Educational Attainment. Human Nature. 2010;21(3):269-289. doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9092-2
  • Miladinov G. Socioeconomic development and life expectancy relationship: evidence from the EU accession candidate countries. Genus. 2020;76(1):2. doi:10.1186/s41118-019-0071-0
  • Swift R. The relationship between health and GDP in OECD countries in the very long run. Health Econ. 2011;20(3):306-322. doi:10.1002/hec.1590
  • OECD. Life Expectancy at Birth.; 2017. doi:doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2017-6-en
  • Shafi R, Fatima S. Relationship between GDP, Life Expectancy and Growth Rate of G7 Countries. Int J Sci. 2019;8(06):74-79. doi:10.18483/ijSci.2085
  • Jaba E, Balan CB, Robu IB. The Relationship between Life Expectancy at Birth and Health Expenditures Estimated by a Cross-country and Time-series Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2014;15:108- 114. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00454-7
  • Mondal MNI, Shitan M. Relative importance of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors on life expectancy in low-and lower-middle-income countries. J Epidemiol. 2014;24(2):117-124. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20130059
  • Life expectancy at birth. In: ; 2017:48-49. doi:10.1787/health_glance-2017-6-en
  • Kabir M. Determinants of Life Expectancy in Developing Countries. Vol 41.; 2008.
  • Crémieux PY, Ouellette P, Pilon C. Health care spending as determinants of health outcomes. Health Econ. 1999;8(7):627-639. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199911)8:7<627::AID-HEC474>3.0.CO;2-8
  • Subramanian S V., Belli P, Kawachi I. The Macroeconomic Determinants of Health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23(1):287-302. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140540
  • Hitiris T, Posnett J. The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries. J Health Econ. 1992;11(2):173-181. doi:10.1016/0167-6296(92)90033-W
  • Cheng H, Luo W, Si S, et al. Global trends in total fertility rate and its relation to national wealth, life expectancy and female education. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1346. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13656-1
  • Mondal MNI, Shitan M. Relative importance of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors on life expectancy in low- and lower-middle-income countries. J Epidemiol. 2014;24(2):117-124. doi:10.2188/jea.je20130059
  • Das S, Debanth A. Impact of CO2 emission on life expectancy in India: an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound test approach. Future Business Journal. 2023;9(1):5. doi:10.1186/s43093-022-00179-9
  • Rasoulinezhad E, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. How Is Mortality Affected by Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Factors in CIS Region? Energies (Basel). 2020;13(9):2255. doi:10.3390/en13092255
  • Martins F, Felgueiras C, Smitkova M, Caetano N. Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries. Energies (Basel). 2019;12(6):964. doi:10.3390/en12060964
  • MURTHY U, SHAARI MS, MARIADAS PA, ABIDIN NZ. The Relationships between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Life Expectancy. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business. 2021;8(2):801-808. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no2.0801
  • Amuka JI, Asogwa FO, Ugwuanyi RO, Omeje AN, Onyechi T. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues Climate change and Life Expectancy in a Developing Country: Evidence from Greenhouse Gas (CO 2 ) Emission in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2018;8(4):113-119.
  • http:www.econjournals.com
  • Arltová M, Langhamrová J, Langhamrová J. Development of life expectancy in the Czech Republic in years 1920-2010 with an outlook to 2050. Prague Economic Papers. 2013;(1):125-143. doi:10.18267/j.pep.444
  • Awe O, Ayeni O, Sanusi G, Oderinde L. A comparative time series analysis of crude mortality rate in the BRICS countries. BRICS Journal of Economics. 2021;2(2):17-32. doi:10.38050/2712-7508-2021-2-2
  • Cutler D, Deaton A, Lleras-Muney A. The Determinants of Mortality.
  • Chetty R, Stepner M, Abraham S, et al. The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;315(16):1750-1766. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226
  • Aburto JM, Villavicencio F, Basellini U, Kjærgaard S, Vaupel JW. Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117(10):5250-5259. doi:10.1073/pnas.1915884117
  • Preston SH. The Changing Relation between Mortality and Level of Economic Development. Popul Stud (NY). 1975;29(2):231. doi:10.2307/2173509
  • Brønnum-Hansen H, Juel K. Abstention from smoking extends life and compresses morbidity: a population based study of health expectancy among smokers and never smokers in Denmark. Tob Control. 2001;10:273-278. doi:10.1136/tc.10.3.273
  • World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/Popular- Indicators/id/1ff4a498.
  • Aiken LS, West SG, Pitts SC. Multiple Linear Regression. In: Handbook of Psychology. Wiley; 2003:481-507. doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0219
  • Kuningas M, Altmäe S, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Tiemeier H. The relationship between fertility and lifespan in humans. Age (Dordr). 2011;33(4):615-622. doi:10.1007/s11357-010-9202-4
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Economy
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Serdar Aydın 0000-0002-3532-0106

Eunice Mulenda

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date April 25, 2024
Acceptance Date June 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aydın, S., & Mulenda, E. (2024). Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 1-14.
AMA Aydın S, Mulenda E. Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries. UEAD. June 2024;10(1):1-14.
Chicago Aydın, Serdar, and Eunice Mulenda. “Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 10, no. 1 (June 2024): 1-14.
EndNote Aydın S, Mulenda E (June 1, 2024) Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 10 1 1–14.
IEEE S. Aydın and E. Mulenda, “Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries”, UEAD, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2024.
ISNAD Aydın, Serdar - Mulenda, Eunice. “Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 10/1 (June 2024), 1-14.
JAMA Aydın S, Mulenda E. Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries. UEAD. 2024;10:1–14.
MLA Aydın, Serdar and Eunice Mulenda. “Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 1, 2024, pp. 1-14.
Vancouver Aydın S, Mulenda E. Exploring Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Health, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Factors in European Countries. UEAD. 2024;10(1):1-14.