Toxicity and repellency of different insecticides to Odontotermes obesus (Rambur, 1842) (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae)

Year 2019, Volume: 43 Issue: 3, 241 - 251, 01.09.2019

Naeem Iqbal , Abid Mahmood Alvı , Shafqat Saeed , Abdul Rashıed , Qamar Saeed , Waqar Jaleel , Khalid Ali Khan Hamed A. Ghramh

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.519906

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Fungus-growing termites are important pests for buildings andagriculture in Asia and Africa. This study assessed four insecticides (fipronil 5% SC, imidacloprid 20 SL, thiamethoxam 25 WG and chlorfenapyr 360 SC) for their toxicity and repellency to the fungus-growing termite, Odontotermes obesus (Rambur, 1842) (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). The study was conducted at Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan fromSeptember-October, 2016 and was undertaken to identify effective termiticides along with their optimal concentrations for future use in baits and localized treatments. The chemicals assessed were differed significantly in their toxicity. Chlorfenapyr and thiamethoxam were more toxic and faster acting with lower LC₅₀ and LT₅₀ values than imidacloprid and fipronil. The four chemicals were statistically similar at each concentration. Odontotermes obesus was not repelled by 0-20 mg/l chlorfenapyr, 0-40 mg/l fipronil, 0-80 mg/l imidacloprid or 0-20 mg/l thiamethoxam. These results suggest that chlorfenapyr, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam may be used as soil termiticides, whereas fipronil can be used both as soil termiticide and in termite baiting programs.

Keywords

Fungus-growing termites, neurotoxins, soil treatment, termite baiting

Supporting Institution

Higher Education Commission, Pakistan, Grant Project No: 21-631 SRGP/R&D/HEC/2015

Project Number

Higher Education Commission, Pakistan, Grant Project No: 21-631 SRGP/R&D/HEC/2015

Thanks

Authors are thankful to Higher Education Commission for providing funds for this study (Project No. 21-631). HAG and KAK extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University. We also gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and assistance of C. D. (Doug) Howick for his helpful review of an earlier draft of the manuscript.

Odontotermes obesus (Rambur, 1842) (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae)’a karşı farklı insektisitlerin zehir ve kaçırıcı özellikleri

Abstract

Mantar yetiştiren termitler, Asya ve Afrika'daki tarımsal bölgelerin ve binaların önemli zararlılarıdır. Bu çalışmada, dört farklı insektisitin (fipronil 5% SC, imidacloprid 20 SL, thiamethoxam 25 WG ve chlorfenapyr 360 SC) mantar yetiştirici termit, Odontotermes obesus (Rambur, 1842) (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) üzerindeki zehir ve kaçırıcı etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, yemlerin ve yerel uygulamaların gelecekteki kullanımları için etkili termisitlerin belirlenmesi ve bunların optimal dozlarının saptanması amacıyla Eylül-Ekim 2016'da Pakistan’ın Dera Ghazi Khan şehrindeki Ghazi Üniversitesi’nde yürütülmüştür. Değerlendirilen kimyasalların zehirliliklerinde önemli farklılıklar görülmüştür. Chlorfenapyr ve thiamethoxam daha düşük LC₅₀ ve LT₅₀ değerleri ile daha fazla zehirli ve daha etkili olurken; imidacloprid ve fipronil daha yüksek LC₅₀ ve LT₅₀ değerleri ile nispeten daha az zehirli ve daha az etkili olarak tespit edilmiştir. Dört kimyasal da istatistiksel olarak her bir dozda birbirleriyle eşit miktarda bulunmuştur. Odontotermes obesus için kaçırıcı olmayan veya çok az kaçırıcılık gösteren chlorfenapyrin 0-20 mg/l dozları, fipronilin 0-40 mg/l dozları, imidacloprid 0-80 mg/l dozları ve thiamethoxamın 0-20 mg/l dozlarında herhangi bir tercih edilmeme durumu görülmemiştir. Bu sonuçlar, Chlorfenapyr, imidaclopridve thiamethoxam toprak termitisitleri olarak ve fipronilinin ise hem toprak termitisiti olarak hem de termit yem programlarında kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Mantar yetiştirici termitler, sinir zehirleri, toprak uygulaması, termit yemi

Project Number

Higher Education Commission, Pakistan, Grant Project No: 21-631 SRGP/R&D/HEC/2015

References

• Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
• Acda, M. N., 2014. Toxicity and transmission of thiamethoxam in the Asian subterranean termite Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Insect Science, 14 (222): 1-4.
• Ahmed, S., M. A. Riaz, A. H. Malik & M. M. Shahid, 2007. Effect of seed extracts of Withania somnifera, Croton tiglium and Hygrophila auriculata on behavior and physiology of Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera, Termitidae). Biologia, Bratislava 62 (6): 770-773.
• Aihetasham, A. & S. Iqbal, 2012. Feeding preferences of Microcerotermes championi (Snyder) for different wooden blocks dried at different temperatures under forced and choice feeding conditions in laboratory and field. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 44: 1137-1144.
• Akhtar, M. S. & R. Kausar, 1991. Effect of container volume, moisture content, temperature and matrix on survival and wood consumption of Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Proceedings of Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 11: 101-106.
• Bagnères, A. G., A. Pichon, J. Hope, R. W. Davis & J. L. Clément, 2009. Contact versus feeding intoxication by fipronil in Reticulitermes termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): laboratory evaluation of toxicity, uptake, clearance, and transfer among individuals. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102: 347-356.
• Bhagawati, S., B. Bhattacharyya, H. Mishra & D. Gogoi, 2017. Chemical management of termites (Odontotermes obesus) in preserved sets of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5 (1): 856-859.
• Boucias, D. G., C. Stokes, G. Storey & J. C. Pendland, 1996. The effect of imidacloprid on the termite Reticulitermes flavipes and its interaction with the mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer, 49: 103-144.
• Curl, G., 2004. Pumped-up termite market. Pest Control Technology, 32: 26-33.
• Delgarde, S. & C. Rouland-Lefevre, 2002. Evaluation of the effects of thiamethoxam on three species of African termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) crop pests. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95: 531-536.
• Esenther, G. R. & D. E. Gray, 1968. Subterranean termite studies in southern Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist, 100: 827-834.
• Findlay, W. P. K., 1962. The Preservation of Timber. Adam & Charles Black Ltd, London, UK, 162 pp.
• Forschler, B. T., 1994. Survivorship and tunneling activity of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in response to termiticide soil barriers with and without gaps of untreated soil. Journal of Entomological Science, 29: 43-54.
• Forschler, B. T. & T. M. Jenkins, 2000. Subterranean termites in the urban landscape: understanding their social structure is the key to successfully implementing population management using bait technology. Urban Ecosystem, 4: 231-251.
• Gautam, B. K., G. Henderson & R. W. Davis, 2012. Toxicity and horizontal transfer of 0.5% fipronil dust against Formosan subterranean termites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 105: 1766-1772.
• Gay, F. J., T. Greaves, F. G. Holdaway & A. H. Wetherly, 1955. Standard Laboratory Colonies of Termites for Evaluating the Resistance of Timber, Timber Preservatives, and Other Materials to Termite Attack. Bulletin 277. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 60 pp.
• Grace, J. K., J. R. Yates, M. Tamishiro & R. T. Yamamoto, 1993. Persistence of organochlorine insecticides for Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) control in Hawaii. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86: 761-766.
• Henderson, G., 2003. Liquid learning. Pest Control Technology, 31: 48-59.
• Hickin, N. E., 1971. Termites: A World Problem. The Rentokil Library, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd, London, 233 pp.
• Howick, C. D. & I. Staunton, 2017. Colonies in Collision - A Concatenated Chronicle of Termites and Termiteers in Australia 1788-2018. Termiteer Pty Ltd. Australia, 250 pp.
• Huang, Q. Y., C. L. Lei & D. Xue, 2006. Field evaluation of a fipronil bait against subterranean termite Odontotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Termitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 455-461.
• Iqbal, N. & T. A. Evans, 2018 Evaluation of fipronil and imidacloprid as bait active ingredients against fungus-growing termites (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 108: 14-22.
• Iqbal, N. & S. Saeed, 2013. Toxicity of six new chemical ınsecticides against the termite, Microtermes mycophagus D. (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45: 709-713.
• Kumawat, K. C., 2001. Evaluation of some insecticides against field termites, Odontotermes obesus and Microtermes obesi in wheat, Triticum aestivum. Annals of Plant Protection Science, 9: 51-53.
• Lenz, M., 2009. Laboratory bioassay with subterranean termites (Isoptera): The importance of termite biology. Sociobiology, 53 (2A): 573-595.
• Li, Q. F., Q. F. Zhu, S. J. Fu, D. M. Zhang, J. B. Huang & J. Z. Yuan, 2016. Efficacy of 1% fipronil dust of activated carbon against subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki in laboratory conditions. Sociobiology, 63: 1046-1050.
• Luo, P., 2010. Toxicity Interaction of Fipronil and Imidacloprid against Coptotermes formosanus. Louisiana State University (Unpublished), M.Sc. Thesis, Louisiana, 70 pp.
• Manzoor, F., S. Saleem & M. Abbas, 2014. Laboratory evaluation of imidacloprid against Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Macrotermitinae). Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 51: 43-48.
• Quarcoo, F. Y., A. G. Appel & X. P. Hu, 2010. Effects of indoxacarb concentration and exposure time on onset of abnormal behaviors, morbundity, and death in Eastern Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103: 762-769.
• Rasib, K. Z., A. Aihetasam, H. Ashraf & M. Afzal, 2018. Effect of sub lethal concentrations on population size of termites Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) and Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann) under laboratory and field conditions. Biomedical Journal of Scientific &Technical Research, 3 (1): BJSTR. MS.ID.000843.
• Reid, B. L., R. Brinkmann, G. Smith, K. Ishizaka, B. Palis & V. DeVilliers, 2002. “Imidacloprid use in termite control operations globally and changing use patterns in the United States, 355-368”. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Urban Pests (7-10 July 2002, Charleston, South Carolina, USA). Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press, 496 pp.
• Remmen, L. N. & N. Y. Su, 2005a. Tunneling and mortality of eastern and Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in sand treated with thiamethoxam or fipronil. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 906-910.
• Remmen L. N. & N. Y. Su, 2005b. Time trends in mortality for thiamethoxam and fipronil against Formosan subterranean termites and eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 911-915.
• Rouland-Lefèvre, C., 2011. “Termites as Pests of Agriculture 499-517”. In: Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (Eds. D. E. Bignell, Y. Roisin & N. Lo). Netherlands, Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 576 pp.
• Rust, M. K. & R. K. Saran, 2006. Toxicity, repellency, and transfer of chlorfenapyr against Western subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 864-872.
• Saran, R. K. & M. K. Rust, 2007. Toxicity, uptake, and transfer efficiency of fipronil in Western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100: 495-508.
• Scholz, G., H. Militz, P. Gascon-Garrido, M. S. Ibiza-Palacios, J. V. Oliver-Villanueva, B. C. Peters & C. J. Fitzgerald, 2010. Improved termite resistance of wood by wax impregnation. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 64 (8): 688-693.
• Sheets, L. P., 2010, “Imidacloprid: A Neonicotinoid Insecticide, 2055-2064”. In: Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Ed. R. Krieger). Academic Press, London NW1 7BY, UK. 2342 pp.
• Shelton, T. G., E. Joseph, J. E. Mulrooney & T. L. Wagner, 2006. Transfer of chlorfenapyr among workers of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99: 886-892.
• Su, N. Y., 1994. Field evaluation of hexaflumuron bait for population suppression of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87: 389-397.
• Su, N. Y. & R. H. Scheffrahn, 2000. “Termites as Pests of Buildings, 437-453”. In: Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology (Eds. T. Abe, D. E. Bignell & M. Higashi). Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publications, 466 pp.
• Su, N. Y., M. Tamashiro & M. I. Haverty, 1987. Characterization of slow-acting insecticides for the remedial control of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 80: 1-4.
• Thorne, B. L. & N. L. Breisch, 2001. Effects of sublethal exposure to imidacloprid on subsequent behavior of subterranean termite Reticulitermes virginicus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94: 492-498.
• Tomalski, M. & E. L. Vargo, 2004. Chain reaction: studies shed light on mechanisms of transfer of a nonrepellent termiticide. Pest Control, 72 (5): 51-53.
• Uys, V., 2002. A guide to the Termite Genera of Southern Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 15. Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, 116 pp.
• Vargo, E. L. & V. Parman, 2012. Effect of fipronil on subterranean termite colonies (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the field. Journal of Economic Entomology, 105: 523-532.
• Walker, C. H. & I. Newton, 1998. Effects of cyclodiene insecticides on the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) in Britain - a reappraisal of the evidence. Ecotoxicology, 7: 185-189.
• Ware, G. W., 1999.The Pesticide Book. 5th Ed. Thomson Publications, Fresno, CA, USA, 418 pp.
• Webb, G., 2017. Elimination of Coptotermes lacteus (Froggatt) (Blattodea: Rhinotemitidae) colonies using bistrifluron bait applied through in-ground bait stations surrounding mounds. Insects, 8 (98): 1-12.