Research Article
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XIX. Yüzyıl Batılı Seyahat Metinlerinde Rodos Adasında Toplum ve Ekonomi

Year 2019, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 197 - 227, 26.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596136

Abstract

Rodos adası, Kanuni
Sultan Süleyman zamanında, 1522’de Türk egemenliğine girdi. Bu tarihten sonra
adada başlayan Türk hâkimiyeti 1912 yılında İtalya’nın adayı işgal etmesine
kadar yaklaşık 400 yıl kadar sürdü. Bu süre içinde adada maddi ve manevi açıdan
zengin ve köklü bir Türk kültürü oluştu. Özellikle bir önceki yüzyıllara
kıyasla, XIX. yüzyılda Batılı çok sayıdaki seyyah, Türk egemenliğindeki Rodos
adasına da giderek
gözlem ve tespitlerde bulundu. Batılı seyyahlar, Türk egemenliğindeki
Rodos adasında Rum, Yahudi ve Türklerin bir arada hoşgörü ve huzur içinde
yaşadıklarını yakından gördüler. Adanın toplum yapısı, ekonomik ve kültürel
yaşamına ilişkin çok sayıda ayrıntıyı kaleme aldılar. Onların kaleme aldıkları
seyahat metinlerinden Rodos adasındaki toplum dokusuna ve gündelik hayata dair
izlenimlere ulaşmak mümkündür. Ancak çok daha önemlisi Batılı seyyahların bu
eserlerinden, Rodos adasındaki Türk egemenliğine ilişkin sahip oldukları Doğu
imajından kaynaklanan önyargılarının çoğu zaman boşa çıktığının tespit
edilmesidir. Bu çalışmada, ağırlıklı olarak XIX. yüzyılda Rodos adasına gelen
İngiliz kökenli Batılı seyyahların, adadaki toplum yapısı, nüfus, din, dini ve
kültürel yapılar, gelenek, görenek, giyim-kuşam, temizlik gibi gündelik yaşama
ilişkin izlenimleri tahlil edilmiştir. Ayrıca Batılı seyyahların, Rodos adasına
ilişkin tarım, ticaret, hizmet sektörü, güvenlik, vergi, gemi inşa
faaliyetleri, adanın geçim kaynakları gibi çok sayıda tespitleri de
değerlendirilmiştir.

References

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  • Ağayev 2010 Elnue Ağayev, “Seyyah Karçınzade Süleyman Şükrü'nün Gözüyle Azerbaycan”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 27: pp. 105-139.
  • Altunbay 2015 Müzeyyen Altunbay, “16. ve 19. Yüzyılları Arasındaki Yabancı Seyahatnamelerde Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki Kadın Algısı”. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8/41, pp. 53- 63.
  • Aslan 2012 Halide Aslan, “Tanzimat Döneminde Dini Değişim Halleri: İhtida- Gizli Din- Tanassur ve Osmanlı”. Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi 6/12: pp. 55-82.
  • Beaufort 1817 Francis Beaufort, Karamania, or a brief Description of the South Coast of Asia Minor and of the Remains of Antiquity, in the Years 1811 – 1812. London: R. Hunter Press.
  • Bell 1831 James Bell, A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific or A Physical, Political and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions. Vol. IV. Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton Press.
  • Bilici 2011 İbrahim E. Bilici, “Oryantalist Seyahatnamelerde Türk İmgesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Alexander William Kinglake’in Seyahatnamesi Eothen Örneği”. E-Gifder 2: pp. 1-21.
  • Bonar 1845 Andrew A. Bonar, Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication.
  • Börekçi 2010 Ayşe Ülkü Oğuzhan Börekçi, “Bir Oryantalizm Ürünü Olarak İstanbul’un Frenk ve Levanten Mahalleleri Seyahatnamesinde Doğu ve Batı imgeleri”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11/ 2: pp. 1- 26.
  • Bulut 2016 Nazlıgül Bulut, “The Orientalist Effect in 19th Century Travel Writing: Lady Hornby's Istanbul Letters”. Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences of Istanbul University.
  • Carlisle 1855 George William Frederick Howard Carlisle, Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters. Edit. C.C. Felton. Boston: Hickling, Swan, and Brown Publication.
  • Carne 1838 John Carne, Syria, the Holy Land, Asia Minor, etc. Illustrated, in a series of views, drawn from Nature by W.H. Bartlett, William Purser. London: Fisher, Son & Co Publication.
  • Sâlnâme 1893 Cezâir-i Bahri Sefid Sâlnâmesi (Mediterranean-Aegean Archipelago Almanac), Hijri Years 1311 (1893)
  • Clarke 1816 Daniel Edward Clarke, Travels in various countries of Europe, Asia and Africa, Vol. 5. London: Printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies Publication.
  • Cottu 1844 Ch. Cottu, The Rhodes Island. Vol. 5 Paris: Revue des Deux Mondes Press.
  • Çelikkol 1990 Zeki Çelikkol, İstanköy’deki Türk Eserleri ve Tarihçe. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Publication.
  • Çetin 2011 Firdevs Çetin, “XVI. Asır Alman Seyyahlarında Osmanlı (Türk) Toplumu ve İnsanına Dair Bilgisizlik ve Tarihi Önyargıları”. Sosyal Bilimler 1/1: pp.3 9-58.
  • Doğan G. 2008 Güner Doğan, “Aegean Islands (Mytilene, Chios, Samos, Rhodos) and Their Surroundings at 17th and 18th Centuries, according to English and French Voyages”. Institute of Social Sciences of Ankara University.
  • Egmont- Heyman 1759 J. Aegidius Van Egmont– John Heyman. Travels through part of Europe, Asia Minor, The islands of the Archipelago, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mount Sinai etc., Vol. I-IΙ. London: L. Davis and C. Reymers Publication.
  • Elliott 1838 Charles Boileau Elliot, Travels in the Three Great Empires of Austria, Russia and Turkey. Vol. I-II. London: R. Bentley Press.
  • Fellows 1852 Charles Fellows, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, more particularly in the province of Lycia. London: Murray Publication.
  • Gözütok 2010 Türkan Gözütok, “19. Yüzyıl Batı Seyahatnamelerinde Ortadoğu ve İstanbul İmgesi: François René De Chateaubriand Örneği”. A.Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 44: pp. 97-117.
  • Hasselquist 1776 Friedrich Hasselquist, Voyages and travels in the Levant, in the years 1749, 50, 51, 52. Containing Observations in Natural History, Physick, Agriculture, and Commerce. Particularly on the Holy Land, and the Natural History of the Scriptures. London: Order of her present Majesty the Queen of Sweden Publication.
  • İlya - Uysal 2015 Didem İlya, and Mehmet Uysal “İngiliz Kadın Seyyahlar Harvey ve Garnett’in Gözüyle Osmanlı Kadını”. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi 3/6: pp. 1-22.
  • İnan 2017 Dilek İnan, “Montagu, Craven ve Barkley’in Osmanlı Devleti ve Türkler Hakkındaki İzlenimleri”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 37: pp.1-11.
  • Johns 1849 Charles Alexander Johns, The Forest Trees of Britain. Vol. I-II. London: Cambridge Press.
  • Karpat 1985 Kemal Karpat, Ottoman Population 1830- 1914- Demographic and Social Characteristics. The University of Wisconsin Press, USA.
  • Kartın 2016 Cengiz Kartın, “XIX ve XX. Yüzyıl’da İngiliz Seyyahların Gözüyle Doğu”. Yabancı Seyahatnamelerde Türkiye, Türk Yurdu: pp. 83-110.
  • Kaymakçı - Özgün 2015 Mustafa Kaymakçı, Cihan Özgün, Rodos ve İstanköy Türklerinin Yakın Tarihi. İzmir: DT Press
  • Kılınç 2014 Aslıhan Kılınç, “Ottoman Empire in Travelogues Written by Travelers between XVth and XVIIth Centuries, Particullary Information About Turks and The Turkish Image Roused in the Eyes of Western World”. Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences History Department Contemporary History. İnönü University.
  • Kutbay 2014. Elif Yeneroğlu Kutbay, “Economic and Commercial Conditions of the Island of Rhodes at the beginning of 20th Century according to the Reports of Sir Alfred Biliotti”. Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies XIV/29: pp. 39-56.
  • Konan 2008 Belkıs Konan, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kapitülasyonlar Çerçevesinde Yabancıların Din ve Vicdan Özgürlüğü”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1: pp. 167- 182.
  • Lithgow 1906 William Lithgow, The Totall Discourse of The Rare Adventures, Paineful Peregrinations of Long Nineteen Years Travayles from Scotland to the Most Famous Kingdomes in Europe, Asia and Affrica 1611. Glasgow: J. MacLehose Press.
  • MacGavock 1854 Randal William MacGavock, A Tennessean Abroad or Letters from Europe, Africa and Asia, New York: Redfield Publication.
  • Maden 2008 Sedat Maden, “Türk Edebiyatında Seyahatnameler ve Gezi Yazıları”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 37: pp. 147-158.
  • Mayer 1803 Luigi Mayer, Views in the Ottoman Empire, chiefly in Caramania, a part of Asia Minor hitherto unexplored [etc.]. London: R. Bowyer Press.
  • Newton 1865 Charles Thomas Newton, Travels-Discoveries in the Levant. Vol. 1-2. London: D.E. Colnaghi Press.
  • Örenç 2006 Ali Fuat Örenç, Yakın Dönem Tarihimizde Rodos ve On İki Ada, Istanbul.
  • Özcan 2009 Altay Tayfun Özcan, “Karabeynikov’un Seyahatnamesine Göre XVI. Yüzyılda İstanbul ile Kudüs Arasındaki Yol ve Duraklar”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 46/28: pp. 265-274.
  • Özçelik 2001 Selahattin Özçelik, “Osmanlı İç Hukukunda Zorunlu Bir Tehir (Mürted Maddesi)”, Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi 11: pp. 347- 438.
  • Özgün 2013 Cihan Özgün, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Teknik Bir Yenilik: Skafander Makinesi”. Turkish Studies 8/ 7: pp. 429- 457.
  • Özgün 2014 Cihan Özgün, “Rodos ve İstanköy Türklerinde Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Kültürel Yaşam”. Rodos ve İstanköy Türklüğü, edited by M. Kaymakçı and C. Özgün, pp. 153-183. İzmir: Meta Press.
  • Özgün 2015 Cihan Özgün, “Rodos Adasında Tanassur Hareketleri ve Namık Kemal”. 2. Turgut Reis ve Türk Denizcilik Tarihi Uluslararası Sempozyumu. Vol. 2, edited by Cihan Yemişçi et al, 303- 315. Bodrum: Halikarnas Press.
  • Öztürk 2016 Şeyma Öztürk, “The transcription and evaluation of Travels in Greece, Turkey and Holyland (1817-1818)”. Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences, Celal Bayar University.
  • Pişkin 2011 Hikmet Nazlı Pişkin, “Mediterranean and Mediterranean Ports in the XVIIth Century as Reflected in the Contemporary English Travel Accounts”, Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences Department of Mediterranean World Studies. İstanbul University.
  • Pococke 1743 Richard Pococke, A Description of The East, and Some Other Countries. Vol.II/ I. Observations on Palestine or The Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia, London: W. Bowyer Publication
  • Rapelje 1834 George Rapelje, A Narrative Excursions, Voyages, and Travels, Performed at Different Periods in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. New York: Printed for the author.
  • Said 1998 Edward Said, Oryantalizm (Doğubilim)-Sömürgeciliğin Keşif Kolu. Translate Nezih Uz. İstanbul: İrfan Press.
  • Sandwich 1799 John Montagu Sandwich, A Voyage performed by the Late Earl of Sandwich round the Mediterranean in the years 1738 and 1739. Written by himself, to which are prefixed, memoirs of the noble author's life by John Cooke. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies Publication.
  • Savary 1788 M. (Claude Etienne) Savary, Letters on Greece: being a sequel to Letters on Egypt, and containing travels through Rhodes, Crete, and other islands of the Archipelago 1750-1788. Dublin: White, Byrne, Moore, and Dornin Publication.
  • Saylan 2015 Kemal Saylan, Seyyahların Gözüyle Gümüşhane (Osmanlı Dönemi). Trabzon: Gümüşhane University Publishing.
  • Tansel 1959 Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Akdeniz Adalarının Elimizden Çıkmaması İçin Hususi Mektuplarına Göre Namık Kemal’in Mücadele ve İkazları”, Belleten, XXIII/91, pp. 479- 511.
  • Tansel 1973 Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, Namık Kemal’in Hususi Mektupları-III (Namık Kemal’s Private Letters-III), TTK, Ankara.
  • Ünen 2013 Uğur Ünen, “Rhodes Island in The XVIIIth Century in The Ottoman Administration”, Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences History Department. Adnan Menderes University.
  • Yapucu 2009 Olcay Pullukçuoğlu Yapucu, “Bir Metropolden Kadın Suretleri”. Memory and Nostalgia. Edited by Atilla Silkü et al. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Publishing.
  • Yıldız 2013 Özlem Yıldız, “20. Yüzyılın Başlarında Rodos Adasında Deniz Ticareti”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi XIII/26: pp.31-53.
  • Yılmaz 2014 Gülay Yılmaz, “Osmanlı Yönetiminin Oryantalist İnşası”. Studies of the Ottoman Domain 4/7: pp. 54- 81.

Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century

Year 2019, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 197 - 227, 26.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596136

Abstract

In 1522 Island of Rhodes, entered under the
sovereignty of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After this date, the Turkish
empery began on the island about 400 years till 1912 the Italy occupied the
island. During this period, a rich and deeply rooted Turkish culture was
emerged in the island materially and spiritually. Especially compared to the
previous centuries, in the 19th century, many Western travellers visited the
island of Rhodes, which was under Turkish rule; they made observations and make
some points. Western travellers saw that closely on this Turkish ruled Rhodes
Island, the Greek, the Jewish and the Turkish people living together in a
tolerance and peace. They wrote many details about the island's social
structure, economic and cultural life. It is possible to reach the impressions
about the texture of the society and daily life of the island of Rhodes from
their travel notes, however, more importantly, from these works of the Western
travellers, the prejudices of the Eastern image of the Turkish sovereignty on
the island of Rhodes are often found to be in vain. In this study, Western
travellers of mainly British origin who came to the 19th century to the island
of Rhodes, their impressions of the daily life such as social structure,
population, religion, religious and cultural structures, customs and
traditions, clothes and cleanliness on the island were analyzed. In addition,
many observations of Western travellers such as agriculture, commerce, service
sector, security, tax, ship building activities and livelihoods of the island
were also evaluated.

References

  • Addison 1838 Charles Addison, Damascus and Palmyra: A Journey to the East: with a sketch the state and prospects of Syria, under Ibrahim Pasha. London: R. Bentley Press.
  • Ağayev 2010 Elnue Ağayev, “Seyyah Karçınzade Süleyman Şükrü'nün Gözüyle Azerbaycan”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 27: pp. 105-139.
  • Altunbay 2015 Müzeyyen Altunbay, “16. ve 19. Yüzyılları Arasındaki Yabancı Seyahatnamelerde Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki Kadın Algısı”. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8/41, pp. 53- 63.
  • Aslan 2012 Halide Aslan, “Tanzimat Döneminde Dini Değişim Halleri: İhtida- Gizli Din- Tanassur ve Osmanlı”. Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi 6/12: pp. 55-82.
  • Beaufort 1817 Francis Beaufort, Karamania, or a brief Description of the South Coast of Asia Minor and of the Remains of Antiquity, in the Years 1811 – 1812. London: R. Hunter Press.
  • Bell 1831 James Bell, A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific or A Physical, Political and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions. Vol. IV. Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton Press.
  • Bilici 2011 İbrahim E. Bilici, “Oryantalist Seyahatnamelerde Türk İmgesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Alexander William Kinglake’in Seyahatnamesi Eothen Örneği”. E-Gifder 2: pp. 1-21.
  • Bonar 1845 Andrew A. Bonar, Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication.
  • Börekçi 2010 Ayşe Ülkü Oğuzhan Börekçi, “Bir Oryantalizm Ürünü Olarak İstanbul’un Frenk ve Levanten Mahalleleri Seyahatnamesinde Doğu ve Batı imgeleri”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11/ 2: pp. 1- 26.
  • Bulut 2016 Nazlıgül Bulut, “The Orientalist Effect in 19th Century Travel Writing: Lady Hornby's Istanbul Letters”. Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences of Istanbul University.
  • Carlisle 1855 George William Frederick Howard Carlisle, Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters. Edit. C.C. Felton. Boston: Hickling, Swan, and Brown Publication.
  • Carne 1838 John Carne, Syria, the Holy Land, Asia Minor, etc. Illustrated, in a series of views, drawn from Nature by W.H. Bartlett, William Purser. London: Fisher, Son & Co Publication.
  • Sâlnâme 1893 Cezâir-i Bahri Sefid Sâlnâmesi (Mediterranean-Aegean Archipelago Almanac), Hijri Years 1311 (1893)
  • Clarke 1816 Daniel Edward Clarke, Travels in various countries of Europe, Asia and Africa, Vol. 5. London: Printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies Publication.
  • Cottu 1844 Ch. Cottu, The Rhodes Island. Vol. 5 Paris: Revue des Deux Mondes Press.
  • Çelikkol 1990 Zeki Çelikkol, İstanköy’deki Türk Eserleri ve Tarihçe. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Publication.
  • Çetin 2011 Firdevs Çetin, “XVI. Asır Alman Seyyahlarında Osmanlı (Türk) Toplumu ve İnsanına Dair Bilgisizlik ve Tarihi Önyargıları”. Sosyal Bilimler 1/1: pp.3 9-58.
  • Doğan G. 2008 Güner Doğan, “Aegean Islands (Mytilene, Chios, Samos, Rhodos) and Their Surroundings at 17th and 18th Centuries, according to English and French Voyages”. Institute of Social Sciences of Ankara University.
  • Egmont- Heyman 1759 J. Aegidius Van Egmont– John Heyman. Travels through part of Europe, Asia Minor, The islands of the Archipelago, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mount Sinai etc., Vol. I-IΙ. London: L. Davis and C. Reymers Publication.
  • Elliott 1838 Charles Boileau Elliot, Travels in the Three Great Empires of Austria, Russia and Turkey. Vol. I-II. London: R. Bentley Press.
  • Fellows 1852 Charles Fellows, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, more particularly in the province of Lycia. London: Murray Publication.
  • Gözütok 2010 Türkan Gözütok, “19. Yüzyıl Batı Seyahatnamelerinde Ortadoğu ve İstanbul İmgesi: François René De Chateaubriand Örneği”. A.Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 44: pp. 97-117.
  • Hasselquist 1776 Friedrich Hasselquist, Voyages and travels in the Levant, in the years 1749, 50, 51, 52. Containing Observations in Natural History, Physick, Agriculture, and Commerce. Particularly on the Holy Land, and the Natural History of the Scriptures. London: Order of her present Majesty the Queen of Sweden Publication.
  • İlya - Uysal 2015 Didem İlya, and Mehmet Uysal “İngiliz Kadın Seyyahlar Harvey ve Garnett’in Gözüyle Osmanlı Kadını”. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi 3/6: pp. 1-22.
  • İnan 2017 Dilek İnan, “Montagu, Craven ve Barkley’in Osmanlı Devleti ve Türkler Hakkındaki İzlenimleri”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 37: pp.1-11.
  • Johns 1849 Charles Alexander Johns, The Forest Trees of Britain. Vol. I-II. London: Cambridge Press.
  • Karpat 1985 Kemal Karpat, Ottoman Population 1830- 1914- Demographic and Social Characteristics. The University of Wisconsin Press, USA.
  • Kartın 2016 Cengiz Kartın, “XIX ve XX. Yüzyıl’da İngiliz Seyyahların Gözüyle Doğu”. Yabancı Seyahatnamelerde Türkiye, Türk Yurdu: pp. 83-110.
  • Kaymakçı - Özgün 2015 Mustafa Kaymakçı, Cihan Özgün, Rodos ve İstanköy Türklerinin Yakın Tarihi. İzmir: DT Press
  • Kılınç 2014 Aslıhan Kılınç, “Ottoman Empire in Travelogues Written by Travelers between XVth and XVIIth Centuries, Particullary Information About Turks and The Turkish Image Roused in the Eyes of Western World”. Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences History Department Contemporary History. İnönü University.
  • Kutbay 2014. Elif Yeneroğlu Kutbay, “Economic and Commercial Conditions of the Island of Rhodes at the beginning of 20th Century according to the Reports of Sir Alfred Biliotti”. Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies XIV/29: pp. 39-56.
  • Konan 2008 Belkıs Konan, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kapitülasyonlar Çerçevesinde Yabancıların Din ve Vicdan Özgürlüğü”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1: pp. 167- 182.
  • Lithgow 1906 William Lithgow, The Totall Discourse of The Rare Adventures, Paineful Peregrinations of Long Nineteen Years Travayles from Scotland to the Most Famous Kingdomes in Europe, Asia and Affrica 1611. Glasgow: J. MacLehose Press.
  • MacGavock 1854 Randal William MacGavock, A Tennessean Abroad or Letters from Europe, Africa and Asia, New York: Redfield Publication.
  • Maden 2008 Sedat Maden, “Türk Edebiyatında Seyahatnameler ve Gezi Yazıları”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 37: pp. 147-158.
  • Mayer 1803 Luigi Mayer, Views in the Ottoman Empire, chiefly in Caramania, a part of Asia Minor hitherto unexplored [etc.]. London: R. Bowyer Press.
  • Newton 1865 Charles Thomas Newton, Travels-Discoveries in the Levant. Vol. 1-2. London: D.E. Colnaghi Press.
  • Örenç 2006 Ali Fuat Örenç, Yakın Dönem Tarihimizde Rodos ve On İki Ada, Istanbul.
  • Özcan 2009 Altay Tayfun Özcan, “Karabeynikov’un Seyahatnamesine Göre XVI. Yüzyılda İstanbul ile Kudüs Arasındaki Yol ve Duraklar”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 46/28: pp. 265-274.
  • Özçelik 2001 Selahattin Özçelik, “Osmanlı İç Hukukunda Zorunlu Bir Tehir (Mürted Maddesi)”, Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi 11: pp. 347- 438.
  • Özgün 2013 Cihan Özgün, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Teknik Bir Yenilik: Skafander Makinesi”. Turkish Studies 8/ 7: pp. 429- 457.
  • Özgün 2014 Cihan Özgün, “Rodos ve İstanköy Türklerinde Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Kültürel Yaşam”. Rodos ve İstanköy Türklüğü, edited by M. Kaymakçı and C. Özgün, pp. 153-183. İzmir: Meta Press.
  • Özgün 2015 Cihan Özgün, “Rodos Adasında Tanassur Hareketleri ve Namık Kemal”. 2. Turgut Reis ve Türk Denizcilik Tarihi Uluslararası Sempozyumu. Vol. 2, edited by Cihan Yemişçi et al, 303- 315. Bodrum: Halikarnas Press.
  • Öztürk 2016 Şeyma Öztürk, “The transcription and evaluation of Travels in Greece, Turkey and Holyland (1817-1818)”. Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences, Celal Bayar University.
  • Pişkin 2011 Hikmet Nazlı Pişkin, “Mediterranean and Mediterranean Ports in the XVIIth Century as Reflected in the Contemporary English Travel Accounts”, Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences Department of Mediterranean World Studies. İstanbul University.
  • Pococke 1743 Richard Pococke, A Description of The East, and Some Other Countries. Vol.II/ I. Observations on Palestine or The Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia, London: W. Bowyer Publication
  • Rapelje 1834 George Rapelje, A Narrative Excursions, Voyages, and Travels, Performed at Different Periods in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. New York: Printed for the author.
  • Said 1998 Edward Said, Oryantalizm (Doğubilim)-Sömürgeciliğin Keşif Kolu. Translate Nezih Uz. İstanbul: İrfan Press.
  • Sandwich 1799 John Montagu Sandwich, A Voyage performed by the Late Earl of Sandwich round the Mediterranean in the years 1738 and 1739. Written by himself, to which are prefixed, memoirs of the noble author's life by John Cooke. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies Publication.
  • Savary 1788 M. (Claude Etienne) Savary, Letters on Greece: being a sequel to Letters on Egypt, and containing travels through Rhodes, Crete, and other islands of the Archipelago 1750-1788. Dublin: White, Byrne, Moore, and Dornin Publication.
  • Saylan 2015 Kemal Saylan, Seyyahların Gözüyle Gümüşhane (Osmanlı Dönemi). Trabzon: Gümüşhane University Publishing.
  • Tansel 1959 Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Akdeniz Adalarının Elimizden Çıkmaması İçin Hususi Mektuplarına Göre Namık Kemal’in Mücadele ve İkazları”, Belleten, XXIII/91, pp. 479- 511.
  • Tansel 1973 Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, Namık Kemal’in Hususi Mektupları-III (Namık Kemal’s Private Letters-III), TTK, Ankara.
  • Ünen 2013 Uğur Ünen, “Rhodes Island in The XVIIIth Century in The Ottoman Administration”, Master’s Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences History Department. Adnan Menderes University.
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There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section ARTICLES
Authors

Cihan Özgün 0000-0001-8337-5876

Publication Date July 26, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özgün, C. (2019). Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1), 197-227. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596136
AMA Özgün C. Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century. TID. July 2019;34(1):197-227. doi:10.18513/egetid.596136
Chicago Özgün, Cihan. “Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 34, no. 1 (July 2019): 197-227. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596136.
EndNote Özgün C (July 1, 2019) Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 34 1 197–227.
IEEE C. Özgün, “Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century”, TID, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 197–227, 2019, doi: 10.18513/egetid.596136.
ISNAD Özgün, Cihan. “Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 34/1 (July 2019), 197-227. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.596136.
JAMA Özgün C. Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century. TID. 2019;34:197–227.
MLA Özgün, Cihan. “Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, vol. 34, no. 1, 2019, pp. 197-2, doi:10.18513/egetid.596136.
Vancouver Özgün C. Society and Economy on the Island of Rhodes in Western Travel Journals in the 19th Century. TID. 2019;34(1):197-22.