Research Article
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Kaygı, Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük ve Karar Verme Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 89 - 100, 20.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.661965

Abstract

Bu araştırma, üniversite öğrencilerinin; sürekli kaygı düzeyleri, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeyleri ve karar verme davranışları arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunup bulunmadığını incelemek amacıyla, betimsel araştırma yaklaşımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma, Ege Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi lisans programlarında öğrenim gören öğrencilerle yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama sürecinin, her katılımcıya bireysel uygulama yapmayı gerektirmesi nedeniyle uygun örnekleme yoluna gidilerek 43 erkek ve 62 kadın olmak üzere toplam 105 katılımcıdan elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında Bilgi Formu, Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği, Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (uzun formu) ve Iowa Kumar Testi kullanılmıştır. Sürekli kaygı düzeyi, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeyi ve karar verme davranışı arasındaki ilişkiler, Pearson moment korelasyon katsayısı analiziyle incelenmiştir. Neticede bu araştırmada; üniversite öğrencilerinin sürekli kaygı ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeyleri ile Iowa Kumar Testi performansları, diğer bir deyişle karar verme davranışları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, üniversite öğrencilerinin sürekli kaygı ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Iowa Kumar Testi kullanılarak başka örneklemlerle ve başka popülasyonlarda benzer araştırmaların yapılmasının, karar verme davranışının ve ilişkili değişkenlerin Türkiye’de daha iyi anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacağına inanılmaktadır.

References

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  • Arnett, J. J., Kloep, M., Hendry, L. B., & Tanner, J. (2011). Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or process? New York: Oxford University. Retrieved from https://b-ok.cc/book/3319241/b93fbe
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7-15. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1295. doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 931-945. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2012). Fear of emotions, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty in worry and generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(1), 1-17. doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.1
  • Busemeyer, J., Hastie, R., & Medin D. L. (Eds.) (1995). Decision making from a cognitive perspective. California: Academic.
  • Carleton, R. N., Duranceau, S., Shulman, E. P., Zerff, M., Gonzales, J., & Mishra, S. (2016). Self-reported intolerance of uncertainty and behavioural decisions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 51, 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.12.004
  • Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 468-479. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011
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  • Counsell, A., Furtado, M., Iorio, C., Anand, L., Canzonieri, A., Fine, A., Fotinos, K., Epstein, I., & Katzman, M. A. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety: Differences by diagnosis and symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 252, 63-69. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.046
  • Çobanoğlu, S. (2017). Durumluk ve sürekli kaygı ile benlik saygısının karar verme davranışıyla ilişkisinin deneysel yöntemle incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Doğuş Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
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  • Damasio, A. R. (1995). Toward a neurobiology of emotion and feeling: operational concepts and hypotheses. Neuroscientist, 1(19), 19-25. doi:10.1177/107385849500100104
  • Damasio, A. R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 351, 1413-1420. doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
  • de Visser, L., Van der Knaap, L. J., Van den Loo, A. J. A. E., & Van der Weerd, C. M. M. (2010). Trait anxiety affects decision-making differently in healthy men and women: Towards gender-specific endophenotypes of anxiety. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1598-1606. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.027
  • Değirmenci, S. S. (2017). Gebelikte ayrılma anksiyetesi ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlükle ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış tıpta uzmanlık tezi). Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 551-558. doi:10.1023/a:1005553414688
  • Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329-343. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002
  • Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791-802. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
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  • Gazzaniga M. S., Ivry R. B., & Mangun G. R. (2000). Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Retrieved from https://b-ok.cc/book/2623203/e01e50
  • Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 923–933. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001.
  • Gray, J. R. (1999). A bias toward short-term thinking in threat related negative emotional states. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 65-75. doi:10.1177/0146167299025001006
  • İçellioğlu, S. (2015). Iowa kumar testi: Normatif veriler ve yürütücü işlevlerle ilişkisi. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 28, 222-230. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2015280305
  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archieves of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
  • Khawaja, N. G., & McMahon, J. (2011). The relationship of meta-worry and intolerance of uncertainty with pathological worry, anxiety, and depression. Behaviour Change, 28, 165-180. doi:10.1375/bech.28.4.165
  • Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 201-216). West Sussex: Wiley.
  • Ladouceur, R., Talbot, F., & Dugas, M. J. (1997). Behavioral expressions of intolerance of uncertainty in worry. Behavior Modification, 21, 355-371. doi:10.1177/01454455970213006
  • Laird, P. N. J., & Oatley, K. (1992). Basic emotions, rationality, and folk theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3/4), 201-223. doi:10.1080/02699939208411069
  • Luhmann, C. C., Ishida, K., & Hajcak, G. (2011). Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards. Behavior Therapy, 42(3), 378–386. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.09.002
  • Maner, J. K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2006). The role of risk avoidance in anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 37(2), 181-189. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.11.003
  • Maner, J. K., Richey, J. A., Cromer, K., Mallott, M., Lejuez, C., Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Dispositional anxiety and risk-avoidant decision making. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(4), 665–675. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.016
  • McEvoy, P., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 533-545. doi:10.1016./j.beth.2011.02.007
  • Miu, A. C., Heilman, R. M., & Houser, D. (2008). Anxiety impairs decision-making: Psychophysiological evidence from an Iowa gambling task. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 353-358. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.010
  • Mueller, E. M., Nguyen, J., Ray, W. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2010). Future-oriented decision-making in generalized anxiety disorder is evident across different versions of the Iowa gambling task. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(2), 165-171. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.12.002
  • Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 136-142. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063
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  • Raghunathan, R., & Pham, M. T. (1999). All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79(1), 56-77. doi:10.1006/0bhd.1999.2838
  • Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2015). The generalized anxiety disorder workbook. Oakland: New Harbinger.
  • Sarı, S. (2007). Sürekli kaygının yordayıcıları olarak belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, endişe ile ilgili inançlar ve kontrol odağının incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Sarı, S. ve Dağ, İ. (2009). Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ölçeği, endişe ile ilgili olumlu inançlar ölçeği ve endişenin sonuçları ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10, 261-270.
  • Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2010). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy systems, strategies and skills (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
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Investigation of Relationships among Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Decision Making

Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 89 - 100, 20.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.661965

Abstract

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationships among trait anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and decision-making behavior. In this research, a descriptive research design was used. The research was conducted with the participation of volunteer university students who were enrolled in the undergraduate programs at Ege University Faculty of Education. Convenient sampling method was used and the data obtained from 105 participants (43 male and 62 female) were analyzed. Data collection instruments in the research were a Demographic Information Form, Trait Anxiety Inventory, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (long form), and Iowa Gambling Task. Correlational analysis was used to analyze the research data. As a result of the analysis, there was no statistically significant relationship between university students’ trait anxiety level and Iowa Gambling Task performance. Also, there was no statistically significant relationship between the students’ intolerance of uncertainty level and Iowa Gambling Task performance. However, it was concluded that there was a significant positive correlation between trait anxiety level and intolerance of uncertainty level of the students. The research findings were discussed in the light of the literature and some recommendations were made for future studies.

References

  • Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University. Retrieved from https://b-ok.cc/book/1197556/86ed4a
  • Arnett, J. J., Kloep, M., Hendry, L. B., & Tanner, J. (2011). Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or process? New York: Oxford University. Retrieved from https://b-ok.cc/book/3319241/b93fbe
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7-15. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1295. doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 931-945. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2012). Fear of emotions, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty in worry and generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(1), 1-17. doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.1
  • Busemeyer, J., Hastie, R., & Medin D. L. (Eds.) (1995). Decision making from a cognitive perspective. California: Academic.
  • Carleton, R. N., Duranceau, S., Shulman, E. P., Zerff, M., Gonzales, J., & Mishra, S. (2016). Self-reported intolerance of uncertainty and behavioural decisions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 51, 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.12.004
  • Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 468-479. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011
  • Christensen, L. B. (1988). Experimental methodology (4th ed.). Newton, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2015). Research methods, design and analysis (12th ed.). Westford: Pearson. Retrieved from https://b-ok.cc/book/2838323/273556
  • Counsell, A., Furtado, M., Iorio, C., Anand, L., Canzonieri, A., Fine, A., Fotinos, K., Epstein, I., & Katzman, M. A. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety: Differences by diagnosis and symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 252, 63-69. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.046
  • Çobanoğlu, S. (2017). Durumluk ve sürekli kaygı ile benlik saygısının karar verme davranışıyla ilişkisinin deneysel yöntemle incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Doğuş Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Avon.
  • Damasio, A. R. (1995). Toward a neurobiology of emotion and feeling: operational concepts and hypotheses. Neuroscientist, 1(19), 19-25. doi:10.1177/107385849500100104
  • Damasio, A. R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 351, 1413-1420. doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
  • de Visser, L., Van der Knaap, L. J., Van den Loo, A. J. A. E., & Van der Weerd, C. M. M. (2010). Trait anxiety affects decision-making differently in healthy men and women: Towards gender-specific endophenotypes of anxiety. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1598-1606. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.027
  • Değirmenci, S. S. (2017). Gebelikte ayrılma anksiyetesi ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlükle ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış tıpta uzmanlık tezi). Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 551-558. doi:10.1023/a:1005553414688
  • Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329-343. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002
  • Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791-802. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
  • Freud, S. (2016a). Psikanalize giriş dersleri (6. baskı). (S. Budak, çev.). İstanbul: Öteki.
  • Freud, S. (2016b). Psikanalize yeni giriş dersleri (6. baskı). (S. Budak, çev.). İstanbul: Öteki.
  • Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349-358. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349
  • Gazzaniga M. S., Ivry R. B., & Mangun G. R. (2000). Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Retrieved from https://b-ok.cc/book/2623203/e01e50
  • Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 923–933. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001.
  • Gray, J. R. (1999). A bias toward short-term thinking in threat related negative emotional states. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 65-75. doi:10.1177/0146167299025001006
  • İçellioğlu, S. (2015). Iowa kumar testi: Normatif veriler ve yürütücü işlevlerle ilişkisi. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 28, 222-230. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2015280305
  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archieves of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
  • Khawaja, N. G., & McMahon, J. (2011). The relationship of meta-worry and intolerance of uncertainty with pathological worry, anxiety, and depression. Behaviour Change, 28, 165-180. doi:10.1375/bech.28.4.165
  • Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 201-216). West Sussex: Wiley.
  • Ladouceur, R., Talbot, F., & Dugas, M. J. (1997). Behavioral expressions of intolerance of uncertainty in worry. Behavior Modification, 21, 355-371. doi:10.1177/01454455970213006
  • Laird, P. N. J., & Oatley, K. (1992). Basic emotions, rationality, and folk theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3/4), 201-223. doi:10.1080/02699939208411069
  • Luhmann, C. C., Ishida, K., & Hajcak, G. (2011). Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards. Behavior Therapy, 42(3), 378–386. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.09.002
  • Maner, J. K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2006). The role of risk avoidance in anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 37(2), 181-189. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.11.003
  • Maner, J. K., Richey, J. A., Cromer, K., Mallott, M., Lejuez, C., Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Dispositional anxiety and risk-avoidant decision making. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(4), 665–675. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.016
  • McEvoy, P., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 533-545. doi:10.1016./j.beth.2011.02.007
  • Miu, A. C., Heilman, R. M., & Houser, D. (2008). Anxiety impairs decision-making: Psychophysiological evidence from an Iowa gambling task. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 353-358. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.010
  • Mueller, E. M., Nguyen, J., Ray, W. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2010). Future-oriented decision-making in generalized anxiety disorder is evident across different versions of the Iowa gambling task. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(2), 165-171. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.12.002
  • Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 136-142. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063
  • Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1983). Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Raghunathan, R., & Pham, M. T. (1999). All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79(1), 56-77. doi:10.1006/0bhd.1999.2838
  • Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2015). The generalized anxiety disorder workbook. Oakland: New Harbinger.
  • Sarı, S. (2007). Sürekli kaygının yordayıcıları olarak belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, endişe ile ilgili inançlar ve kontrol odağının incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Sarı, S. ve Dağ, İ. (2009). Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ölçeği, endişe ile ilgili olumlu inançlar ölçeği ve endişenin sonuçları ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10, 261-270.
  • Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2010). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy systems, strategies and skills (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şeyma Tantan Ulu 0000-0001-8380-6250

Barış Yaka 0000-0002-1134-0057

Publication Date July 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tantan Ulu, Ş., & Yaka, B. (2020). Investigation of Relationships among Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Decision Making. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 21(1), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.661965