A REVIEW ON THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION REGIMES ON POTATO YIELD

Abstract

Water and nitrogen are the most important factors affecting yield and quality in potato management. Proper irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer management ensures water conservation and reduces nutrient loss. Nitrogen (N) is the most commonly deficient mineral nutrient in agricultural soils to increase potato production. Therefore, the split application of nitrogen fertilizers is important to prevent losses through leaching, evaporation, denitrification, weeding, erosion by running water, and precipitation. Determining the appropriate amounts of nitrogen and irrigation water to improve the efficiency of water and nitrogen use can minimize N losses, minimize costs and increase production profits. Potato is very sensitive to water stress due to its shallow root system and requirement to consume a plenty of water in all growing season. Therefore, regular irrigation of potato is important for obtaining the best tuber yield. This review has been made to identify and analyze in current research on N management practices and irrigation regimes to improve and maintain potato tuber yield. Variability of results from research studies show that determined precise results are not transferred from one place to another because potato varieties and cultivation conditions are not the same. In addition, it was determined that the responses of potato varieties to different nitrogen amounts varied from region to region. According to different irrigation regimes, it has been seen that the best result increasing yield in potato is obtained from applications when the plant is irrigated the most and field capacity is fully saturated. In addition, although the most appropriate nitrogen and irrigation interaction differ from region to region and depending on the variety, it has been determined that the most irrigation is applied and the nitrogen is obtained from application roughly 200 kg/ha.

Keywords

• Nitrogen rate
• Irrigation regimes
• Tuber yield
• Solanum tuberosum

References

1. E. S. Tolessa, D. Belew and A. Debela, "Effect of nitrogen rates and irrigation regimes on nitrogen use efficiency of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in southwest Ethiopia," Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 170-175, 2017.
2. F. Liu, A. Shahnazari, M. Andersen, S.-E. Jacobsen and C. Jensen, "Physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to partial root-zone drying: ABA signalling, leaf gas exchange, and water use efficiency," Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 57, no. 14, p. 3727–3735, 2006.
3. Y. Sun, X. Cui and F. Liu, "Effect of irrigation regimes and phosphorus rates on water and phosphorus use efficiencies in potato," Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 190, pp. 64-69, 2015.
4. M. Badr, W. A. El-Tohamy and A. M. Zaghloul, "Yield and water use efficiency of potato grown under different irrigation and," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 110, pp. 9-15, 2012.
5. A. Ierna, G. Pandino, S. Lombardo and G. Mauromicale, "Tuber yield, water and fertilizer productivity in early potato as affected by a," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 101, pp. 35-41, 2011.
6. W. Li, B. Xiong, S. Wang, X. Deng, . L. Yin and H. Li, "Regulation Effects of Water and Nitrogen on," Plos One, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-18, 2016.
7. M. Koch, M. Naumann, E. Pawelzik, A. Gransee and H. Thie, "The Importance of Nutrient Management for Potato Production Part I: Plant Nutrition and Yield," Potato Research, vol. 63, pp. 97-119, 2020.
8. R. E. McMurtrie and T. Nasholm, "Quantifying the contribution of mass flow to nitrogen acquisition by an individual plant root," New Phytologist, vol. 218, pp. 119-130, 2018.

9. I. R. Fandika, P. D. Kemp, J. P. Millner, D. Horne and N. Roskruge, "Irrigation and nitrogen effects on tuber yield and water use efficiencyof heritage and modern potato cultivars," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 170, pp. 148-157, 2016.
10. D. T. Westermann , "Nutritional Requirements of Potatoes," Amer J of Potato Res, vol. 82, pp. 301-307, 2005.
11. J. G. Silva, M. G. C. França, F. T. F. Gomide ve J. R. Magalhaes, «Different Nitrogen Sources Affect Biomass Partitioning and Quality of Potato Production in a Hydroponic System,» Am. J. Potato Res., cilt 90, pp. 179-185, 2013.
12. M. Andrews, J. A. Raven and P. J. Lea, "Do plants need nitrate? The mechanisms by which nitrogen form affects plants," Annals of Applied Biology, vol. 163, pp. 147-199, 2013.
13. P. L. Way, "Development of a Functional, Widely Accepted and Adopted BMP Program in Response to Government Regulation," Amer J of Potato Res, vol. 84, pp. 39-46, 2007.
14. N. Ziadi, B. J. Zebarth, G. Belanger and A. N. Cambouris, "Soil and Plant Tests to Optimize Fertilizer Nitrogen Managemenr of Potatoes," in Sustainable Potato Production: Global Case Studies, Dordrecht, Springer, 2012, pp. 187-207.
15. B. J. Zebarth, C. F. Drury, N. Tremblay and A. N. Cambouris, "Opportunities for improved fertilizer nitrogen management in production of arable crops in eastern Canada: A review," Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 113-132, 2009.
16. D. L. Burton, B. J. Zebarth, K. M. Gillam and J. A. MacLeod, "Effect of split application of fertilizer nitrogen on N2O emissions from potatoes," Canadian Journal of Soil Scienc, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 229-239, 2008.
17. Y. T. Nurmanov, V. G. Chernenok and R. S. Kuzdanova, "Potato in response to nitrogen nutrition regime and nitrogen fertilization," Field Crops Research, vol. 231, no. 11, pp. 115-121, 2019.
18. M. A. Mahamud, M. A. H. Chowdhury, M. A. Rahim and K. M. Mohiuddin, "Mineral nutrient contents of some potato accessions of USA and Bangladesh," J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 207-214, 2015.
19. H. Otieno and E. K. Mageto , "A review on yield response to nitrogen, potassium and manure applications in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production.," Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 80-86, 2021.
20. A. M. Fernandes, R. P. Soratto and B. L. Silva, "Extraction and export of nutrients in potato cultivars: I-macronutrients," Brazilian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 2039-2056, 2011.
21. D. Saravia, E. R. Farfán-Vignolo, R. Gutiérrez, F. De Mendiburu, R. Schafleitner, M. Bonierbale and M. A. Khan, "Yield and physiological response of potatoes indicate different strategies to cope with drought stress and nitrogen fertilization.," American Journal of Potato Research, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 288-295, 2016.
22. E. F. Souza, R. P. Soratto, A. M. Fernandes and C. J. Rosen, "Nitrogen source and rate effects on irrigated potato in tropical sandy soils.," Agronomy Journal, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 378-389, 2019.
23. A. N. Cambouris, M. St. Luce, B. J. Zebart, N. Ziadi, C. A. Grant and I. Perron, "Potato response to nitrogen sources and rates in an irrigated sandy soil," Agronomy Journal, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 391-401, 2016.
24. M. Akpinar, C. B. Şahin and N. Isler, "The effects of different nitrogen doses on yield and agricultural properties in early potato farming under the Çukurova," Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 37-42, 2019.
25. J. Muthoni and J. N. Kabira, "Effects of different sources of nitrogen on potato at Tigoni, Kenya," Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 167-174, 2011.
26. G. K. Gathungu, S. I. Shibairo, S. M. Githiri, M. W. K. Mbru, P. S. Ojiambo and H. M. Kidane Mariam, "Effect of source, time and method of nitrogen application on growth and yield components of potato in Kenya," African Crop Science Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 387-402, 2000.
27. B. J. Zebart , E. Snowdon, D. L. Burton, C. Goyer and R. Dowbenko, "Controlled release fertilizer product effects on potato crop response and nitrousoxide emissions under rain-fed production on a medium-textured soil.," Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 759-769, 2012.
28. I. Arduini, A. Masoni, L. Ercoli and M. Mariotti, "Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate.," European Journal of Agronomy, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 309-318, 2006.
29. D. Christos, "Dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, partitioning and remobilization as affected by N and P fertilization and source-sink relation," Eur J Agron, vol. 30, pp. 129-139, 2009.
30. H. Li, L. E. Parent, A. Karam and C. Tremblay, "Efficiency of soil and fertilizer nitrogen in a humid, cool, and acid sod-potato system," Plant Soil, vol. 251, pp. 23-26, 2003.
31. P. Srek, M. Hejcman and E. Kunzov, "Multivariate analysis of relationship between potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield, amount of applied elements, their concentrations in tubers and uptake in a long-term fertilizer experiment," Field Crops Res., vol. 118, pp. 183-193, 2010.
32. L. Sun, L. Gu, X. Peng, Y. Liu, X. Li and X. Yan, "Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application time on dry matter accumulation and yield of chinese potato variety KX 13," Potato Research, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 303-313, 2012.
33. E. Öztürk, K. Kara and T. Polat, "The effects of nitrogen fertilizer forms and application times on potato yield and tuber size," Journal of Tekirdag Faculty of Agriculture, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 127-135, 2007.
34. A. Maltas, B. Dupuis and S. Sinaj, "Yield and quality response of two potato cultivars to nitrogen fertilization," Potato Research, vol. 61, pp. 97-114, 2018.
35. P. C. R. Fontes, H. Braun, C. Busato and P. R. Cecon, "Economic optimum nitrogen fertilization rates and nitrogen fertilization rate effects on tuber characteristics of potato cultivars," Potato Research, vol. 53, pp. 167-179, 2010.
36. L. K. Baishya, M. Kumar, M. Ghosh and D. C. Ghosh, "Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, productivity and economics of rainfed potato in Meghalaya hills," International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, vol. 6, pp. 69-77, 2013.
37. L. R. Rens, L. Zotarelli, D. L. Rowland and K. T. Morgan, "Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer rates and time of application for potatoes under seepage irrigation," Field Crops Research , vol. 215, pp. 49-58, 2018.
38. N. U. Ahmed, Z. Ferdous, N. U. Mahmud, A. Hossain and M. A. U. Zaman, "Effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum)," Int J Nat Soc Sci, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 60-66, 2017.
39. V. Ghiyal and A. K. Bhatia, "Effect of nitrogen levels and fertigation frequency on the growth parameters and yield of potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Kufri Bahar," Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 2064-2067, 2018.
40. G. Workineh and G. L. L. Hidoto, "Response of potato (solanumtuberosum l.) to nitrogen fertilizer application at angecha, southern ethiopia," Journal of Natural Sciences Research, vol. 9, pp. 595-598, 2017.
41. J. P. Cohan, C. Hannon, B. Houilliez, J. M. Gravoueille, A. Geille , E. Lampaert and F. Laurent, "Effects of potato cultivar on the components of nitrogen use efficiency," Potato Research, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 231-246, 2018.
42. C. M. Ayyub, M. W. Haidar, F. Zulfiqar, Z. Abideen and S. R. Wright, "Potato tuber yield and quality in response to different nitrogen fertilizer application rates under two split doses in an irrigated sandy loam soil," Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 1850-1860, 2019.
43. A. H. Elmetwalli and M. K. Elnemr, "Influence of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on potato yield, water productivity and net profit," CIGR Journal, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 61-68, 2020.
44. S. Lombarda, G. Pandino and G. Mauroicale, "Optimizing nitrogen fertilization to ımprove qualitative performances and physiological and yield responses of potato (solanum tuberosum L.)," Agronomy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-17, 2020.
45. C. Trawczynski, "The effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield efficiency and quality of tubers potato varieties cultivated in an integrated production system.," Bulletin of the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, vol. 288, pp. 15-22, 2020.
46. R. C. Oliveira, J. Luz, M. Queiroz, R. Lana, M. Ouintao, J. R. Silva and R. Castoldi, "Yield of potato cultivars as a function of nitrogen rates," Journnal of Caatinga, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 954-963, 2020.
47. K. Tülücü, Irrigation of Special Plants, Adana: Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, 2003.
48. S. Önder, M. E. Çalışkan, D. Önder and S. Çalışkan, "Different İrrigation Methods and Water Stress on Potato Yield and Yield Components," Agricultural Water Management , vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 73-86, 2005.
49. R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes and M. Smith, "Introduction to evapotranspiration," in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, Rome, FAO, 1998, pp. 1-14.
50. B.-Z. Yuan, S. Nishiyama and Y. Kang, "Effects of different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of drip-irrigated potato," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 63, pp. 153-167, 2003.
51. S. Çalışkan and U. Demirel, "Potato Cultivation - Irrigation," in Agriculture Agenda, İzmir, Hürriyet Printing Press, 2018.
52. R. Gultekin and A. Ertek, "Effects of deficit irrigation on the potato tuber development and quality," International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 93-98, 2018.
53. T. M. Darwish, T. W. Atallah, S. Hajhasan and A. Haidar, "Nitrogen and water use efficiency of fertigated processing potato," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 85, pp. 95-104, 2006.
54. T. M. Darwish, T. W. Atallah, S. Hajhasan and A. Haidar, "Nitrogen and water use efficiency of fertigated processing potato," Agriculture Water Management, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 95-104, 2006.
55. K. Nagaz, M. M. Masmoudi and N. B. Mechlia, "Soil salinity and yield of drip irrigated potato under different irrigation regimes with saline water in arid conditions of southern Tunisia," Journal of Agronomy, vol. 6, pp. 324-330, 2007.
56. C. Carli, F. Yuldashev, D. Khalikov, B. Condori, V. Mares and P. Monneveux, "Effect of different irrigation regimes on yield, water use efficiency and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the lowlands of Tashkent, Uzbekistan: A field and modeling perspective," Field Crops Research, vol. 163, pp. 90-99, 2014.
57. T. Ballmer, T. Hebeisen, R. Wuthrich and F. Gut, "Potential for drip irrigation in potato production under changing climatic conditions," Agrarforschung Schweiz, vol. 3, pp. 244-251, 2012.
58. F. G. Sahebi, M. Hekmat and E. Pourkhiz, "Effect of under irrigation management on potato performance components," Int. J. Agric Manage. Dev., vol. 2, pp. 143-148, 2012.
59. M. A. Badr, S. D. Abou Hussein, W. A. El Tohamy and N. Gruda, "Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Potato Production Under Different Dry Stress Conditions," Healthy Plants, vol. 62, pp. 63-70, 2010.
60. S. Ayas, The Water-Yield Relationship of Restricted Irrigation Potatoes, Bursa: Uludag University Institute of Science and Technology, 2020.
61. S. Çalışkan and U. Demirel, "Potato Agriculture – Irrigation," Agriculture Agenda Journal, pp. 56-65, 2018.
62. B. A. King, J. C. Stark and H. Neibling, "Potato Irrigation Management," in Potato Production Systems, Switzerland, Springer, 2020, pp. 417-446.
63. C. Shock ve E. Feibert, Deficit irrigation of potato. In deficit irrigation practices, FAO, 2002.
64. A. K. Alva, S. Paramasivam , A. Fares , J. A. Delgado, D. Mattos Jr. and K. Sajwan, "Nitrogen and irrigation management practices to improve nitrogen uptake efficiency and minimize leaching losses.," Journal of Crop Improvement, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 369-420, 2006.
65. A. L. B. R. Da Silva, L. Zotarelli, M. D. Dukes, S. Agehara, S. Asseng ve E. Van Santen, «Irrigation method and application timing effect on potato nitrogen fertilizer uptake efficiency,» Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, cilt 112, no. 2, pp. 253-264, 2018.