EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ VE TİCARI AÇIKLIK BAĞLANTISI: G7 ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ
Year 2024,
Volume: 23 Issue: 90, 437 - 448, 16.04.2024
Emre Kadir Özekenci
,
İbrahim Özaytürk
Abstract
Ekolojik ayak izi, temelde insanların ekosisteme etkisini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yapılan ölçümler tüketim ayak izi cinsinden tüketilen malzemeleri üretmek için gereken alanı ve karbondioksit emisyonlarını emmek için gereken alanı içermektedir. Ülkeler açısından, yapılan üretimde yerli veya yabancı üretici ayrımı gözetilmemektedir. Sanayisi en gelişmiş ve ekosisteme bu anlamda en yüksek etkisi bulunan ülkeler ekosistemde ayak izi en yüksek olan ülkeler olarak karşımız çıkmaktadır. Sanayileşmiş 7 ülke ve bu ülkelerin 1984 - 2019 yılların arasındaki ekolojik ayak izi verilerine dayanarak ekolojik ayak izlerinin ticari dışa açıklıklarına etkisi incelendiği bu çalışmada, Panel veri analizinden yararlanılmış ve ARDL Sınır Testi/ PMG (Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. DOLS ve FMOLS yöntemleri de hem ekonomik hem ampirik sonuçların karşılaştırılması ve tutarlılık için kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda, sanayileşmiş ülkelerin ekosisteme etkisi arttıkça ticari açıklıkları da kısa ve uzun dönemde artmaktadır. En gelişmiş sanayiyi sahip Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) bu etki en açık şekilde görülebilmektedir.
References
- Adebayo, T. S., Sevinç, H., Sevinç, D. E., Ojekemi, O. S., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2023). A Wavelet-Based Model of Trade Openness with Ecological Footprint in The MINT Economies. Energy & Environment, 0(0). DOI: doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221150489
- Aktürk, E. & Gültekin, S. (2023). Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Ticari Açıklığın Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Paradigma: İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12 (1), 1-17.
- Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The Effect of Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Trade Openness, Industrial Output, and The Political Stability on The Environmental Degradation in The MENA (Middle East And North African) Region. Energy, 84, 382-389.
- Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253. DOI: doi.org/10.2307/2297111
- Bucak, Ç. & Saygılı, F. (2022). Türkiye’de ve G7 Ülkelerinde Dışa Açıklık ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi İlişkisi: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Panel Veri Analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 346-365. DOI: 10.53443/anadoluibfd.1138234
- Chu, L. K., & Tran, T. H. (2022). The Nexus Between Environmental Regulation and Ecological Footprint in OECD Countries: Empirical Evidence Using Panel Quantile Regression. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(33), 49700-49723.
- Cole, M. A. (2004). Trade, The Pollution Haven Hypothesis and The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the Linkages. Ecological Economics, 48(1), 71-81.
- Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Ecological Footprint: Evidence From Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242(1), 118537.
Dreher, A. (2006). Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence From a New Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110.
- Dumrul, Y. & Kılıçarslan, Z. (2020). Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Ticareti ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(3), 1589-1597. DOI: 10.33206/mjss.558346
- Gülmez, A., & Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi (1990-2010). Maliye Dergisi, 163(1), 335-353.
- Gülmez, A., Özdilek, E. & Karakaş, D. N. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, Ticari Açıklık Ve Enerji Tüketiminin Ekolojik Ayak İzine Etkileri: G7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Econder International Academic Journal, 5(2), 329-342. DOI: 10.35342/econder.969114
- Güzel, İ. & Oluç, İ. (2022). İhracat Ürün Çeşitlendirmesinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 14 (26), 47-58. DOI: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1060437
- İlter, Ş. & Doğan, B. B. (2018). Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık Oranı İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(15), 89-115.
- Lu, W. C. (2020). The Interplay among Ecological Footprint, Real Income, Energy Consumption, and Trade Openness in 13 Asian Countries. Environmental Sciences Pollution Resources, 27(1), 45148–45160. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10399-7
- Mehmood, B., Raza, S. H., Mureed, S. (2014). Health Expenditure, Literacy and Economic Growth: PMG Evidence from Asian Countries. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(4): 408-417.
- Ngouhouo, I., Nchofoung, T., & Njamen Kengdo, A. A. (2021). Determinants of trade openness in sub-Saharan Africa: do institutions matter?. International Economic Journal, 35(1), 96-119.
- Okelele, D. O., Lokina, R. & Ruhinduka, R. D. (2022). Effect of Trade Openness on Ecological Footprint in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic Review, 10(1), 209-233.
- Pedroni, P. (2001). Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels. n Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels, 1(1), 93-130.
- Pesaran, M. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Paper, 1240.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. DOI: 10.1002/jae.951
- Seyidoğlu, H. (2013). Uluslararası İktisat Teori ve Politika. İstanbul: Güzem Yayıncılık.
- Tahir, M., Hasnu, S. A. F., & Ruiz Estrada, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Determinants of Trade Openness: Empirical İnvestigation of SAARC Region. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 12(2), 151-161.
- Tsaurai, K. (2021). Determinants of Trade Openness in Transitional Economies: Does the Complementarity between Foreign Direct Investment and Human Capital Development Matter?,. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 9(1), 318-330.
- Suleman, S.,Thaker, H. M. T., Ariff, M. & Cheong, C. W. H. (2023). Relevancy and Drivers of Trade Openness: A Study ff GIPSI Countries. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences
- Wackernagel, M. and Silverstein, J. (2000). Big Things First: Focusing on the Scale Imperative with The Ecological Footprint. Ecological Economics 32(3), 391-394.
- Wen, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Trade Openness, Environmental Regulation, and Human Capital in China: Based on ARDL Cointegration and Granger Causality Analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(1), 1789-1799.
- Westerlund, J. (2005). A Panel CUSUM Test of The Null Of Cointegration. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(2), 231-262.
- WorldBank (2019). Dünya Bankası Veri Tabanı 2019. (15/08/2023 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.MKTP.CD&country= adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
- Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S., & Aydin, M. (2019). Are Shocks To Ecological Footprint in OECD Countries Permanent or Temporary?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212(1), 270-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.299
THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND TRADE OPENNESS NEXUS: A CASE OF G-7 COUNTRIES
Year 2024,
Volume: 23 Issue: 90, 437 - 448, 16.04.2024
Emre Kadir Özekenci
,
İbrahim Özaytürk
Abstract
The ecological footprint basically aims to measure the impact of humans on the ecosystem. The measurements made include the area required to produce the materials consumed in terms of the consumption footprint and the area required to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions. No distinction is made between domestic and foreign producers in the production by the countries. The countries with the most developed industry and the highest impact on the ecosystem in this sense appear as the countries with the highest footprint in the ecosystem. This study, based on the ecological footprint data of seven industrialized countries (G7) and these countries between 1984 and 2019, aims to reveal the effect of ecological footprints on trade openness. Panel data analysis and ARDL Boundary Test / PMG (Pooled Average Group) method was used to obtain the results. DOLS and FMOLS methods were also used to compare both economic and empirical results and for consistency. As a result of the analysis, as the impact of industrialized countries on the ecosystem increases, their trade openness also increases in the short and long term. This effect could be seen most clearly in the United States (USA), which has the most developed industry. This research paper will be pointed out these important issues.
References
- Adebayo, T. S., Sevinç, H., Sevinç, D. E., Ojekemi, O. S., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2023). A Wavelet-Based Model of Trade Openness with Ecological Footprint in The MINT Economies. Energy & Environment, 0(0). DOI: doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221150489
- Aktürk, E. & Gültekin, S. (2023). Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Ticari Açıklığın Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Paradigma: İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12 (1), 1-17.
- Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The Effect of Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Trade Openness, Industrial Output, and The Political Stability on The Environmental Degradation in The MENA (Middle East And North African) Region. Energy, 84, 382-389.
- Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253. DOI: doi.org/10.2307/2297111
- Bucak, Ç. & Saygılı, F. (2022). Türkiye’de ve G7 Ülkelerinde Dışa Açıklık ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi İlişkisi: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Panel Veri Analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 346-365. DOI: 10.53443/anadoluibfd.1138234
- Chu, L. K., & Tran, T. H. (2022). The Nexus Between Environmental Regulation and Ecological Footprint in OECD Countries: Empirical Evidence Using Panel Quantile Regression. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(33), 49700-49723.
- Cole, M. A. (2004). Trade, The Pollution Haven Hypothesis and The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the Linkages. Ecological Economics, 48(1), 71-81.
- Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Ecological Footprint: Evidence From Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242(1), 118537.
Dreher, A. (2006). Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence From a New Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110.
- Dumrul, Y. & Kılıçarslan, Z. (2020). Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Ticareti ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(3), 1589-1597. DOI: 10.33206/mjss.558346
- Gülmez, A., & Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi (1990-2010). Maliye Dergisi, 163(1), 335-353.
- Gülmez, A., Özdilek, E. & Karakaş, D. N. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, Ticari Açıklık Ve Enerji Tüketiminin Ekolojik Ayak İzine Etkileri: G7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Econder International Academic Journal, 5(2), 329-342. DOI: 10.35342/econder.969114
- Güzel, İ. & Oluç, İ. (2022). İhracat Ürün Çeşitlendirmesinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 14 (26), 47-58. DOI: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1060437
- İlter, Ş. & Doğan, B. B. (2018). Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık Oranı İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(15), 89-115.
- Lu, W. C. (2020). The Interplay among Ecological Footprint, Real Income, Energy Consumption, and Trade Openness in 13 Asian Countries. Environmental Sciences Pollution Resources, 27(1), 45148–45160. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10399-7
- Mehmood, B., Raza, S. H., Mureed, S. (2014). Health Expenditure, Literacy and Economic Growth: PMG Evidence from Asian Countries. Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(4): 408-417.
- Ngouhouo, I., Nchofoung, T., & Njamen Kengdo, A. A. (2021). Determinants of trade openness in sub-Saharan Africa: do institutions matter?. International Economic Journal, 35(1), 96-119.
- Okelele, D. O., Lokina, R. & Ruhinduka, R. D. (2022). Effect of Trade Openness on Ecological Footprint in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic Review, 10(1), 209-233.
- Pedroni, P. (2001). Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels. n Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels, 1(1), 93-130.
- Pesaran, M. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Paper, 1240.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. DOI: 10.1002/jae.951
- Seyidoğlu, H. (2013). Uluslararası İktisat Teori ve Politika. İstanbul: Güzem Yayıncılık.
- Tahir, M., Hasnu, S. A. F., & Ruiz Estrada, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Determinants of Trade Openness: Empirical İnvestigation of SAARC Region. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 12(2), 151-161.
- Tsaurai, K. (2021). Determinants of Trade Openness in Transitional Economies: Does the Complementarity between Foreign Direct Investment and Human Capital Development Matter?,. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 9(1), 318-330.
- Suleman, S.,Thaker, H. M. T., Ariff, M. & Cheong, C. W. H. (2023). Relevancy and Drivers of Trade Openness: A Study ff GIPSI Countries. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences
- Wackernagel, M. and Silverstein, J. (2000). Big Things First: Focusing on the Scale Imperative with The Ecological Footprint. Ecological Economics 32(3), 391-394.
- Wen, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Trade Openness, Environmental Regulation, and Human Capital in China: Based on ARDL Cointegration and Granger Causality Analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(1), 1789-1799.
- Westerlund, J. (2005). A Panel CUSUM Test of The Null Of Cointegration. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(2), 231-262.
- WorldBank (2019). Dünya Bankası Veri Tabanı 2019. (15/08/2023 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.MKTP.CD&country= adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
- Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S., & Aydin, M. (2019). Are Shocks To Ecological Footprint in OECD Countries Permanent or Temporary?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212(1), 270-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.299