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Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Year 2020, Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 101 - 109, 01.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.553994

Abstract

Blowflies are well known necrophagous insects and usually the first insects to discover and colonize a body after death. Thus, postmortem interval (PMI) can be estimated from the length or stage of development of blowfly larvae collected from a corpse. Abiotic and biotic factors influence multiple traits of a population, including body size, fecundity, survival and development rate. Larval crowding is one of the factors affecting blowfly population dynamics. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of larval mass on some life history parameters of Calliphora vicina(Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Experiments were conducted at the Animal Physiology Research Laboratory, Ondokuz Mayıs University during 2017. Five, 25, 50, 100, 500 or 1000 newly hatched Cvicina larvae were introduced into a plastic cup containing fresh chicken liver and kept at 22°C and 70% RH under a 12:12 h L:D photoperiod. They were checked at 12-h intervals and development period, survival rate, adult eclosion time, sex ratio, adult size and pupal and adult weights were recorded. The development periods for larval and pupal stages were positively affected by larval crowding. However, larval and pupal survival rate and the percentage of individuals reaching adulthood were very low in the crowded groups. The results also indicated that pupal and adult weight and adult size negatively affected by increasing larval density. It is concluded that larval crowding has an important effect on life history parameters of Cvicina and this need to be considered more reliable estimation of PMI.

References

  • Agnew, P., C. Haussy & Y. Michalakis, 2000. Effects of density and larval competition on selected life history traits of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera:Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 37 (5): 732-735.
  • Al-Misned, F. A. M., 2002. Effects of larval population density on the life cycle of flesh fly, Wohlfahrtia nuba (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 9 (2): 140-147.
  • Amendt, J., C. P. Campobasso, E. Gaudry, C. Reiter, H. N. LeBlanc & M. J. R. Hall, 2007. Best practice in forensic entomology-standards and guidelines. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 121: 90-104.
  • Amendt, J., R. Krettek & R. Zehner, 2004. Forensic entomology. Naturwissenschaften, 91: 51-65.
  • Amendt, J., C. S. Richards, C. P Campobasso, R. Zehner & M. J. R. Hall, 2011. Forensic entomology: applications and limitations. Forensic Science Medical Pathology, 7 (4): 379-392.
  • Anderson, G. S., 1995. The use of insects in death investigations: an analysis of forensic entomology cases in British Columbia over a five year period. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 28 (4): 277-92.
  • Arnaldo, M. C., 2009. Effects of larval crowding on development time, survival and weight at metamorphosis in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 68 (1-2): 107-114.
  • Benecke, M., 1998. Six forensic entomology cases: description and commentary. Forensic Sciences, 43 (4): 797-805.
  • Bonacci, T., V. Vercillo, P. Brandmayr, A. Fonti, C. Tersaruolo & T. Z. Brandmayr, 2009. A case of Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera, Calliphoridae) breeding in a human corpse in Calabria (Southern Italy). Legal Medicine, 11: 30-32.
  • Brown, K., A. Thorne & M. Harvey, 2015. Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) pupae: a timeline of external morphological development and a new age and PMI estimation tool. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 129: 835-850.
  • Catts, E. P. & M. L. Goff, 1992. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Annual Review of Entomology, 37: 253-272.
  • Catts, E. P. & N. H. Haskell, 1990. Entomology and Death-A Procedural Guide. Evaluation of Criminal Investigation with Time and New Technology, Joyce’s Print Shop, Clemson, USA, 180 pp.
  • Charabidze, D., B. Bourel & D. Gosset, 2011. Larval-mass effect: characterization of heat emission by necrophagous blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larval aggregates. Forensic Science International, 211: 61-66.
  • Fantinou, A. A., D. C. Perdikis & N. Stamogiannis, 2008. Effect of larval crowding on the life history traits of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). European Journal of Entomology, 105: 625-630.
  • Goodbrod, J. R. & M. L. Goff, 1990. Effects of larval population density on rates of development and interactions between two species of Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in laboratory culture. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27 (3): 338-343.
  • Grassberger, M. & C. Frank, 2004. Initial study of arthropod succession on pig carrion in a central European urban habitat. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41 (3): 511-523. Heaton, V., C. Moffatt & T. L. Simmons, 2014. Quantifying the temperature of maggot masses and its relationship to decomposition. Journal of Forensic Science, 59 (3): 676-682.
  • Horváth, B. & A. T. Kalinka, 2016. Effects of larval crowding on quantitative variation for development time and viability in Drosophila melanogaster. Ecology and Evolution, 6: 8460-8473.
  • Introna, F. Jr., C. P. Campobasso & A. Di Fazio, 1998. Three case studies in forensic entomology from Southern Italy. Journal of Forensic Science, 43 (1): 210-214.
  • Ireland, S. & B. Turner, 2006. The effects of larval crowding and food type on the size and development of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria. Forensic Science International, 159 (2-3): 175-181.
  • Jordan, H. R. & J. K. Tomberlin, 2017. Abiotic and biotic factors regulating inter-kingdom engagement between insects and microbe activity on vertebrate remains. Insects, 8 (2): 54/1-19.
  • Joseph, I., D. G. Mathew, P. Sathyan & G. Vargheese, 2011. The use of insects in forensic investigations: an overview on the scope of forensic entomology. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences, 3 (2): 89-91.
  • Khaliq, A., M. Javed, M. Sohail & M. Sagheer, 2014. Environmental effects on insects and their population dynamics. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (2):1-7.
  • Kökdener, M. & E. Polat, 2016. Survey of forensically important Calliphoridae in Samsun. Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 21 (2): 67-71.
  • Kotzé, Z., M. H. Villet & C. W. Weldon, 2016. Heat accumulation and development rate of massed maggots of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 95: 98-104.
  • Laparie, M., P. Vernon, Y. Cozıc, Y. Frenot, D. Renault & V. Debat, 2016. Wing morphology of the active flyer Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119: 179-193.
  • Layla, A. H., I. D. Al-Shareef & S. I. D. Al-Qurashi, 2016. Study of some biological aspects of the blowfly Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 6: 11-16.
  • Manorenjitha, M. S. & J. Zairi, 2012. Nutrition and overcrowding effects on larval development and fecundity of female Aedes albopictus (Skuse). International Journal of Life Science and Medical Research, 2 (4): 63-67.
  • Niederegger, S., N. Wartenberg, R. Spiess & G. Mall, 2013. Influence of food substrates on the development of the blowflies Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Parasitology Research, 112: 2847-2853.
  • Payne, J. A., 1965. A summer carrion study of the baby pig, Sus scrofa Linnaeus, Ecology, 46 (5): 592-602.
  • Reed, H. B., 1958. A study of dog carcass communities in Tennessee, with special reference to the insects. The American Midland Naturalist Journal, 59 (1): 213-245.
  • Reigada, C. & W. A. C. Godoy, 2006. Larval density, temperature and biological aspects of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 58 (4): 562-566.
  • Reis, S. F., C. J. Von Zuben & W. Godoy, 2001. Larval aggregation and competition for food in experimental populations of Chrysomya putoria (Wied.) and Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 123 (8): 485-489.
  • Saunders, D. & A. Bee, 1995. Effect of larval crowding on size and fecundity of the Calliphora vicina. European Journal of Entomology, 92: 615-622.
  • Saunders, D., I. Wheeler & A. Kerr, 1999. Survival and reproduction of small blow flies (Calliphora vicina; Diptera: Calliphoridae) produced in severely overcrowded short-day larval cultures, European Journal of Entomology, 96: 19-22.
  • Sharma, M. & S. R. Kumar, 2015. Evaluation of criminal investigation with time and new technology. Research Journal of Forensic Sciences, 3 (2): 6-9.
  • Shiao, S. F. & T. C. Yeh, 2008. Larval competition of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): behavior and ecological studies of two blow fly species of forensic significance. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45 (4): 785-799.
  • Smith, K. E. & R. Wall, 1997. The use of carrion as breeding sites by the blowfly Lucilia sericata and other Calliphoridae. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 11: 38-44.
  • Sokal, R. R. & R. L. Sullivan, 1963. Competition between mutant and wild type housefly strains of varying densities. Ecology, 43: 314-322.
  • Thiéry, D., K. Monceau & J. Moreau, 2014. Larval intraspecific competition for food in the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 104 (4): 1-8.
  • Verma, K. & P. M. P. Reject, 2013. Assessment of post mortem interval, (PMI) from forensic entomotoxicological studies of larvae and flies. Entomology, Ornithology and Herpetology, 1 (1): 2-4.
  • Weatherbee, C. R., J. L. Pechal, T. Stamper & M. E. Benbow, 2017. Post-colonization interval estimates using multi-species Calliphoridae larval masses and spatially distinct temperature data sets: a case study. Insects, 8 (2): 40-57.
  • Zayed, A. B., 2004. Impact of larval crowding on some biological and physiological attributes of female Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Egypt. International Journal of Dipterological Research, 15 (1): 99-106.
  • Zheng, L., T. C. Crippen, A. Dabney, A. Gordy & J. K. Tomberlin. 2017. Evaluation of sterilized artificial diets for mass rearing the Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 54 (5): 1122-1128.

Larva yoğunluğunun leş sineği, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)’nın bazı biyolojik özelliklerine etkileri

Year 2020, Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 101 - 109, 01.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.553994

Abstract

Leş sinekleri iyi bilinen nekrofaj böceklerdir ve genellikle ölümden sonra vücudu keşfeden ve kolonize olan ilk böceklerdir. Bu nedenle, ölüm sonrası geçen zaman aralığı (PMI), cesetten toplanan leş sineği larvalarının gelişim evresine veya uzunluğuna bakılarak belirlenebilir. Abiyotik ve biyotik faktörler bir popülasyonun vücut büyüklüğü, verim, hayatta kalma ve gelişim oranı gibi farklı özelliklerini etkiler. Larva yoğunluğu, leş sineklerinin popülasyon dinamiğini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, larva yoğunluğunun Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)’nın bazı yaşamsal parametreleri üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Denemeler 2017 yılında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Hayvan Fizyolojisi Araştırma Laboratuvarı’nda yapılmıştır. Yumurtadan yeni çıkan 5, 25, 50, 100, 500 veya 1000 Cvicina larvası içerisinde taze tavuk ciğeri bulunan plastik kap içerisine yerleştirilmiş ve 22°C, %70 bağıl nem ve of 12:12 (A:K) s foto periyot koşullarında tutulmuştur. Bu kaplar 12 saat aralıkla kontrol edilerek gelişim süresi, hayatta kalma oranı, ergin çıkış zamanı, eşey oranı, ergin büyüklüğü, pupa ve ergin ağırlıkları kaydedilmiştir. Larva ve pupa dönemlerinin gelişme süreleri larva yoğunluğundan olumlu etkilenmiştir. Buna karşın, larva ve pupaların hayatta kalma oranı ve ergin hale ulaşan bireylerin yüzdeleri kalabalık gruplarda oldukça düşüktür. Sonuçlar ayrıca pupa ve ergin ağırlıkları ile ergin büyüklüğünün larva yoğunluğundaki artıştan olumsuz etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Larva yoğunluğunun Cvicina’nın yaşamsal parametreleri üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu ve bu durumun daha güvenilir PMI ölçümü için dikkate alınması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Agnew, P., C. Haussy & Y. Michalakis, 2000. Effects of density and larval competition on selected life history traits of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera:Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 37 (5): 732-735.
  • Al-Misned, F. A. M., 2002. Effects of larval population density on the life cycle of flesh fly, Wohlfahrtia nuba (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 9 (2): 140-147.
  • Amendt, J., C. P. Campobasso, E. Gaudry, C. Reiter, H. N. LeBlanc & M. J. R. Hall, 2007. Best practice in forensic entomology-standards and guidelines. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 121: 90-104.
  • Amendt, J., R. Krettek & R. Zehner, 2004. Forensic entomology. Naturwissenschaften, 91: 51-65.
  • Amendt, J., C. S. Richards, C. P Campobasso, R. Zehner & M. J. R. Hall, 2011. Forensic entomology: applications and limitations. Forensic Science Medical Pathology, 7 (4): 379-392.
  • Anderson, G. S., 1995. The use of insects in death investigations: an analysis of forensic entomology cases in British Columbia over a five year period. Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 28 (4): 277-92.
  • Arnaldo, M. C., 2009. Effects of larval crowding on development time, survival and weight at metamorphosis in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 68 (1-2): 107-114.
  • Benecke, M., 1998. Six forensic entomology cases: description and commentary. Forensic Sciences, 43 (4): 797-805.
  • Bonacci, T., V. Vercillo, P. Brandmayr, A. Fonti, C. Tersaruolo & T. Z. Brandmayr, 2009. A case of Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera, Calliphoridae) breeding in a human corpse in Calabria (Southern Italy). Legal Medicine, 11: 30-32.
  • Brown, K., A. Thorne & M. Harvey, 2015. Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) pupae: a timeline of external morphological development and a new age and PMI estimation tool. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 129: 835-850.
  • Catts, E. P. & M. L. Goff, 1992. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Annual Review of Entomology, 37: 253-272.
  • Catts, E. P. & N. H. Haskell, 1990. Entomology and Death-A Procedural Guide. Evaluation of Criminal Investigation with Time and New Technology, Joyce’s Print Shop, Clemson, USA, 180 pp.
  • Charabidze, D., B. Bourel & D. Gosset, 2011. Larval-mass effect: characterization of heat emission by necrophagous blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larval aggregates. Forensic Science International, 211: 61-66.
  • Fantinou, A. A., D. C. Perdikis & N. Stamogiannis, 2008. Effect of larval crowding on the life history traits of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). European Journal of Entomology, 105: 625-630.
  • Goodbrod, J. R. & M. L. Goff, 1990. Effects of larval population density on rates of development and interactions between two species of Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in laboratory culture. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27 (3): 338-343.
  • Grassberger, M. & C. Frank, 2004. Initial study of arthropod succession on pig carrion in a central European urban habitat. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41 (3): 511-523. Heaton, V., C. Moffatt & T. L. Simmons, 2014. Quantifying the temperature of maggot masses and its relationship to decomposition. Journal of Forensic Science, 59 (3): 676-682.
  • Horváth, B. & A. T. Kalinka, 2016. Effects of larval crowding on quantitative variation for development time and viability in Drosophila melanogaster. Ecology and Evolution, 6: 8460-8473.
  • Introna, F. Jr., C. P. Campobasso & A. Di Fazio, 1998. Three case studies in forensic entomology from Southern Italy. Journal of Forensic Science, 43 (1): 210-214.
  • Ireland, S. & B. Turner, 2006. The effects of larval crowding and food type on the size and development of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria. Forensic Science International, 159 (2-3): 175-181.
  • Jordan, H. R. & J. K. Tomberlin, 2017. Abiotic and biotic factors regulating inter-kingdom engagement between insects and microbe activity on vertebrate remains. Insects, 8 (2): 54/1-19.
  • Joseph, I., D. G. Mathew, P. Sathyan & G. Vargheese, 2011. The use of insects in forensic investigations: an overview on the scope of forensic entomology. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences, 3 (2): 89-91.
  • Khaliq, A., M. Javed, M. Sohail & M. Sagheer, 2014. Environmental effects on insects and their population dynamics. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (2):1-7.
  • Kökdener, M. & E. Polat, 2016. Survey of forensically important Calliphoridae in Samsun. Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 21 (2): 67-71.
  • Kotzé, Z., M. H. Villet & C. W. Weldon, 2016. Heat accumulation and development rate of massed maggots of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 95: 98-104.
  • Laparie, M., P. Vernon, Y. Cozıc, Y. Frenot, D. Renault & V. Debat, 2016. Wing morphology of the active flyer Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119: 179-193.
  • Layla, A. H., I. D. Al-Shareef & S. I. D. Al-Qurashi, 2016. Study of some biological aspects of the blowfly Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 6: 11-16.
  • Manorenjitha, M. S. & J. Zairi, 2012. Nutrition and overcrowding effects on larval development and fecundity of female Aedes albopictus (Skuse). International Journal of Life Science and Medical Research, 2 (4): 63-67.
  • Niederegger, S., N. Wartenberg, R. Spiess & G. Mall, 2013. Influence of food substrates on the development of the blowflies Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Parasitology Research, 112: 2847-2853.
  • Payne, J. A., 1965. A summer carrion study of the baby pig, Sus scrofa Linnaeus, Ecology, 46 (5): 592-602.
  • Reed, H. B., 1958. A study of dog carcass communities in Tennessee, with special reference to the insects. The American Midland Naturalist Journal, 59 (1): 213-245.
  • Reigada, C. & W. A. C. Godoy, 2006. Larval density, temperature and biological aspects of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 58 (4): 562-566.
  • Reis, S. F., C. J. Von Zuben & W. Godoy, 2001. Larval aggregation and competition for food in experimental populations of Chrysomya putoria (Wied.) and Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 123 (8): 485-489.
  • Saunders, D. & A. Bee, 1995. Effect of larval crowding on size and fecundity of the Calliphora vicina. European Journal of Entomology, 92: 615-622.
  • Saunders, D., I. Wheeler & A. Kerr, 1999. Survival and reproduction of small blow flies (Calliphora vicina; Diptera: Calliphoridae) produced in severely overcrowded short-day larval cultures, European Journal of Entomology, 96: 19-22.
  • Sharma, M. & S. R. Kumar, 2015. Evaluation of criminal investigation with time and new technology. Research Journal of Forensic Sciences, 3 (2): 6-9.
  • Shiao, S. F. & T. C. Yeh, 2008. Larval competition of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): behavior and ecological studies of two blow fly species of forensic significance. Journal of Medical Entomology, 45 (4): 785-799.
  • Smith, K. E. & R. Wall, 1997. The use of carrion as breeding sites by the blowfly Lucilia sericata and other Calliphoridae. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 11: 38-44.
  • Sokal, R. R. & R. L. Sullivan, 1963. Competition between mutant and wild type housefly strains of varying densities. Ecology, 43: 314-322.
  • Thiéry, D., K. Monceau & J. Moreau, 2014. Larval intraspecific competition for food in the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 104 (4): 1-8.
  • Verma, K. & P. M. P. Reject, 2013. Assessment of post mortem interval, (PMI) from forensic entomotoxicological studies of larvae and flies. Entomology, Ornithology and Herpetology, 1 (1): 2-4.
  • Weatherbee, C. R., J. L. Pechal, T. Stamper & M. E. Benbow, 2017. Post-colonization interval estimates using multi-species Calliphoridae larval masses and spatially distinct temperature data sets: a case study. Insects, 8 (2): 40-57.
  • Zayed, A. B., 2004. Impact of larval crowding on some biological and physiological attributes of female Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Egypt. International Journal of Dipterological Research, 15 (1): 99-106.
  • Zheng, L., T. C. Crippen, A. Dabney, A. Gordy & J. K. Tomberlin. 2017. Evaluation of sterilized artificial diets for mass rearing the Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 54 (5): 1122-1128.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Meltem Kökdener 0000-0002-0107-3274

Nevran Eylem Akman Gündüz 0000-0001-5777-470X

Ünal Zeybekoğlu 0000-0001-7595-9572

Kamil Alakuş This is me 0000-0002-5092-8486

Publication Date March 1, 2020
Submission Date April 16, 2019
Acceptance Date November 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 44 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kökdener, M., Akman Gündüz, N. E., Zeybekoğlu, Ü., Alakuş, K. (2020). Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 44(1), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.553994
AMA Kökdener M, Akman Gündüz NE, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Alakuş K. Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). TED. March 2020;44(1):101-109. doi:10.16970/entoted.553994
Chicago Kökdener, Meltem, Nevran Eylem Akman Gündüz, Ünal Zeybekoğlu, and Kamil Alakuş. “Effects of Larval Crowding on Some Biological Characteristics of the Blowfly, Calliphora Vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44, no. 1 (March 2020): 101-9. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.553994.
EndNote Kökdener M, Akman Gündüz NE, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Alakuş K (March 1, 2020) Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Turkish Journal of Entomology 44 1 101–109.
IEEE M. Kökdener, N. E. Akman Gündüz, Ü. Zeybekoğlu, and K. Alakuş, “Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)”, TED, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 101–109, 2020, doi: 10.16970/entoted.553994.
ISNAD Kökdener, Meltem et al. “Effects of Larval Crowding on Some Biological Characteristics of the Blowfly, Calliphora Vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44/1 (March 2020), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.553994.
JAMA Kökdener M, Akman Gündüz NE, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Alakuş K. Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). TED. 2020;44:101–109.
MLA Kökdener, Meltem et al. “Effects of Larval Crowding on Some Biological Characteristics of the Blowfly, Calliphora Vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 44, no. 1, 2020, pp. 101-9, doi:10.16970/entoted.553994.
Vancouver Kökdener M, Akman Gündüz NE, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Alakuş K. Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). TED. 2020;44(1):101-9.