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Investigating the Antioxidant Properties of Some Black Grape and Pomegranate Products

Year 2021, Issue: 23, 800 - 809, 30.04.2021

Abstract

Fruits, which are rich in antioxidant bioactives, are generally processed into a variety of products because of their short shelf-lives as seasonally grown crops. Therefore, fruit bioactives are usually consumed in processed form through these fruit products. In recent years, fruit products those are obtained through traditional processing methods have attracted attention as new natural and functional food alternatives that correspond to the increasing demand of consumers for these products. In this study, it is aimed to determine the antioxidant contents and activities, in “as is” (wet weight) basis, of some world-wide and traditionally consumed products of antioxidant rich black grape and pomegranate fruits which are widely cultivated in Turkey. Within this context, total phenolic, total flavonoid and total monomeric anthocyanin contents as well as total antioxidant capacities of some black grape products, including grape juice, verjuice, hardaliye, grape vinegar, and grape molasses, and some pomegranate products, including pomegranate juice, sour pomegranate syrup, fermented sour pomegranate syrup, pomegranate vinegar, and pomegranate molasses, were determined using spectrophotometric methods and evaluated by comparisons within the same fruit group. Within the black grape products, grape juice, verjuice, and hardaliye; and within the pomegranate products, sour pomegranate syrup, fermented sour pomegranate syrup, and pomegranate molasses were measured to exert comparable and higher antioxidant values. The comparisons among the products, those belong to the same fruit group, revealed that the traditional molasses processing led to significant reductions in the contents of antioxidants, primarily anthocyanins, and hence, in antioxidant capacity, specifically in grape molasses (p<0.05). On the other hand, the fermentation process applied in fermented sour pomegranate syrup processing gave rise to significant increases in total phenolic (173%), total flavonoid (34%), and total anthocyanin (78%) contents, as well as in total antioxidant capacites, determined by DPPH (19%) and ABTS (34%) methods (p<0.05).

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Bazı Siyah Üzüm ve Nar Ürünlerinin Antioksidan Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Issue: 23, 800 - 809, 30.04.2021

Abstract

Antioksidan özellikteki biyoaktif bileşenlerce zengin gıdalar arasında yer alan meyvelerin, mevsimsel olarak üretilmeleri ve kısıtlı bir raf ömrüne sahip olmaları nedeniyle, farklı ürünlere işlenerek saklanması sağlanmakta, ve bu nedenle, meyvelerdeki biyoaktif bileşenler çoğunlukla işlenmiş meyve ürünleri içerisinde tüketilmektedir. Son yıllarda tüketicilerin doğal ve fonksiyonel ürün arayışlarının giderek artması sonucu, geleneksel metotlarla işlenmiş meyve ürünleri yeni alternatifler olarak tekrar karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan ve antioksidan özellikleri ile ön plana çıkan meyvelerden olan siyah üzüm ve nar meyvelerinin hem dünya genelinde yaygın olan hem de ülkemize özgü tüketim şekilleriyle ön plana çıkan ürünlerinin, tüketildikleri haliyle (yaş madde bazında), sağladıkları antioksidan madde miktarı ve gösterdikleri antioksidan aktivitenin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, yerel üreticilerden temin edilen bazı siyah üzüm ürünleri (üzüm suyu, koruk suyu, hardaliye, üzüm sirkesi ve üzüm pekmezi) ve nar ürünlerinin (nar suyu, nar ekşisi, fermente nar ekşisi, nar sirkesi ve nar pekmezi) toplam fenolik madde, toplam flavonoid madde ve toplam monomerik antosiyanin miktarları ile toplam antioksidan kapasite değerleri spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle belirlenmiş ve, aynı meyve grubu bazında, karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Siyah üzüm ürünlerinden üzüm suyu, koruk suyu ve hardaliyenin; nar ürünleri arasından ise nar ekşisi, fermente nar ekşisi ve nar pekmezinin birbirleriyle daha yakın ve daha yüksek antioksidan değerler verdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ürünler arasında yapılan karşılaştırmalar, geleneksel pekmez üretim metodunun, özellikle üzümde, başta antosiyanin grubu bileşenler olmak üzere, antioksidan madde miktarı ve dolayısıyla, antioksidan kapasitede önemli bir düşüşe neden olduğunu göstermektedir (p<0.05). Fermente nar ekşisi üretiminde uygulanan fermantasyon basamağının ise, nar ekşisine oranla, toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid ve toplam monomerik antosiyanin miktarları ile toplam antioksidan kapasitede (DPPH ve ABTS metotları) önemli bir artış (sırasıyla, %173, %34, %78, %19 ve %34 artış) olmasına katkıda bulunduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05).

References

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  • Apak, R., Guclu, K., Ozyurek, M., Karademir, S. E., & Ercag, E. (2006). The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity and Polyphenolic Content of Some Herbal Teas. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 57, 292-304.
  • Arıcı, M., & Coşkun, F. (2001). Hardaliye: Fermented Grape Juice As A Traditional Turkish Beverage. Food Microbiology, 18, 417-421.
  • Aşkın, B. (2019). Farklı Sıcaklıkların Hardaliyenin Depolama Stabilitesi Üzerine Etkisi. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(1), 13-21.
  • Aydoğdu, H., Yıldırım, S., Halkman, A., & Durgun, T. (2014). A Study on Production and Quality Criteria of Hardaliye; A Traditional Drink from Thrace Region of Turkey. Gıda, 39(3), 139-145.
  • Bakır, S., Toydemir, G., Boyacıoğlu, D., Beekwilder, J., & Çapanoglu E. (2016). Fruit Antioxidants during Vinegar Processing: Changes in Content and in vitro Bio-Accessibility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(10), 1658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101658
  • Batu, A. (2020). Gastronomi ve Moleküler Gastronomi Açısından Üzüm Pekmezi. Aydın Gastronomy, 4(1), 35-44.
  • Baysal, T., & Taştan, Ö. (2018). Nar Ürünleri ve Üretimi. In Nar Sağlıkta Yıldız, E. Akçiçek, H. Kayalar, & S. Ötleş, Editors., Türkiye: Gece Yayınları.
  • Cangi, R., Saraçoğlu, O., Uluocak, E., Kılıç, D., & Şen, A. (2011). Kazova (Tokat) Yöresinde Yetiştirilen Bazı Şaraplık Üzüm Çeşitlerinde Olgunlaşma Sırasında Meydana Gelen Kimyasal Değişmeler. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 1(3), 9-14.
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  • Cemeroğlu, B. (2007). Gıda Analizleri. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Cory, H., Passarelli, S., Szeto, J., Tamez, M., & Mattei, J. (2018). The Role of Polyphenols in Human Health and Food Systems: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5, 87. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00087.
  • Coşkun, F., Arıcı, M., Gülcü, M., Çelikyurt, G., & Mırık, M. (2018). Physicochemical, Functional and Microbiological Properties of Hardaliye Beverages Produced from Different Grapes and Collected from Different Households. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(2), 278-285.
  • Çapanoglu, E., Kamiloğlu, S., Özkan, G., & Apak, R. (2018). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity/Capacity Measurement Methods for Food Products. In Measurement of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity: Recent Trends and Applications, R. Apak, E. Capanoglu, & F. Shahidi, Editors., Chicester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., p. 273-286.
  • Doshi, P., Adsule, P., & Banerjee, K. (2006). Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity in Grapevine Parts and Berries (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Kishmish Chornyi (Sharad Seedless) During Maturation. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 41(Supplement 1), 1-9.
  • Eddine, N. S., Tlais, S., Alkhatib, A., & Hamdan, R. (2020). Effect of Four Grape Varieties on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Unripe Grape Verjuice. Internatinal Journal of Food Science, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6457982.
  • Ergezer, H., Gökçe, R., & Akcan, T. (2018). Koruk Sularının Bazı Kalite Karakteristikleri Üzerine Pastörizasyon ve Potasyum Sorbat İlavesinin Etkisi. Akademik Gıda , 16(3), 287-292.
  • Eroğul, D., Oğuz, H., & Şen, F. (2017). Ekşi, Mayhoş ve Tatlı Nar Genotiplerine Ait Meyvelerin Depolama Süresince Bazı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Meyve Bilimi , 1, 34-39.
  • Faikoğlu, F. (2014). Adakarası, Papazkarası, Kalecikkarası Üzüm Çeşitleri Kullanılarak Üretilen Hardaliyelerin Kalitesinin ve Duyusal Özelliklerinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Bursa, 73s.
  • Fia, G., Bucalossi, G., Gori, C., Borghini, F., & Zanoni, B. (2020). Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Unripe Red Grapes (cv. Sangiovese) through a Green Extraction. Foods, 9(5), 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050566
  • Hayoğlu, I., Kola, O., Kaya, C., Özer, S., Türkoğlu, H. (2009). Chemical and Sensory Properties of Verjuice, A Traditional Turkish Non-Fermented Beverage From Kabarcik and Yediveren Grapes. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 33, 252-263.
  • Hidalgo, G. I., & Almajano, M. P. (2017). Red Fruits: Extraction of Antioxidants, Phenolic Content, and Radical Scavenging Determination: A Review. Antioxidants, 6(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010007.
  • Gil, M. I., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., Hess-Pierce, B., Holcroft, D. M., & Kader, A. A. (2000). Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate Juice and Its Relationship with Phenolic Composition and Processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 4581-4589.
  • Hoca, G. (2019). Bursa İlinde Tüketime Sunulan Nar Ekşisi ve Nar Ekşili Soslarda Sorbik Asit ve Benzoik Asit Miktarlarının Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Bursa, 57s.
  • Jackman, R. L., Yada, R. Y., Tung, M. A., & Speers, R. A. (1987). Anthocyanins and Food Colorants – A Review. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 11, 201-247.
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gamze Toydemir Şen 0000-0003-3738-0986

Publication Date April 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 23

Cite

APA Toydemir Şen, G. (2021). Bazı Siyah Üzüm ve Nar Ürünlerinin Antioksidan Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(23), 800-809.