Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

1304-7280 2667-5498

Erciyes University

10.32707/ercivet.1743085

Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology

Veteriner Doğum ve Jinekoloji

Koyunlarda Gebelik Teşhisinde Transrektal, Transvajinal ve Transabdominal Ultrasonografinin Tanısal Performansı

Diagnostic Performance of Transrectal, Transvaginal, and Transabdominal Ultrasonography in Pregnancy Diagnosis in Ewes

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4488-3055

Uyanık

Gökhan

Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-0559

Yüksel

Murat

HATAY MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, KLİNİK BİLİMLER BÖLÜMÜ, VETERİNERLİK DOĞUM VE JİNEKOLOJİSİ ANABİLİM DALI

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-5916

Gözer

Ahmet

HATAY MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, KLİNİK BİLİMLER BÖLÜMÜ, VETERİNERLİK DOĞUM VE JİNEKOLOJİSİ ANABİLİM DALI

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-1919

Abay

Murat

ERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, KLİNİK BİLİMLER BÖLÜMÜ, VETERİNERLİK DOĞUM VE JİNEKOLOJİSİ ANABİLİM DALI

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3301-1987

Kara

Filiz

HATAY MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, DOĞUM, JİNEKOLOJİ VE SUNİ TOHUMLAMA (DR)

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-0993

Kaya

Ufuk

HATAY MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, ZOOTEKNİ VE HAYVAN BESLEME BÖLÜMÜ, VETERİNERLİK BİYOİSTATİSTİK ANABİLİM DALI

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-7937

Ceylan

Eren

HATAY MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, VETERİNER CERRAHİ (DR)

04 29 2026

23 1 49 58 07 15 2025 03 27 2026

2004

Journal of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Erciyes University

Bu çalışmanın amacı, koyunlarda gebeliğin 21., 35. ve 50. günlerinde transrektal ultrasonografiyi (trUSG) referans alarak transvajinal (tvUSG) ve transabdominal (taUSG) ultrasonografinin tanısal etkinliğini değerlendirmek ve karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışmada toplam 100 baş anöstrüsteki İvesi koyunu kullanıldı. Koyunlar östrüs senkronizasyonu sonrası çiftleştirildi. Gebelik tanısı, çiftleşmeden sonraki 21. günde yalnızca tvUSG ve trUSG kullanılarak yapılırken, 35. ve 50. günlerde ek olarak taUSG uygulanarak her üç görüntüleme yönteminin de kullanılmasına olanak sağlandı. tvUSG'de duyarlılık 21., 35. ve 50. günlerde sırasıyla %85.71, %95.34 ve %87.80 olarak bulunurken, özgüllük tüm zaman noktalarında %100.0 olarak kalmıştır. Pozitif öngörü değeri %100.0, negatif öngörü değeri ise sırasıyla%87.93, %96.61 ve %91.18 olarak bulundu. Genel doğruluk 21, 35 ve 50. günlerde sırasıyla %93.00, %98.00 ve %95.00 olarak hesaplandı (Kappa=0.860; 0.959; 0.895, P<0.001). Buna karşılık, taUSG 35. günde %88.37 ve 50. günde %95.12 duyarlılık gösterirken, doğruluk değerleri sırasıyla %95.00 ve %98.00 idi (Kappa 0.897; 0.958, P<0.001). Ortalama muayene süreleri değerlendirildiğinde, tvUSG'nin 21. ve 35. günlerde sırasıyla 110.03±3.09 saniye ve 57.06±1.19 saniye ile en kısa tanı süresine sahip olduğu, taUSG'nin ise 50. günde 50.12±1.40 saniye ile açık ara en hızlı yöntem olduğu görüldü (P<0.001). Sonuç olarak, tvUSG erken gebelik tanısında trUSG'ye alternatif olarak ortaya çıkarken, taUSG uygulama kolaylığı ve daha kısa muayene süresi nedeniyle gebeliğin ileri evrelerinde klinik olarak daha pratiktir.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic efficiency of transvaginal (tvUSG) and transabdominal (taUSG) ultrasonography on the 21st, 35th, and 50th days of pregnancy in ewes, using transrectal ultrasonography (trUSG) as the reference method. A total of 100 Awassi ewes in anoestrus were used in the study. Ewes were mated after estrus synchronisation. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed using only tvUSG and trUSG on Day 21 post-mating, whereas on Days 35 and 50, taUSG was additionally applied, allowing the use of all three imaging modalities. In tvUSG, the sensitivity on Days 21, 35, and 50 was 85.71%, 95.34%, and 87.80%, respectively, while specificity remained 100.0% at all time points. The positive predictive value was 100.0%, and the negative predictive value was 87.93%, 96.61%, and 91.18%, respectively. Overall accuracy was calculated as 93.00%, 98.00%, and 95.00% on Days 21, 35, and 50 (Kappa=0.860; 0.959; 0.895, P<0.001). Conversely, taUSG demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.37% on Day 35 and 95.12% on Day 50, with accuracy values of 95.00% and 98.00%, respectively (Kappa 0.897; 0958, P<0.001). When the mean examination times were evaluated, tvUSG had the shortest diagnostic time with 110.03±3.09 seconds and 57.06±1.19 seconds on days 21 and 35, respectively, while taUSG was by far the fastest method with 50.12±1.40 seconds on day 50 (P<0.001). In conclusion, tvUSG emerges as an alternative to trUSG for early pregnancy diagnosis, whereas taUSG is clinically more practical in later stages of gestation due to its ease of application and shorter examination time.

Ewes pregnancy diagnosis transabdominal transrectal transvaginal ultrasonography

Gebelik teşhisi koyun transabdominal transrektal transvajinal ultrasonografi

This research was supported by the Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, project number 25.LÖKAP.001.

25.LÖKAP.001

Akköse M, Çinar EM, Yazlik MO, Çebi-Şen Ç, Polat Y. Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins concentrations during early gestation in pregnant Awassi sheep. Med Weter 2021; 77(11): 563-7.

Ali A, Derar DR, Abdel-Razek ARK. Ultrasonography for the detection of pregnancy and study of embryonic and fetal development in camels, buffaloes, and sheep: techniques, equations, and limitations. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 107566.

Allabban M, Erdem H. Koyunlarda real-time ultrasonografik muayene ile gebelik tanısı. J Bahri Dagdas Anim Res 2020; 9(1): 47-55.

Aria G, Shou Z, Botta R, Giuliotti L, Rota A. Trans-vaginal echographic approach to early pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants. Ann Fac Med Vet Pisa 2004; 57: 35-42.

Aziz DM, Lazim EH. Transabdominal ultrasonography in standing position for pregnancy diagnosis in Awassi ewes. Small Rumin Res 2012; 107(2-3): 131-5.

Barbagianni MS, Ioannidi KI, Vasileiou NGC, Mavrogianni VS, Orfanou DC, Fthenakis GC, Valasi I. Ultrasonographic examination of pregnant ewes: From early diagnosis of pregnancy to early prediction of dystocia. Small Rumin Res, 2017; 152: 41-55.

Çebi Ç, Akköse M. Serum Progesterone and PAG Levels in Pregnant Karya Ewes. Kocatepe Vet J 2024; 17(3): 192-202.

Dinç AD, Erdem H, Tasal I, Semacan A, Ergin A. Early pregnancy diagnosis in ewes by means of transrectal realtime ultrasonography. Arch Anim Breed 2001; 44(1): 65-70.

Erdem H, Sarıbay MK, Tekeli T. Efficiency of transabdominal ultrasonography in pregnancy diagnosis during late embryonic and early fetal stages of pregnancy in Konya Merino ewes. Eurasian J Vet Sci 2008; 24(1): 15-20.

Fasulkov I, Yotov S, Karadaev M, Vasilev N. Application of Transvaginal Ultrasonography for Estimation of the Fetal Number in Bulgarian White Milk Goats. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2021; 19(1): 1-11.

Jones AK, Reed SA. Benefits of ultrasound scanning during gestation in the small ruminant. Small Rumin Res 2017; 149: 163-71.

Jones AK, Gately RE, McFadden KK, Zinn SA, Govoni KE, Reed SA. Transabdominal ultrasound for detection of pregnancy, fetal and placental landmarks, and fetal age before Day 45 of gestation in the sheep. Theriogenology 2016; 85(5): 939-45.

Kandiel MM, Watanabe G, Taya K. Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal growth in miniature Shiba goats (Capra hircus). Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 162: 1-10.

Karen A, Kovács P, Beckers JF, Szenci O. Pregnancy dagnosis in sheep: Review of the most practical methods. Acta Vet Brno 2001; 70(2): 115-26.

Köker A, Ince D, Sezik M. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis in Saanen goats: A pilot study. Small Rumin Res 2012; 105(1-3): 277-81.

Martin SW, Meek AH, Willeberg P. Veterinary Epidemiology, Principles and Methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1987; p.63.

McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica 2012; 22(3): 276-82.

Meinecke-Tilmann S MB. Ultrasounography in Small Ruminant Reproductions. Schatten H. Constantinescu GM. eds. In: Comparative Reproductive Biology. 2007; pp. 349-64.

Moraes EPBX, Freitas Neto LM, Aguiar Filho CR, Almeida-Irmao JM, Santos MHB, Neves JP, Oliveira MAL. Efficiency of pregnancy diagnosis in ewes by transrectal and transvaginal ultrasonography. Med Vet 2009; 3(2): 15-20.

Parmar CP, Patel JA, Islam MM, Pathan MM, Madhira SP, Patel DK. Comparison of Different Techniques for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Surti Does. Indian J Vet Sci Biotechnol 2024; 20(1): 66-7.

Petrujkić BT, Cojkić A, Petrujkić K, Jeremić I, Mašulović D, Dimitrijević V, Beier RC. Transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography of fetuses in Württemberg ewes: Correlation with gestational age. Anim Sci J 2016; 87(2): 197-201.

Philip LM, Abhilash RS, Francis BP. Accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis in Attappady Black goats. J Vet Res 2017; 8(2): 35-41.

Rassu SPG, Vallebella R, Doro P, Petruzzi V, Enne G. The use of real-time ultrasound for early pregnancy diagnosis in Sarda ewes. Atti della Associazione Scientifica di Produzione Animale. June, 287-288, 1997; Pisa-Italy.

Romano JE, Christians CJ. Early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography in ewes. Small Rumin Res 2008; 77(1): 51-7.

Satıcı E, Özyurtlu N. Pregnancy Diagnosis Methods in Sheep and the Functions of miRNAs in Regulating the Pregnancy Process. J Sci Inst (ISPEC) 2024; 3(1): 53–9.

Tekin TC, Köse AM. Investigation of the effectiveness of ultrasonography in determining pregnancy and the number of fetuses on the 35th day of pregnancy in Awassi sheep. J Adv VetBio Sci Tech 2022; 7(2): 143-52.

Ulusoy H, Kaymaz M. Koyunlarda gebelik tanısı. Vet Hekim Der Derg 2009; 80(1): 31-6.

Uyanık G, Abay M, Demiral ÖO. Effect of post-mating GnRH or TAK-683 (Kisspeptin analog) treatment on the reproductive performance and serum progesterone concentration in ewes during the non-breeding season. Small Rumin Res 2024; 238: 107331.

Uyanık G, Gözer A. Effect of Different Doses of Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin on the Pregnancy Rates in the Awassi Ewes in Out-of-breeding Season. 9th International Congress on Veterinary and Animal Sciences. December, 105-106, 2024; İzmir-Turkey.

Uyanık G, Yüksel M, Abay M, Gözer A, Kara F, Arslanhan E, Gökcek I, Kaya, U. The Field Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of a Commercial Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Early Pregnancy Detection in Ewes. Vet J 2026; 316: 106584.

Yadav V, Chandolia R, Bisla A, Saini G, Dutt R, Ranga L. Accuracy of Real-Time B-Mode Trans-Rectal Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Crossbred Ewes. Int J Livest Res 2019; 9(10): 170-8.