eur j life sci European Journal of Life Sciences 2822-5333 Anadolu University 10.55971/EJLS.1769180 Fermentation Technology Food Microbiology Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology in Agriculture Fermantasyon Teknolojisi Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi Tarımda Enzim ve Mikrobiyal Biyoteknoloji Functional foods: An effective tool in the management of xenobiotic-induced human health challenges https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-1134 Oleghe Peace O. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Edo State University, Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-2021 Ehis-Eriakha Chioma B. Department of Conservation and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Admiralty University of Nigeria, Ibusa, Delta State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4759-5115 Oboh Emmanuel J. 05 01 2026 5 1 1 14 08 20 2025 03 02 2026 Copyright © 2022, European Journal of Life Sciences 2022 European Journal of Life Sciences

Global industrialization generates a variety of dangerous substances known as xenobiotics, which include both naturally occurring poisons and manmade contaminants. These toxins often exist in concentrations surpassing normal physiological levels, leading to high-level toxicities among living organisms. Their pervasive presence underscores the urgent need for effective strategies to mitigate their adverse effects on human health. Functional foods are macronutrient-rich, readily available, and microbially processed, significantly supplemented with essential biofunctional dietary nutrients. These nutrients are crucial for gastronomic delectation and survival and offer substantial health benefits in preventing and managing chronic ailments. This review manuscript seeks to spotlight the biofunctional nutrient potentials inherent in functional foods obtained from botanicals, using these in combating xenobiotic noxiousness, while also elucidating their underlying mechanisms to optimize bioavailability and delivery systems for improving human health.

 biofunctional foods effective management food fermentation functional foods xenobiotic health challenges Butnariu M, Sarac I. Functional food. Int J Nutr. (2019); 3(3): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-2615 Chen G, Li Y, Li X, Zhou D, Wang Y, Wen X, et al. Functional foods and intestinal homeostasis: the perspective of in-vivo evidence. Trends Food Sci Technol. (2021); 111: 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.075 Galanakis CM. The food systems in the era of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic crisis. Foods. (2020); 9(4): 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040523 Oleghe PO, Akharaiyi FC, Ehis-Eriakha CB. Compositions, nutrients and antinutrients of biscuits prepared from fermented and unfermented ternary mixture flours. J Food Qual Hazards Control. (2024); 11: 13–25. https://doi.org/10.18502/jfqhc.11.1.14992 Nakai Y, Nin K, Noma S, Hamagaki S, Takagi R, Wonderlich SA. Clinical presentation and outcome of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a Japanese sample. Eat Behav. (2017); 24: 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.004 Galanakis CM. Functionality of food components and emerging technologies. Foods. (2021); 10(1): 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010128 Oleghe PO, Akharaiyi FC, Ehis-Eriakha CB. Harnessing indigenous agro-processed flour blends as composite bioresources in functional food development. Food Res. (2024); 8(1): 235–249. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(1).248 Hasmadi M, Noorfarahzilah M, Noraidah H, Zainol MK, Jahurul MHA. Functional properties of composite flour: a review. Food Res. (2020); 4(6): 1820–1831. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).419 Chiba T, Sato Y, Kobayashi E, Umegaki K. Status of foods with function claims: an internet survey among consumers, physicians and pharmacists one year later. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn. (2017); 58(2): 96–106. Rahimian Y, Akbari SM, Karami M, Fafghani N. Effect of different levels of fenugreek powder supplementation on performance, influenza, sheep red blood cells, Newcastle disease antibody titer and intestinal microbial flora in Cobb 500 broiler chicks. Banat J Biotechnol. (2018); 9(18): 29–37. Galanakis CM, Aldawoud TMS, Rizou M, Rowan N, Ibrahim S. Food ingredients and active compounds against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: a comprehensive review. Foods. (2020); 9(11): 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111701 Li C, Li S, Dang G, Jia R, Chen S, Deng X, et al. Screening and characterization of Bacillus velezensis LB-Y-1 toward selection as a potential probiotic for poultry with multi-enzyme production property. Front Microbiol. (2023); 14: 1143265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1143265 Rather IA, Koh WY, Paek WK, Lim J. Sources of chemical contaminants in food and their health implications. Front Pharmacol. (2017); 8: 830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00830 Fung F, Wang HS, Menon S. Food safety in the 21st century. Biomed J. (2018); 41: 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.003 Srinivasan R, Vansudeva MS, Raghuram RA. Xenobiotics in health and disease: the two sides of a coin—a clinician’s perspective. Open Access J Toxicol. (2020); 4(4): 555641. https://doi.org/10.19080/OAJT.2020.04.555641 Abdelsalam NA, Ramadan AT, ElRakaiby MT, Aziz RK. Toxicomicrobiomics: the human microbiome vs. pharmaceutical, dietary and environmental xenobiotics. Front Pharmacol. (2020); 11: 390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00390 Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. Host–microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics. J Clin Invest. (2014); 124: 4173–4181. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI72335 Hessel EV, Heiss E. Xenobiotic metabolism: a look into the future. Curr Opin Toxicol. (2016); 2: 31–35. Arora PK. Bacilli-mediated degradation of xenobiotic compounds and heavy metals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. (2020); 8: 570307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.570307 Štefanac T, Grgas D, Landeka-Dragičević T. Xenobiotics—division and methods of detection: a review. J Xenobiotics. (2021); 11: 130–141. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11040009 Soucek P. Xenobiotics. In: Schwab M, editor. Encyclopedia of Cancer. Heidelberg Berlin, Germany: Springer. (2011); pp. 3964–3967. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6276 Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N, Baldé AB, Bertollini R, Bose-O’Reilly S, Boufford JI, Breysse PN, Chiles T, Mahidol C, Coll-Seck AM, Cropper ML, Fobil J, Fuster V, Greenstone M, Haines A, Hanrahan D, Hunter D, Khare M, Krupnick A, Lanphear B, Lohani B, Martin K, Mathiasen KV, McTeer MA, Murray C, Ndahimananjara JD, Perera F, Potočnik J, Preker AS, Ramesh J, Rockström J, Salinas C, Samson LD, Sandilya K, Sly PD, Smith KR, Steiner A, Stewart RB, Suk WA, van Schayck OCP, Yadama GN, Yumkella K, Zhong M. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet. (2018); 391(10119): 462–512. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). The new POPs under the Stockholm Convention. (2023). https://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/2511/Default.aspx World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-water quality 4th ed., incorporating the 1st addendum. (2017). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). National primary drinking water regulations. (2024). https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations Atashgahi S, Shetty SA, Smidt H, De Vos WM. Flux, impact, and fate of halogenated xenobiotic compounds in the gut. Front Physiol. (2018); 9: 888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00888 Punia A, Singh RP, Chauhan NS. Impact of xenobiotics under changing climate scenario. In: Singh R, Singh P, Tripathi S, Chandra KK, Bhadouria R, editors. Xenobiotics in urban ecosystems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. (2023); pp. 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35775-6_1 Mishra N, Ayoko GA, Morawska L. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban environment: occurrence, toxicity and source apportionment. Environ Pollut. (2016); 208(A): 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.015 Kucherenko SV, Ovcharenko MA, Pushenko SL. Xenobiotics: a threat to the health of living organisms. E3S Web Conf. (2021); 285: 03006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128503006 Jiang Y. Analysis of the toxicity and treatment methods of cyanide. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health. Theor Nat Sci. (2023); 27(1): 235–240. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/27/20240741 Agboola OO, Emmanuel AO, Sabina CE, Anejo-Okopi J, Naomi AI, Ene UI, et al. Occurrence of carcinogens and their potential effects on human health—a review. UMYU Scientifica. (2024); 3(1): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2431.015 Özdemir Z, Abdullah-Alagöz M. Anticholinesterases. In: Al-Zwaini IJ, AL-Mayahi A, editors. Selected Topics in Myasthenia Gravis. IntechOpen. (2019); pp. 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81994 Roychoudhury S, Jha NK, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK. Mutagenic factors in the environment impacting human and animal health. Environ Sci Pollut Res. (2022); 29: 61967–61971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22247-x Goyal K, Goel H, Baranwal P, Dixit A, Khan F, Jha NK, et al. Unravelling the molecular mechanism of mutagenic factors impacting human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res. (2022); 29: 61993–62013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15442-9 Fuat NO. Xenobiotics and chronic disease. Open Access J Toxicol. (2017); 1(4): 555570. https://doi.org/10.19080/OAJT.2017.01.555570 Mohammadi K, Sani MA, Safaei P, Rahmani J, Molaee-Aghaee E, Jafari SM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of glyphosate on the reproductive hormones. Environ Sci Pollut Res. (2022); 29: 62030–62041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16145-x Silverman DT. Diesel exhaust causes lung cancer: now what? Occup Environ Med. (2017); 74(4): 233–234. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-104197 Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Landi MT, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Pándics T, Parent ME, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Diesel engine exhaust exposure, smoking, and lung cancer subtype risks: a pooled exposure–response analysis of 14 case–control studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. (2020); 202: 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201911-2101OC National Toxicology Program (NTP). Report on carcinogens, diesel exhaust particulates. 15th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. (2021). https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-OTHER-1003 Li S, Huff RD, Rider CF, Yuen ACY, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposures to diesel exhaust or particle-depleted diesel exhaust with allergen modulates transcriptomic responses in the lung. Sci Total Environ. (2024); 945: 173688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173688 Jeon GW. Bisphenol A leaching from polycarbonate baby bottles into baby food causes potential health issues. Clin Exp Pediatr. (2022); 65(9): 450–452. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00661 Karsauliya K, Bhateria M, Sonker A, Singh SP. Determination of bisphenol analogues in infant formula products from India and evaluating the health risk in infants associated with their exposure. J Agric Food Chem. (2021); 69(13): 3932–3941. Koppel N, Maini-Rekdal VM, Balskus EP. Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota. Science. (2017); 356(6344): 1246–1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2770 El-Demerdash FM, Tousson EM, Kurzepa J, Habib SL. Xenobiotic, oxidative stress and antioxidants. Oxid Med Cell Longev. (2018); 9758951. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9758951 Ferguson LR, De Caterina R, Görman U, Allayee H, Kohlmeier M, Prasad C, et al. Guide and position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on personalized nutrition: Part 1—Fields of precision nutrition. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. (2016); 12(1): 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445350 Carlos-Reyes Á, López-González JS, Meneses-Flores M, Gallardo-Rincón D, Ruíz-García E, Marchat LA, et al. Dietary compounds as epigenetic modulating agents in cancer. Front Genet. (2019); 10: 79. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00079 Olson JM, Ameer MA, Goyal A. Vitamin A toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532916/ Asif A, Farooq N. Vitamin D toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557876/ Porter JL, Rawla P. Hemochromatosis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430862/ Dinka DD. Environmental xenobiotics and their adverse health impacts—A general review. J Environ Pollut Hum Health. (2018); 6(3): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-6-3-1 Andjelkovic M, Buha Djordjevic A, Antonijevic E, et al. Toxic effect of acute cadmium and lead exposure in rat blood, liver, and kidney. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2019); 16(2): 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020274 Ghosh A, Tripathy A, Ghosh D. Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on reproductive health of humans. Proc Zool Soc. (2022); 75: 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-021-00412-3 Papp A, Tünde V, Szabó A, Nagymajtényi L. Effects of environmental xenobiotics on the nervous systems of animal experiments. Cereal Res Commun. (2007); 35(2): 893–896. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.35.2007.2.182 Durán R, Faro LR. Toxic effects of glyphosate on the nervous system: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. (2021); 23(9): 4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094605 Arroyo MC, Barrera TG, Leblic BC, Borrego AA, Collado MC. A review of the impact of xenobiotics from dietary sources on infant health: Early life exposures and the role of the microbiota. Environ Pollut. (2021); 269: 115994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115994 Treviño MJS, Pereira-Coelho M, López AGR, Zarazúa S, Madureira LAD-S, Majchrzak T, et al. How pesticides affect neonates?—Exposure, health implications, and determination of metabolites. Sci Total Environ. (2023); 856: 158859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158859 Pollard KM, Cauvi DM, Kono DH. Environmental xenobiotics exposure and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Toxicol. (2017); 10: 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.009 Ogbodo JO, Arazu AV, Iguh TC, Onwodi NJ, Ezike TC. Volatile organic compounds: a proinflammatory activator in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol. (2022); 13: 928379. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.928379 Alexander DE. Bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, biomagnification. In: Environmental Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. (1999); pp. 43–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4494-1_31 Bienfang PK, Trapido-Rosenthal H, Laws EA. Bioaccumulation/biomagnification in food chains. In: Meyers RA, editor. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. New York, USA: Springer. (2012); pp. 822–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_50 Parkinson A, Ogilvie BW, Buckley DB, Kazmi F, Czerwinski M, Parkinson O. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. In: Klaassen CD, editor. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. (2013); pp. 185–367 Arai S, Vattem DA, Kumagai H. Functional foods—History and concepts. In: Vattem DA, Maitin V, editors. Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Natural Products: Concepts and Applications. Lancaster, PA, USA: DEStech Publications, Inc. (2016); pp. 1–18 Mitra M, Mitra S, Nandi DK. Vitamins, micronutrients, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals in neuroprotection: An overview. In: Bagchi D, Chaurasia RN, Ohia SE, editors. A Review on Diverse Neurological Disorders. Washington DC, USA: Academic Press. (2024); pp. 585–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95735-9.00007-3 Arshad MS, Khalid W, Ahmad RS, Khan MK, Ahma MH, Safdar S, et al. Functional foods and human health: An overview. IntechOpen Series on Functional Foods—Phytochemicals and Health Promoting Potential. (2021); pp. 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99000 Hasler CM, Brown AC. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Functional foods. J Am Diet Assoc. (2009); 109(4): 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.02.023 Rai M, Paudel N, Sakhrie M, Gemmati D, Khan IA, Tisato V, et al. Perspective on quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (QSTR) models to predict hepatic biotransformation of xenobiotics. Livers. (2023); 3: 448–462. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers3030032 Dmitriev A, Rudik A, Filimonov D, Lagunin A, Pogodin P, Dubovskaja V, et al. Integral estimation of xenobiotics’ toxicity with regard to their metabolism in the human organism. Pure Appl Chem. (2017); 89(10): 1449–1458. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1205 Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Sci Total Environ. (2017); 575: 525–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009 Dinçay AA. Risks and benefits of functional foods: An overview. Bull Biotechnol. (2020); 1(2): 56–64 Shah AM, Tarfeen N, Mohamed H, Song Y. Fermented foods: Their health-promoting components and potential effects on gut microbiota. Fermentation. (2023); 9: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020118 Millicent J. Development of functional foods with enhanced benefits. J Food Sci. (2024); 5(2): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jfs.1846 Eze OF, Ani JC. Dietary fibre potentials of some selected flours and their effect on blood glucose and serum cholesterol reduction. Eur J Food Sci Technol. (2014); 2(2): 1–12 Awuni V, Alhassan MW, Amagloh FK. Orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) composite bread as a significant source of dietary vitamin A. Food Sci Nutr. (2018); 6(1): 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.543 Awuchi CG, Igwe VS, Echeta CK. The functional properties of foods and flours. Int J Adv Acad Res Sci Technol Eng. (2019); 5(11): 139–160. ISSN: 2488-9849 Şanlier N, Gökcen BB, Sezgin AC. Health benefits of fermented foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2019); 59(3): 506–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1383355 Ashaolu TJ. Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics. Biomed Pharmacother. (2020); 130: 110625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110625 Alwi MK, Julyani S, Yusriana NB, Sulfiana S, Bahar B. Effect of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) consumption to decrease blood pressure on elderly hypertension in the region of Barana Health Center of Jeneponto. Int J Medicotegal. (2021); 21(2): 826–832 Yang Q, Yao H, Liu S, Mao J. Interaction and application of moulds and yeasts in Chinese fermented foods. Front Microbiol. (2022); 12: 664850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.664850 Shah AM, Tarfeen N, Mohamed H, Song Y. Fermented foods: Their health-promoting components and potential effects on gut microbiota. Fermentation. (2023); 9: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020118 Keservani RK, Ahire ED, editors. Applications of functional foods in disease prevention. 1st ed. New York, USA: Apple Academic Press. (2024); pp. 1–364. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003395737 Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Jackson-Michel S, Fairchild T. An investigation into the effects of a curcumin extract (Curcugen®) on osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. (2021); 14(1):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010041 Liao J, Xiong Q, Yin Y, Ling Z, Chen S. The effects of fish oil on cardiovascular diseases: systematical evaluation and recent advances. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. (2022); 8:802306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.802306 Essa MM, Bashir M, Bhat A, Chidambaram SB, Al-Balushi B, Hamdan H, et al. Functional foods and their impact on health. Journal of Food Science and Technology. (2023); 60(3):820-834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05193-3 Jurek JM. Health benefits of functional foods. Journal of Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences. (2022); 3(11):1307-1316. https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1598 Khalid N, Aslam R, Rehman A, Latif W. A review on detoxification of xenobiotics in the liver: insights into mechanisms, regulation, and implications. Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering. (2019); 6(4):10-19. Panossian A. Understanding adaptogenic activity: specificity of the pharmacological action of adaptogens and other phytochemicals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. (2017); 1401:49-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13399 Średnicka P, Juszczuk-Kubiak E, Wójcicki M, Akimowicz M, Roszko MŁ. Probiotics as a biological detoxification tool of food chemical contamination: a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. (2021); 153:112306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112306 Díaz LD, Fernández-Ruiz V, Cámara M. The frontier between nutrition and pharma: the international regulatory framework of functional foods, food supplements, and nutraceuticals. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. (2020); 60(10):1738-1746. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1592107 Sirohi M, Singh S. Role of functional foods in human health: an overview. Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences. (2024); 3(12):237-251. https://doi.org/10.58532/V3BCAG12P2CH8 Malviya S. Biopharmaceutics: drug absorption and bioavailability. The Pharma Innovation Journal. (2019); 8(1):809-812. https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2019.v8.i1m.25484 Otchere E, McKay BM, English MM, Aryee ANA. Current trends in nano-delivery systems for functional foods: a systematic review. PeerJ. (2023); 11:e14980. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14980 Dylan J. Understanding bioavailability: maximizing the potential of medications and nutrients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Clinical Practice. (2023); 6(3):58-61. https://doi.org/10.37532/jprcp.2023.6(3).58-61 Sim DSM. Drug absorption and bioavailability. In: Chan Y, Ng K, Sim D, editors. Pharmacological Basis of Acute Care. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. (2015); 45-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10386-0_3 Stielow M, Witczyńska A, Kubryń N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. The bioavailability of drugs - the current state of knowledge. Molecules. (2023); 28(24):8038. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248038 Niu L, Li Z, Fan W, Zhong X, Peng M, Liu Z. Nano-strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of tea polyphenols: preparation, applications, and challenges. Foods. (2022); 11(3):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030387 Pinal R. Enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Pharmaceutics. (2024); 16(6):758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060758 Thorat SS, Gujar KN, Karale CK. Bioenhancers from mother nature: an overview. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (2023); 9(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-023-00470-8 Guo Y, Feng S, Li Z, Jiang M, Xiao Z, Chen L, et al. Effect of cationic modified microcrystalline cellulose on the emulsifying properties and water/oil interface behaviour of soybean protein isolate. Foods. (2022); 11(19):3100. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193100 Wang T, Zhang L, Chen L, Li X. Preparation of oxidized starch/β-lactoglobulin complex particles using microfluidic chip for the stabilization of astaxanthin emulsion. Foods. (2022); 11(19):3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193078 Bennacef C, Desobry S, Probst L, Desobry-Banon S. Alginate-based core-shell capsules production through coextrusion methods: recent applications. Foods. (2023); 12(9):1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091788