Investigation of the Relationship between Personality Traits and Positive and Negative Affect
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 1 - 13, 31.12.2024
Ayşe Dilek Öğretir Özçelik
,
Zeliha Özkanat
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between personality traits and positive and negative affect of university students. The study was conducted on a sample of 500 university students (246 male and 256 female) attending […] University in Turkey who voluntarily participated in the research. The participants were selected through snowball and convenience sampling methods. Giessen Test Self-Form, The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and demographic information forms were used to conduct the research. Independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analyses were employed to examine the relationships between variables. The results revealed a weak statistically significant relationship between personality traits and positive and negative affect of university students. The findings are discussed in the light of personality traits and positive and negative affect literature.
References
- Altunay, A. & Öz, F. (2006). Hemşirelik yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin benlik kavramı [Self-concept of students from school of nursing]. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 46–59. https://hacettepehemsirelikdergisi.org/pdf/pdf_HHD_19.pdf
- Baranczuk, U. (2019). The five-factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A metaanalysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025
- Buecker, S., Maes, M., Denissen, J. J. A., & Luhmann, M. (2020). Loneliness and the big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 34(1), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2229
- Burger, J. M. (2006). Kişilik [Personality] (İ.D. Ergüvan Sarıoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Kaknüs.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). London: Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson.
- Curun, F., Tangör, B. B., & Kaya, E. Ç. (2020). Olumlu/olumsuz duygulanım ve özgün kişilik: duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin aracı rolü [Positive/ negative affectivity and authentic personality: the mediator role of emotion regulation difficulties]. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 40(2), 599-623. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-0022
- Dancey, C. P., & Reidy, J. (2007). Statistics without maths for psychology. Prentice Hall: Pearson Education Limited.
- Donovan, R., Johnson, A., deRoiste, A. & O’Reilly, R. (2020). Quantifying the Links Between Personality Sub-Traits and the Basic Emotions. In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2020 (pp. 521–537). International Publishing, Cham, conference paper, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58802-1_37
- Erus, S. M., Zeren, Ş. G., Amanvermez, Y. & Buruk Genç, A. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumları, pozitif ve negatif duyguları: İstanbul’da bir devlet üniversitesinde profil çalışması [Examining life satisfaction, positive and negative affects in university students: a profile study]. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 563-595.
- Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Fredrickson BL, & Joiner T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In P. Devine, & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 1-53). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365
- Gençöz (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-26.
- Gerring, R. J. (2012). Psychology and life (20th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
- Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Scipio, C., Bediako, S.M., & Orringer E. (2004). Daily mood and stress predict pain, health care use, and work activity in African American adults with sickle-cell disease. Health Psychology, 23, 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.267
- Gray, P. & Bjorklund D. F. (2014). Psychology (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
- Harley, J. M., Carter, C. C., Papaionnou, N., Bouchet, F., Landis, R. S., Azevedo, R., & Karabachian, L. (2015). Examining the predictive relationship between personality and emotion traits and learners’ agent-direct emotions. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 145–154). Springer, Cham. conference paper, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_15
- Kapikiran, N.A. (2012). Positive and negative affectivity as mediator and moderator of the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction in Turkish university students. Social Indicators Research, 106, 333–345 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9807-8
- Kennett, D. J. & Keefer, K. (2006). Impact of learned resourcefulness and theories of intelligence on academic achievement of university students: an integrated approach. Educational Psychology, 26(3), 441-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410500342062
- Korkmaz, F. & Çetinkaya, F. (2021). Kişilik özelliklerinin pozitif ve negatif duygular üzerine etkisinin yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle incelenmesi [Examining the effects of personality traits on positive and negative affect by structural equation modeling]. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 774-790. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.846125
- Kormi-Nouri, R., Farahani, M., & Trost, K. (2013) The role of positive and negative affect on well-being amongst Swedish and Iranian university students, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 435-443, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.823511
- Kuru, E. & Baştuğ, G. (2008). Futbolcuların kişilik özellikleri ve bedenlerini algilama düzeylerinin incelenmesi [The research of the level of male and femalem footballers percieving their own characteristic features and bodies]. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2) 95-10. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000094
- Kuyumcu, B., Güven, M., & İnceman Kara, F. (2019). Türk ve Amerikan üniversite öğrencilerinin duygularını tanıma ve ifade etme zorluğunun pozitif-negatif duygu durumlarını yordama gücü [The relationship between difficulty identifying and describing emotions and positive-negative affect among Turkish and American university students]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 9(53), 451-482. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/46427/583263
- Kuyumcu, B. & Kabasakaloğlu, A. (2018). Otantik olmanın duyuşsal iyi oluşu (pozitif-negatif duygu durumu) yordama gücü: Türk ve İngiliz üniversite öğrencileri arasında otantik olma ve pozitif-negatif duygu durumu [The predictive power of authenticity on emotional well-being (positive-negative affect): authenticity and positive-negative affect among Turkish and English university students]. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 8(1), 184-193. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/higheredusci/issue/61495/918301
- Larsen, R. J., Buss, D. M., King, D. B., & Ensley, C. E. (2020). Personality psychology: domains of knowledge about human nature (2nd ed.). Toronto: McHill Education.
- Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S.V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261
Miyamoto, Y., Uchida, Y., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2010). Culture and mixed emotions: Co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions in Japan and the United States. Emotion, 10, 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018430
- O'Malley, M. N., & Gillette, C. S. (1984). Exploring the relations between traits and emotions. Journal of Personality, 52(3), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00882x
- Öğretir Özçelik, A. D. (2017). The analysis of positive psychology training programme on Turkish mothers’ perceptions on their personality with the Giessen test. In I. Koleva & G. Duman (Eds.), Educational Research and Practice (pp. 283-291). St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
- Öğretir Özçelik, A. D. (2004). Pozitif düşünmeye dayalı grup eğitimi programının annelerin benlik algısı, eşlerine ve çocuklarına yönelik tutumları ile kendini denetleme becerisi ve otomatik düşünceleri üzerine etkisi [The effect of group training program based on positive thinking upon mothers’ perception of ego, attitudes toward their children, spouses ability of self-control and automatic thoughts]. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ankara.
- Özdoğan, B. (1990). Giessen-Test (GT). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 643-654. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001411
- Özpolat, A. R., İşgör, İ., Y., & Akbaba, S. (2013). Analysis of the relation between university students’ life positions and their positive-negative affectivity. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 5(1), 135-145. https://www.infinitypress.info/index.php/jsss/article/view/329
- Öztekin, C. & Tezer, E. (2009). The role of sense of coherence and physical activity in positive and negative affect of Turkish Adolescents. Adolescence, 44(174), 422-432. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/role-sense-coherence-physical-activity-positive/docview/195940179/se-2
- Sapancı, A. & Bahtiyar, M. (2018). Adil dünya inancı, sürekli umut, pozitif ve negatif duygu durumu ve sosyal yaşamda anlami yordama gücü [The predictive power of just in world belief, hope, positive and negative affect, perceived social support for meaning in life]. Turkish Studies, 13(19), 1537-1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14075.
- Reisenzein, R. Hildebrant, A. & Weber, H. (2020). Personality and emotion. In P. J. Corr & G. Matthews (Eds). The Cambridge Handbook of personality (2nd ed.). (pp. 81-99). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roisman, G., Masten, A., Coatsworth, J., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00658.x
- Sarıcı-Bulut, S. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin öğrenilmiş güçlülük düzeyleri ve ben durumları arasindaki ilişkiler [Relationships between the levels of learned resourcefulness and ego states of university students]. Turkish Studies, 13(19), 1551-1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13899
- Simon, R. W. & Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: do men and women differ in self‐reports of feelings and expressive behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), 1137-1176. https://doi.org/10.1086/382111
- Turan, N., Ancel, G., & Canbulat, Ş. (2021). Öğrenci hemşirelerin kendini tanıma ve karşılıklı bağımlılık durumlarının incelenmesi [Examination of student nurses' self-recognition and codependence]. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 21(1), 35-42. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14065/2171
- Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Emotion, 9, 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015634
- Yüceant, M, Ünlü, H. & Balanlı, O. F. (2019). Üniversitelerin spor yöneticiliği bölümünde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin pozitif ve negatif duygularinin farkli değişkenler açisindan incelenmesi [Analysis of positive and negative emotions of students studying in sports management department of universities in terms of different variables]. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.427243
- Wade, C & Tavris, C. (2017). Psychology (12th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kişilik Özellikleri ve Olumlu Olumsuz Duygu Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 1 - 13, 31.12.2024
Ayşe Dilek Öğretir Özçelik
,
Zeliha Özkanat
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özellikleri ve olumlu olumsuz duygu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya […] Üniversitesi’nde (Editör tarafından kapatıldı) öğrenim görmekte olan toplam 500 (246 erkek ve 256 kız) gönüllü öğrenci katılım göstermiştir. Katılımcılara kartopu ve uygun örneklem yöntemiyle ulaşılmıştır. Giessen Testi Ben Formu, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği ve genel bilgi formu veri toplama araçlarıyla veriler toplanmıştır. Bağımsız t testi, ANOVA ve Pearson korelasyon katsayısı ve regresyon analizleri yapılarak değişkenler arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özellikleri ve olumlu olumsuz duygu düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak zayıf bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen veriler, kişilik özellikleri ve olumlu olumsuz duygu alanında yapılan çalışmalardan faydalanılarak tartışılmıştır.
References
- Altunay, A. & Öz, F. (2006). Hemşirelik yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin benlik kavramı [Self-concept of students from school of nursing]. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 46–59. https://hacettepehemsirelikdergisi.org/pdf/pdf_HHD_19.pdf
- Baranczuk, U. (2019). The five-factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A metaanalysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025
- Buecker, S., Maes, M., Denissen, J. J. A., & Luhmann, M. (2020). Loneliness and the big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 34(1), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2229
- Burger, J. M. (2006). Kişilik [Personality] (İ.D. Ergüvan Sarıoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Kaknüs.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). London: Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson.
- Curun, F., Tangör, B. B., & Kaya, E. Ç. (2020). Olumlu/olumsuz duygulanım ve özgün kişilik: duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin aracı rolü [Positive/ negative affectivity and authentic personality: the mediator role of emotion regulation difficulties]. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 40(2), 599-623. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-0022
- Dancey, C. P., & Reidy, J. (2007). Statistics without maths for psychology. Prentice Hall: Pearson Education Limited.
- Donovan, R., Johnson, A., deRoiste, A. & O’Reilly, R. (2020). Quantifying the Links Between Personality Sub-Traits and the Basic Emotions. In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2020 (pp. 521–537). International Publishing, Cham, conference paper, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58802-1_37
- Erus, S. M., Zeren, Ş. G., Amanvermez, Y. & Buruk Genç, A. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumları, pozitif ve negatif duyguları: İstanbul’da bir devlet üniversitesinde profil çalışması [Examining life satisfaction, positive and negative affects in university students: a profile study]. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 563-595.
- Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Fredrickson BL, & Joiner T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In P. Devine, & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 1-53). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365
- Gençöz (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-26.
- Gerring, R. J. (2012). Psychology and life (20th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
- Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Scipio, C., Bediako, S.M., & Orringer E. (2004). Daily mood and stress predict pain, health care use, and work activity in African American adults with sickle-cell disease. Health Psychology, 23, 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.267
- Gray, P. & Bjorklund D. F. (2014). Psychology (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
- Harley, J. M., Carter, C. C., Papaionnou, N., Bouchet, F., Landis, R. S., Azevedo, R., & Karabachian, L. (2015). Examining the predictive relationship between personality and emotion traits and learners’ agent-direct emotions. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 145–154). Springer, Cham. conference paper, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_15
- Kapikiran, N.A. (2012). Positive and negative affectivity as mediator and moderator of the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction in Turkish university students. Social Indicators Research, 106, 333–345 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9807-8
- Kennett, D. J. & Keefer, K. (2006). Impact of learned resourcefulness and theories of intelligence on academic achievement of university students: an integrated approach. Educational Psychology, 26(3), 441-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410500342062
- Korkmaz, F. & Çetinkaya, F. (2021). Kişilik özelliklerinin pozitif ve negatif duygular üzerine etkisinin yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle incelenmesi [Examining the effects of personality traits on positive and negative affect by structural equation modeling]. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 774-790. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.846125
- Kormi-Nouri, R., Farahani, M., & Trost, K. (2013) The role of positive and negative affect on well-being amongst Swedish and Iranian university students, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 435-443, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.823511
- Kuru, E. & Baştuğ, G. (2008). Futbolcuların kişilik özellikleri ve bedenlerini algilama düzeylerinin incelenmesi [The research of the level of male and femalem footballers percieving their own characteristic features and bodies]. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2) 95-10. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000094
- Kuyumcu, B., Güven, M., & İnceman Kara, F. (2019). Türk ve Amerikan üniversite öğrencilerinin duygularını tanıma ve ifade etme zorluğunun pozitif-negatif duygu durumlarını yordama gücü [The relationship between difficulty identifying and describing emotions and positive-negative affect among Turkish and American university students]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 9(53), 451-482. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/46427/583263
- Kuyumcu, B. & Kabasakaloğlu, A. (2018). Otantik olmanın duyuşsal iyi oluşu (pozitif-negatif duygu durumu) yordama gücü: Türk ve İngiliz üniversite öğrencileri arasında otantik olma ve pozitif-negatif duygu durumu [The predictive power of authenticity on emotional well-being (positive-negative affect): authenticity and positive-negative affect among Turkish and English university students]. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 8(1), 184-193. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/higheredusci/issue/61495/918301
- Larsen, R. J., Buss, D. M., King, D. B., & Ensley, C. E. (2020). Personality psychology: domains of knowledge about human nature (2nd ed.). Toronto: McHill Education.
- Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S.V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261
Miyamoto, Y., Uchida, Y., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2010). Culture and mixed emotions: Co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions in Japan and the United States. Emotion, 10, 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018430
- O'Malley, M. N., & Gillette, C. S. (1984). Exploring the relations between traits and emotions. Journal of Personality, 52(3), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00882x
- Öğretir Özçelik, A. D. (2017). The analysis of positive psychology training programme on Turkish mothers’ perceptions on their personality with the Giessen test. In I. Koleva & G. Duman (Eds.), Educational Research and Practice (pp. 283-291). St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
- Öğretir Özçelik, A. D. (2004). Pozitif düşünmeye dayalı grup eğitimi programının annelerin benlik algısı, eşlerine ve çocuklarına yönelik tutumları ile kendini denetleme becerisi ve otomatik düşünceleri üzerine etkisi [The effect of group training program based on positive thinking upon mothers’ perception of ego, attitudes toward their children, spouses ability of self-control and automatic thoughts]. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ankara.
- Özdoğan, B. (1990). Giessen-Test (GT). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 643-654. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001411
- Özpolat, A. R., İşgör, İ., Y., & Akbaba, S. (2013). Analysis of the relation between university students’ life positions and their positive-negative affectivity. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 5(1), 135-145. https://www.infinitypress.info/index.php/jsss/article/view/329
- Öztekin, C. & Tezer, E. (2009). The role of sense of coherence and physical activity in positive and negative affect of Turkish Adolescents. Adolescence, 44(174), 422-432. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/role-sense-coherence-physical-activity-positive/docview/195940179/se-2
- Sapancı, A. & Bahtiyar, M. (2018). Adil dünya inancı, sürekli umut, pozitif ve negatif duygu durumu ve sosyal yaşamda anlami yordama gücü [The predictive power of just in world belief, hope, positive and negative affect, perceived social support for meaning in life]. Turkish Studies, 13(19), 1537-1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14075.
- Reisenzein, R. Hildebrant, A. & Weber, H. (2020). Personality and emotion. In P. J. Corr & G. Matthews (Eds). The Cambridge Handbook of personality (2nd ed.). (pp. 81-99). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roisman, G., Masten, A., Coatsworth, J., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00658.x
- Sarıcı-Bulut, S. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin öğrenilmiş güçlülük düzeyleri ve ben durumları arasindaki ilişkiler [Relationships between the levels of learned resourcefulness and ego states of university students]. Turkish Studies, 13(19), 1551-1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13899
- Simon, R. W. & Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: do men and women differ in self‐reports of feelings and expressive behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), 1137-1176. https://doi.org/10.1086/382111
- Turan, N., Ancel, G., & Canbulat, Ş. (2021). Öğrenci hemşirelerin kendini tanıma ve karşılıklı bağımlılık durumlarının incelenmesi [Examination of student nurses' self-recognition and codependence]. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 21(1), 35-42. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14065/2171
- Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Emotion, 9, 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015634
- Yüceant, M, Ünlü, H. & Balanlı, O. F. (2019). Üniversitelerin spor yöneticiliği bölümünde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin pozitif ve negatif duygularinin farkli değişkenler açisindan incelenmesi [Analysis of positive and negative emotions of students studying in sports management department of universities in terms of different variables]. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.427243
- Wade, C & Tavris, C. (2017). Psychology (12th ed.). Boston: Pearson.