Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 189 - 203, 31.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.775798

Abstract

References

  • Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2000). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50(2), 311–341.
  • Başöz, T. (2018). Willingness to communicate: A path-analytic model for tertiary level learners of English in Turkey (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Başöz, T., & Erten, I. H. (2018). Investigating tertiary level EFL learners' willingness to communicate in English. English Language Teaching, 11(3), 78–87.
  • Bursalı, N., & Öz, H. (2017). The relationship between ideal L2 self and willingness to communicate inside the classroom. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(4), 229–239.
  • Cohen, A. D., & Dörnyei, Z. (2002). Focus on the language learner: Motivation, styles, and strategies. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), An introduction to applied linguistics (pp. 170–190). London: Arnold.
  • Csizér, K., & Kormos, J. (2009). Learning experiences, selves and motivated learning behaviour: A comparative analysis of structural models for Hungarian secondary and university learners of English. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 98–119). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004). Age and sex differences in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self‐perceived competence. Communication Research Reports, 21(4), 420–427.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2009). The L2 motivational self system. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 9–42). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2014). Motivation in second language learning. In M. Celce-Murcia, D. M. Brinton, & M. A. Snow (Eds.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (4th ed.) (pp. 518–531). Boston, MA: National Geographic Learning/Cengage Learning.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2020). From integrative motivation to directed motivational currents: The evolution of the understanding of L2 motivation over three decades. In M. Lamb, K. Csizér, A. Henry & S. Ryan (Eds.), Palgrave Macmillan handbook of motivation for language learning (pp. 39–69). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Dörnyei, Z., & Chan, L. (2013). Motivation and vision: An analysis of future L2 self images, sensory styles, and imagery capacity across two target languages. Language Learning, 63(3), 437–462.
  • Dörnyei, Z., & Taguchi, T. (2010). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration and processing (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching motivation (2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman.
  • Ghonsooly, B., Hosseini Fatemi, A., & Khajavy, G. H. (2013). Examining the relationships between willingness to communicate in English, communication confidence, and classroom environment. International Journal of Research Studies in Educational Technology, 3(1), 63–71.
  • Hadfield, J., & Dörnyei, Z. (2013). Motivating learning. Harlow: Longman.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: 7th Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Higgins, E.T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.
  • Higgins, E.T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1–46.
  • Kanat-Mutluoğlu, A. (2016). The influence of ideal L2 self, academic self-concept and intercultural communicative competence on willingness to communicate in a foreign language. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 27–46.
  • Khajavy, G. H., & Ghonsooly, B. (2017). Predictors of willingness to read in English: testing a model based on possible selves and self-confidence. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38, 1–15.
  • Kim, S. J. (2004). Exploring willingness to communicate (WTC) in English among Korean EFL (English as a foreign language) students in Korea: WTC as a predictor of success in second language acquisition. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) Columbus: Ohio State University.
  • Lamb, M. (2011). Future selves, motivation and autonomy in long-term EFL learning trajectories. In G. Murray, X. Gao, & T. Lamb (Eds.), Identity, motivation and autonomy in language learning (pp. 177–194). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., & Doucette, J. (2010). Willingness to communicate and action control. System, 38(2), 161–171.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Babin, P. A., & Clément, R. (1999). Willingness to communicate: Antecedents & consequences. Communication Quarterly, 47(2), 215–229.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Conrod, S. (2001). Willingness to communicate, social support, and language-learning orientations of immersion students. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(3), 369–388.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning, 52(3), 537–564.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Mackinnon, S. P., Clément, R. (2009). The baby, the bathwater, and the future of language learning motivation research. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 43–65). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • MacIntyre, P., Baker, S., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. (2003). Talking in order to learn: Willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(4), 589–608.
  • Markus, H. R., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969.
  • Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1987). Possible selves: The interface between motivation and the self-concept. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 157–172). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • McCroskey, J.C., Baer, J.E. (1985). Willingness to communicate: the construct and its measurement. Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, CO.
  • Munezane, Y. (2013). Attitudes, affect and ideal L2 self as predictors of willingness to communicate. EUROSLA Yearbook, 13(1), 176–198.
  • Munezane, Y. (2015). Enhancing willingness to communicate: Relative effects of visualization and goal setting. The Modern Language Journal, 99(1), 175–191.
  • Nagy, B. C. (2007). To will or not to will: Exploring advanced EFL learners’ willingness to communicate in English. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pécs, Hungary.
  • Noels, K. A. (2009). The internalisation of language learning into the self and social identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 295–313). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Öz, H. (2014). Big Five personality traits and willingness to communicate among foreign language learners in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(9), 1473–1482.
  • Öz, H. (2016). Role of the ideal L2 self in predicting willingness to communicate of EFL students. In I. J. Mirici, I. H. Erten, H. Öz, and I. Vodopija-Krstanović (Eds.), Research papers on teaching English as an additional language (pp. 163–182), Rijeka, Croatia: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka.
  • Öz, H., Demirezen, M., & Pourfeiz, J. (2015). Willingness to communicate of EFL learners in Turkish context. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 269–275.
  • Peng, J. E. (2007). Willingness to communicate in an L2 and integrative motivation among college students in an intensive English language program in China. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 2(1), 33–59.
  • Peng, J. E. (2012). Towards an ecological understanding of willingness to communicate in EFL classrooms in China. System, 40(2), 203-213.
  • Peng, J. E. (2015). L2 motivational self system, attitudes, and affect as predictors of L2 WTC: An imagined community perspective. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(2), 433–443.
  • Peng, J. E., & Woodrow, L. (2010). Willingness to communicate in English: A model in the Chinese EFL classroom context. Language learning, 60(4), 834–876.
  • Shirvan, M. E., Khajavy, G. H., MacIntyre, P. D., & Taherian, T. (2019). A meta-analysis of L2 willingness to communicate and its three high-evidence correlates. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48(6), 1241–1267.
  • Taguchi, T., Magid, M., & Papi, M. (2009). The L2 motivational self system among Japanese, Chinese and Iranian learners of English: A comparative study. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 66–97). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Ueki, M., & Takeuchi, O. (2013). Forming a clearer image of the ideal L2 self: the L2 Motivational Self System and learner autonomy in a Japanese EFL context. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7(3), 238–252.
  • Ushioda, E., & Dörnyei, Z. (2009). Motivation, language identities and the L2 self: A theoretical overview. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 1–8). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Williams, M., Mercer, S., & Ryan, S. (2016). Exploring psychology in language learning and teaching. Oxford University Press.
  • Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal, 86(1), 54–66.
  • Yashima, T. (2012). Willingness to communicate: Momentary volition that results in L2 behaviour. In S. Mercer, S. Ryan, & M. Williams (Eds.), Psychology for language learning (pp. 119–135). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yashima, T., Zenuk‐Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004). The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54(1), 119–152.
  • Yu, M. (2008). Willingness to communicate of foreign language learners in a Chinese setting. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Florida State University, Tallahassee.
  • Zarrinabadi, N., & Haidary, T. (2014). Willingness to communicate and identity styles of Iranian EFL learners. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 2010–2017.

The role of ideal L2 self in predicting L2 willingness to communicate inside and outside the classroom

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 189 - 203, 31.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.775798

Abstract

This study reports on findings of an investigation into the relationship between ideal L2 self as a motivational variable and willingness to communicate in English (L2 WTC) in and outside the classroom. Participants were a total of 90 university students majoring in English as a foreign language (ELF) at a foundation university in Ankara, Turkey. Data were collected using the Ideal L2 Self measure and the Willingness to Communicate questionnaire. Findings showed that 28% of the participants had high L2 WTC outside the classroom whereas 24% had high L2 WTC inside the classroom. The findings also indicated that there was a significant link between the ideal L2 self and L2 WTC both inside and outside the classroom and that the ideal L2 accounted for 13% of the variance in total L2 WTC scores. Based on the findings obtained, the study concludes by outlining pedagogical implications and recommendations in relation to instructional practices in L2 classrooms.

References

  • Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2000). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50(2), 311–341.
  • Başöz, T. (2018). Willingness to communicate: A path-analytic model for tertiary level learners of English in Turkey (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Başöz, T., & Erten, I. H. (2018). Investigating tertiary level EFL learners' willingness to communicate in English. English Language Teaching, 11(3), 78–87.
  • Bursalı, N., & Öz, H. (2017). The relationship between ideal L2 self and willingness to communicate inside the classroom. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(4), 229–239.
  • Cohen, A. D., & Dörnyei, Z. (2002). Focus on the language learner: Motivation, styles, and strategies. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), An introduction to applied linguistics (pp. 170–190). London: Arnold.
  • Csizér, K., & Kormos, J. (2009). Learning experiences, selves and motivated learning behaviour: A comparative analysis of structural models for Hungarian secondary and university learners of English. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 98–119). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004). Age and sex differences in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self‐perceived competence. Communication Research Reports, 21(4), 420–427.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2009). The L2 motivational self system. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 9–42). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2014). Motivation in second language learning. In M. Celce-Murcia, D. M. Brinton, & M. A. Snow (Eds.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (4th ed.) (pp. 518–531). Boston, MA: National Geographic Learning/Cengage Learning.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2020). From integrative motivation to directed motivational currents: The evolution of the understanding of L2 motivation over three decades. In M. Lamb, K. Csizér, A. Henry & S. Ryan (Eds.), Palgrave Macmillan handbook of motivation for language learning (pp. 39–69). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Dörnyei, Z., & Chan, L. (2013). Motivation and vision: An analysis of future L2 self images, sensory styles, and imagery capacity across two target languages. Language Learning, 63(3), 437–462.
  • Dörnyei, Z., & Taguchi, T. (2010). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration and processing (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching motivation (2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman.
  • Ghonsooly, B., Hosseini Fatemi, A., & Khajavy, G. H. (2013). Examining the relationships between willingness to communicate in English, communication confidence, and classroom environment. International Journal of Research Studies in Educational Technology, 3(1), 63–71.
  • Hadfield, J., & Dörnyei, Z. (2013). Motivating learning. Harlow: Longman.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: 7th Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Higgins, E.T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.
  • Higgins, E.T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1–46.
  • Kanat-Mutluoğlu, A. (2016). The influence of ideal L2 self, academic self-concept and intercultural communicative competence on willingness to communicate in a foreign language. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 27–46.
  • Khajavy, G. H., & Ghonsooly, B. (2017). Predictors of willingness to read in English: testing a model based on possible selves and self-confidence. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38, 1–15.
  • Kim, S. J. (2004). Exploring willingness to communicate (WTC) in English among Korean EFL (English as a foreign language) students in Korea: WTC as a predictor of success in second language acquisition. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) Columbus: Ohio State University.
  • Lamb, M. (2011). Future selves, motivation and autonomy in long-term EFL learning trajectories. In G. Murray, X. Gao, & T. Lamb (Eds.), Identity, motivation and autonomy in language learning (pp. 177–194). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., & Doucette, J. (2010). Willingness to communicate and action control. System, 38(2), 161–171.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Babin, P. A., & Clément, R. (1999). Willingness to communicate: Antecedents & consequences. Communication Quarterly, 47(2), 215–229.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Conrod, S. (2001). Willingness to communicate, social support, and language-learning orientations of immersion students. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(3), 369–388.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning, 52(3), 537–564.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Mackinnon, S. P., Clément, R. (2009). The baby, the bathwater, and the future of language learning motivation research. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 43–65). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • MacIntyre, P., Baker, S., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. (2003). Talking in order to learn: Willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(4), 589–608.
  • Markus, H. R., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969.
  • Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1987). Possible selves: The interface between motivation and the self-concept. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 157–172). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • McCroskey, J.C., Baer, J.E. (1985). Willingness to communicate: the construct and its measurement. Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, CO.
  • Munezane, Y. (2013). Attitudes, affect and ideal L2 self as predictors of willingness to communicate. EUROSLA Yearbook, 13(1), 176–198.
  • Munezane, Y. (2015). Enhancing willingness to communicate: Relative effects of visualization and goal setting. The Modern Language Journal, 99(1), 175–191.
  • Nagy, B. C. (2007). To will or not to will: Exploring advanced EFL learners’ willingness to communicate in English. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pécs, Hungary.
  • Noels, K. A. (2009). The internalisation of language learning into the self and social identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 295–313). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Öz, H. (2014). Big Five personality traits and willingness to communicate among foreign language learners in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(9), 1473–1482.
  • Öz, H. (2016). Role of the ideal L2 self in predicting willingness to communicate of EFL students. In I. J. Mirici, I. H. Erten, H. Öz, and I. Vodopija-Krstanović (Eds.), Research papers on teaching English as an additional language (pp. 163–182), Rijeka, Croatia: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka.
  • Öz, H., Demirezen, M., & Pourfeiz, J. (2015). Willingness to communicate of EFL learners in Turkish context. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 269–275.
  • Peng, J. E. (2007). Willingness to communicate in an L2 and integrative motivation among college students in an intensive English language program in China. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 2(1), 33–59.
  • Peng, J. E. (2012). Towards an ecological understanding of willingness to communicate in EFL classrooms in China. System, 40(2), 203-213.
  • Peng, J. E. (2015). L2 motivational self system, attitudes, and affect as predictors of L2 WTC: An imagined community perspective. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(2), 433–443.
  • Peng, J. E., & Woodrow, L. (2010). Willingness to communicate in English: A model in the Chinese EFL classroom context. Language learning, 60(4), 834–876.
  • Shirvan, M. E., Khajavy, G. H., MacIntyre, P. D., & Taherian, T. (2019). A meta-analysis of L2 willingness to communicate and its three high-evidence correlates. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48(6), 1241–1267.
  • Taguchi, T., Magid, M., & Papi, M. (2009). The L2 motivational self system among Japanese, Chinese and Iranian learners of English: A comparative study. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 66–97). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Ueki, M., & Takeuchi, O. (2013). Forming a clearer image of the ideal L2 self: the L2 Motivational Self System and learner autonomy in a Japanese EFL context. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7(3), 238–252.
  • Ushioda, E., & Dörnyei, Z. (2009). Motivation, language identities and the L2 self: A theoretical overview. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 1–8). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Williams, M., Mercer, S., & Ryan, S. (2016). Exploring psychology in language learning and teaching. Oxford University Press.
  • Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal, 86(1), 54–66.
  • Yashima, T. (2012). Willingness to communicate: Momentary volition that results in L2 behaviour. In S. Mercer, S. Ryan, & M. Williams (Eds.), Psychology for language learning (pp. 119–135). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yashima, T., Zenuk‐Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004). The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54(1), 119–152.
  • Yu, M. (2008). Willingness to communicate of foreign language learners in a Chinese setting. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Florida State University, Tallahassee.
  • Zarrinabadi, N., & Haidary, T. (2014). Willingness to communicate and identity styles of Iranian EFL learners. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 2010–2017.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Sak This is me 0000-0001-5631-519X

Publication Date July 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sak, M. (2020). The role of ideal L2 self in predicting L2 willingness to communicate inside and outside the classroom. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.775798