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DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?

Year 2021, Issue: 15, 109 - 124, 29.06.2021

Hasan Hüseyin Kayış

Abstract

Günümüzde teknolojiye sahip olanlar ve olmayanlar arasında bir eşitsizlik durumu söz konusudur. Eşitsizlik, insanların günlük etkinlikleri ve yaşamsal döngüleri için geliştirdikleri teknolojilerle tarihsel olarak yakından bağlantılıdır. İnternet teknolojisi ve dijital/sayısal teknolojilerin kullanıma girmesiyle birlikte ise farklı bir eşitsizlik tanımı oluşmuştur. Bu teknolojiler özellikle algoritmik süreçler sonunda farklı ayrımcılıkları ve eşitsizlikleri ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Söz konusu eşitsizlikçi süreçlere teknoloji devleri ve onları üretenlerin açısından incelemek pek çok sorunu görünmez kılmaktadır. Bu nedenle sorunu etik bir açıdan irdelemek zorunludur. Dijital uçurum kavramı da literatür/alanyazında bu tür eşitsizliklerin tartışılmasında merkezi önem taşımaktadır. Ancak dijital eşitsizliklerin körüklediği dijital uçurum kavramının genellikle erişim ile ilgili birinci seviyesine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu durum, dijital uçurumun kullanım ile ilgili olan ikinci seviyesi ve kullanımdan sağlanan fayda ile ilgili olan üçüncü seviyesini incelemeyi zorunlu kılmaktadır. Dijital teknolojiyi kullanmadaki bilgi ve beceriler, kullanımından sağlanan yararlarla yakından ilgidir. Bu yüzden dijital eşitsizliklerin söz konusu boyutlarıyla ilgili alanyazını gözden geçirmek ve görünmeyen eşitsizlikleri irdelemek gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Teknoloji Dijital Eşitsizlikler Dijital Uçurum Etik Algoritmalar

References

  • ALVAREDO, F., CHANCEL, L., PIKETTY, T., SAEZ, E., & ZUCMAN, G. (2018). World Inequality Report 2018. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • BAROCAS, S. (2014). Data Mining and the Discourse on Discrimination. Center for Information Technology Policy, 6. Erişim tarihi: 21 Aralık 2020, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abbb/235fcf3b163afd74e1967f7d3784252b44fa.pdf
  • BERENDT, B., & PREIBUSCH, S. (2014). Better decision support through exploratory discrimination-aware data mining: Foundations and empirical evidence. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 22(2), 175–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-013-9152-0
  • BINNS, R. (2018). Fairness in Machine Learning: Lessons from Political Philosophy. 2016, 1–11. Erişim tarihi: 17 Ocak 2020, http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03586
  • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER. (2019). Digital Economy Report 2019: Value Creation and Capture: Implications for Developing Countries. New York: United Nations Publication. Erişim tarihi: 10 Aralık 2020, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2019_en.pdf
  • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER. (2020). The next frontier Human development and the Anthropocene. New York: Human Development Report 2020.
  • BLANK, G., & GROSELJ, D. (2014). Dimensions of Internet use: amount, variety, and types. Information, Communication & Sociey, 417-435.
  • BOURDIEU, P. (2011). The Forms of Capital. I. Szeman, & T. Kaposy içinde, Cultural Theory: An Anthology (s. 81-91). Sussex: Wiley & Blackwell.
  • BRIDLE, J. (2020). Yeni Karanlık Çağ Teknoloji ve Geleceğin Sonu. (K. Güleç, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis.
  • CENTER FOR PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY. (2020, Ekim 2020). Data Violence. Center For Public Philosophy. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2020, https://publicphilosophy.ucsc.edu/cases/data-violence/
  • COOLEY, C. H. (1922). Human Nature and The Social Order. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • COULDRY, N., & MEJIAS, U. A. (2019). The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • DENCIK, L., HINTZ, A., & CABLE, J. (2016). Towards data justice? The ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism. Big Data and Society, 3(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679678
  • DEURSEN, A. v., & HELSPER, E. J. (2015). The Thırd-Level Dıgıtal Divide: Who Benefıts Most From Being Online? Communication and Information Technologies Annual: Digital Distinctions and Inequalities Studies in Media and Communications, 29-52.
  • DWORK, C., & MULLIGAN, D. (2013). It’s Not Privacy, and It’s Not Fair. Stanford Law Review Online, 66(2000), 35.
  • DWORKIN, R. (1996). Objectivity and Truth : You ’ d Better Believe it. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 25(2), 87–139. Erişim tarihi: 23 Aralık 2020, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0048-3915%28199621%2925%3A2%3C87%3AOATYBB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X
  • FLEW, T. (2019). The platformized Internet: Issues for Internet law and policy. Journal of Internet Law, 22(11), 3-16.
  • FRIEDMAN, B., & NISSENBAUM, H. (2017). Bias in computer systems. Computer Ethics, 14(3), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259697-23
  • GANGADHARAN, S. P. (2017). The downside of digital inclusion: Expectations and experiences of privacy and surveillance among marginal Internet users. New Media and Society, 19(4), 597–615. Erişim tarihi: 3 Ocak 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815614053
  • GONFALONIERI, A. (2019, Nisan 22). What is an AI Algorithm? Erişim tarihi: 2 Ocak 2021, https://medium.com/predict/what-is-an- ai-algorithm-aceeab80e7e3
  • GREENE, D., HOFFMANN, A. L., & STARK, L. (2019). Better, Nicer, Clearer, Fairer: A Critical Assessment of the Movement for Ethical Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2122–2131. https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2019.258
  • GUNKEL, D. J. (2003). Second thoughts: toward a critique of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 499-522.
  • GÜRSES, S., KUNDNANI, A., & VAN HOBOKEN, J. (2016). Crypto and empire: the contradictions of counter-surveillance advocacy. Media, Culture and Society, 38(4), 576–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643006
  • HARGITTAI, E. (2003). The digital divide and what to do about it. D. J. Jones İçinde, New Economy Handbook (s. 821-839). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • HARTLEY, J. (2002). Communication, cultural and media studies: The key concepts. Routledge.
  • HARTZOG, W., & SELINGER, E. (2018, Ağustos 2). Facial Recognition Is the Perfect Tool for Oppression. Medium. Erişim tarihi: 22 Ekim 2020, https://medium.com/s/story/facial-recognition-is-the-perfect-tool-for-oppression-bc2a08f0fe66
  • HEEKS, R., RENKEN, J., & CABLE, J. (2016). Data justice for development: What would it mean? Information Development, 34(1), 90–102. Erişim tarihi: 15 Aralık 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666916678282
  • HOFFMANN, A. L. (2019). Where fairness fails: data, algorithms, and the limits of antidiscrimination discourse. Information Communication and Society, 22(7), 900–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573912
  • HOFFMANN, A. L. (2018, Nisan 30). Data Violence and How Bad Engineering Choices Can Damage Society. Medium. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2020, https://medium.com/s/story/data-violence-and-how-bad-engineering-choices-can-damage-society-39e44150e1d4
  • IHDE, D. (1990). Technology and the Lifeworld : From Garden to Earth Indiana Series in the Philosophy of Technology. İçinde Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845269238-194
  • IMF. (2007). Globalization and Inequality. Washington: International Monetary Fund.
  • ITU. (2019). Measuring digital. ITU Publications. Erişim tarihi: 20 Kasım 2020, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2019.pdf
  • JOHNSON, J. A. (2014). From open data to information justice. Ethics and Information Technology, 16(4), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-014-9351-8
  • KERBO, H. (2017). Social Stratification. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0761
  • KIRBY, A. (2006). The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond. Philosophy Now. Erişim tarihi: 7 Aralık 2020, https://philosophynow.org/issues/58/The_Death_of_Postmodernism_And_Beyond
  • MEAD, G. H. (1972). Mind, Self, and Society (7th baskı). The Universiy of Chicago. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001
  • NARAYAN, S. S., ve NARAYANAN, S. (2016). An Overview of New Media In India. S.S. Narayanan ve S. Narayanan içinde, India connected: Mapping the impact of new media (s. 3-19). SAGE Publishing India.
  • NARAYANAN, A. (2018, Mart 1). Tutorial: 21 fairness definitions and their politics.
  • NISSENBAUM, H. (2010). Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and Social Life. İçinde Jurimetrics (C. 51). http://search.proquest.com.strauss.uc3m.es:8080/docview/913137931
  • OECD. (2011). Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keep Rising. OECD Publishing.
  • ONUOHA, M. (2018, Mart 22). GitHub. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2020, https://github.com/MimiOnuoha/On-Algorithmic-Violence
  • ÖZSOY, D. (2020). Dijital Bölünme Düzeylerine Dair Literatür Analizi. M. Fiğan ve Y.D. Özdemir İçinde, Dijital Kültür, Dijital Eşitsizlikler ve Yaşlanma (s. 11-23). Ankara: Alternatif Bilişim
  • PEDRESCHI, D., RUGGIERI, S., & TURINI, F. (2008). Discrimination-aware Data Mining. 560–568.
  • PEÑA GANGADHARAN, S., & NIKLAS, J. (2019). Decentering technology in discourse on discrimination *. Information Communication and Society, 22(7), 882–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1593484
  • POPPER, K. (1970). The Moral Responsibility of the Scientist. P. Weingartner, & G. Zecha içinde, Induction, Physics and Ethics (s. 329-336). Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing.
  • RAGNEDDA, M. (2018). Conceptualizing digital capital. Telematics and Informatics, 2366-2375.
  • ROSENBLAT, A., KNEESE, T., & BOYD, d. (2014). Networked Employment Discrimination. Data&Society Research Insitute, 1-17.
  • RUBINSTEIN-AVILA, E., & SARTORI, A. (2018). Diversification and Nuanced Inequities in Digital Media Use in the United States. B. Guzzetti, & M. Lesley içinde, Handbook of Research on the Societal Impact of Digital Media (s. 560-580). IGI Global.
  • SEN, A. (1980). Equality of What? . S. M. McMurrin içinde, The Tanner Lecture On Human Values (s. 197-220). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • SCHMIDT, E. (2013, Mayıs 20). How Should We Think About the Future? You Tube Videosu.
  • STARK, L. (2019). Facial Recognition is The Plutonium of AI. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 50-55.
  • TAYLOR, L. (2017). What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally. Big Data and Society, 4(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717736335
  • TÜFEKÇİ, Z., YORK, J. C., WAGNER, B., & KALTHEUNER, F. (2019). Algortimaların Etiği: Radikal İçeriklerden Sürücüsüz Araçlara Nihai Taslak Raporu. T. Durna, M. Binark, & G. Bayraktutan içinde, İletişim Hakkı ve Yeni Medya: Tehditler ve Olanaklar (s. 207-232). Ankara: Um:Ag.
  • WARWICK, K. (2012). Artificial intelligence: the basics. Routledge.
  • WEIGEL, M. (2018, Nisan 12). Silicon Walley's Sixty-Year Love Affair With The Word "Tool". The New Yorker. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ocak 2021, https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/silicon-valleys-sixty-year-love-affair-with-the-word-tool
  • WILLAMS, R. (1974). Television: Technology and Cultural Form. London: Routledge.
  • WILLCOX, J. K. (2020, Nisan 29). Libraries and Schools Are Bridging the Digital Divide During the Coronavirus Pandemic. Consumer Repors. Erişim tarihi: 8 Ocak 2021, https://www.consumerreports.org/technology-telecommunications/libraries-and-schools-bridging-the-digital-divide-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
  • YILDIZ, Z. (2019, Mayıs 10). Google Çeviri cinsiyetçi mi? Yoksa toplumdaki cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin bir yansıması mı? Erişim tarihi: 23 Aralık 2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2019/05/10/google-ceviri-cinsiyetci-mi-yoksa-toplumdaki-cinsiyet-esitsizliginin-bir-yansimasi-mi
  • ZAHRI, F. (2019, Eylül 4). ‘Digital divide’ will worsen inequalities, without better global cooperation. UN News. Erişim tarihi: 9 Ocak 2021, https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1045572

Year 2021, Issue: 15, 109 - 124, 29.06.2021

Hasan Hüseyin Kayış

Abstract

References

  • ALVAREDO, F., CHANCEL, L., PIKETTY, T., SAEZ, E., & ZUCMAN, G. (2018). World Inequality Report 2018. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • BAROCAS, S. (2014). Data Mining and the Discourse on Discrimination. Center for Information Technology Policy, 6. Erişim tarihi: 21 Aralık 2020, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abbb/235fcf3b163afd74e1967f7d3784252b44fa.pdf
  • BERENDT, B., & PREIBUSCH, S. (2014). Better decision support through exploratory discrimination-aware data mining: Foundations and empirical evidence. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 22(2), 175–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-013-9152-0
  • BINNS, R. (2018). Fairness in Machine Learning: Lessons from Political Philosophy. 2016, 1–11. Erişim tarihi: 17 Ocak 2020, http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.03586
  • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER. (2019). Digital Economy Report 2019: Value Creation and Capture: Implications for Developing Countries. New York: United Nations Publication. Erişim tarihi: 10 Aralık 2020, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2019_en.pdf
  • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER. (2020). The next frontier Human development and the Anthropocene. New York: Human Development Report 2020.
  • BLANK, G., & GROSELJ, D. (2014). Dimensions of Internet use: amount, variety, and types. Information, Communication & Sociey, 417-435.
  • BOURDIEU, P. (2011). The Forms of Capital. I. Szeman, & T. Kaposy içinde, Cultural Theory: An Anthology (s. 81-91). Sussex: Wiley & Blackwell.
  • BRIDLE, J. (2020). Yeni Karanlık Çağ Teknoloji ve Geleceğin Sonu. (K. Güleç, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis.
  • CENTER FOR PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY. (2020, Ekim 2020). Data Violence. Center For Public Philosophy. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2020, https://publicphilosophy.ucsc.edu/cases/data-violence/
  • COOLEY, C. H. (1922). Human Nature and The Social Order. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • COULDRY, N., & MEJIAS, U. A. (2019). The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • DENCIK, L., HINTZ, A., & CABLE, J. (2016). Towards data justice? The ambiguity of anti-surveillance resistance in political activism. Big Data and Society, 3(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679678
  • DEURSEN, A. v., & HELSPER, E. J. (2015). The Thırd-Level Dıgıtal Divide: Who Benefıts Most From Being Online? Communication and Information Technologies Annual: Digital Distinctions and Inequalities Studies in Media and Communications, 29-52.
  • DWORK, C., & MULLIGAN, D. (2013). It’s Not Privacy, and It’s Not Fair. Stanford Law Review Online, 66(2000), 35.
  • DWORKIN, R. (1996). Objectivity and Truth : You ’ d Better Believe it. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 25(2), 87–139. Erişim tarihi: 23 Aralık 2020, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0048-3915%28199621%2925%3A2%3C87%3AOATYBB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X
  • FLEW, T. (2019). The platformized Internet: Issues for Internet law and policy. Journal of Internet Law, 22(11), 3-16.
  • FRIEDMAN, B., & NISSENBAUM, H. (2017). Bias in computer systems. Computer Ethics, 14(3), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259697-23
  • GANGADHARAN, S. P. (2017). The downside of digital inclusion: Expectations and experiences of privacy and surveillance among marginal Internet users. New Media and Society, 19(4), 597–615. Erişim tarihi: 3 Ocak 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815614053
  • GONFALONIERI, A. (2019, Nisan 22). What is an AI Algorithm? Erişim tarihi: 2 Ocak 2021, https://medium.com/predict/what-is-an- ai-algorithm-aceeab80e7e3
  • GREENE, D., HOFFMANN, A. L., & STARK, L. (2019). Better, Nicer, Clearer, Fairer: A Critical Assessment of the Movement for Ethical Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2122–2131. https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2019.258
  • GUNKEL, D. J. (2003). Second thoughts: toward a critique of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 499-522.
  • GÜRSES, S., KUNDNANI, A., & VAN HOBOKEN, J. (2016). Crypto and empire: the contradictions of counter-surveillance advocacy. Media, Culture and Society, 38(4), 576–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643006
  • HARGITTAI, E. (2003). The digital divide and what to do about it. D. J. Jones İçinde, New Economy Handbook (s. 821-839). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • HARTLEY, J. (2002). Communication, cultural and media studies: The key concepts. Routledge.
  • HARTZOG, W., & SELINGER, E. (2018, Ağustos 2). Facial Recognition Is the Perfect Tool for Oppression. Medium. Erişim tarihi: 22 Ekim 2020, https://medium.com/s/story/facial-recognition-is-the-perfect-tool-for-oppression-bc2a08f0fe66
  • HEEKS, R., RENKEN, J., & CABLE, J. (2016). Data justice for development: What would it mean? Information Development, 34(1), 90–102. Erişim tarihi: 15 Aralık 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666916678282
  • HOFFMANN, A. L. (2019). Where fairness fails: data, algorithms, and the limits of antidiscrimination discourse. Information Communication and Society, 22(7), 900–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573912
  • HOFFMANN, A. L. (2018, Nisan 30). Data Violence and How Bad Engineering Choices Can Damage Society. Medium. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2020, https://medium.com/s/story/data-violence-and-how-bad-engineering-choices-can-damage-society-39e44150e1d4
  • IHDE, D. (1990). Technology and the Lifeworld : From Garden to Earth Indiana Series in the Philosophy of Technology. İçinde Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845269238-194
  • IMF. (2007). Globalization and Inequality. Washington: International Monetary Fund.
  • ITU. (2019). Measuring digital. ITU Publications. Erişim tarihi: 20 Kasım 2020, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2019.pdf
  • JOHNSON, J. A. (2014). From open data to information justice. Ethics and Information Technology, 16(4), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-014-9351-8
  • KERBO, H. (2017). Social Stratification. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0761
  • KIRBY, A. (2006). The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond. Philosophy Now. Erişim tarihi: 7 Aralık 2020, https://philosophynow.org/issues/58/The_Death_of_Postmodernism_And_Beyond
  • MEAD, G. H. (1972). Mind, Self, and Society (7th baskı). The Universiy of Chicago. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001
  • NARAYAN, S. S., ve NARAYANAN, S. (2016). An Overview of New Media In India. S.S. Narayanan ve S. Narayanan içinde, India connected: Mapping the impact of new media (s. 3-19). SAGE Publishing India.
  • NARAYANAN, A. (2018, Mart 1). Tutorial: 21 fairness definitions and their politics.
  • NISSENBAUM, H. (2010). Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and Social Life. İçinde Jurimetrics (C. 51). http://search.proquest.com.strauss.uc3m.es:8080/docview/913137931
  • OECD. (2011). Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keep Rising. OECD Publishing.
  • ONUOHA, M. (2018, Mart 22). GitHub. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ekim 2020, https://github.com/MimiOnuoha/On-Algorithmic-Violence
  • ÖZSOY, D. (2020). Dijital Bölünme Düzeylerine Dair Literatür Analizi. M. Fiğan ve Y.D. Özdemir İçinde, Dijital Kültür, Dijital Eşitsizlikler ve Yaşlanma (s. 11-23). Ankara: Alternatif Bilişim
  • PEDRESCHI, D., RUGGIERI, S., & TURINI, F. (2008). Discrimination-aware Data Mining. 560–568.
  • PEÑA GANGADHARAN, S., & NIKLAS, J. (2019). Decentering technology in discourse on discrimination *. Information Communication and Society, 22(7), 882–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1593484
  • POPPER, K. (1970). The Moral Responsibility of the Scientist. P. Weingartner, & G. Zecha içinde, Induction, Physics and Ethics (s. 329-336). Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing.
  • RAGNEDDA, M. (2018). Conceptualizing digital capital. Telematics and Informatics, 2366-2375.
  • ROSENBLAT, A., KNEESE, T., & BOYD, d. (2014). Networked Employment Discrimination. Data&Society Research Insitute, 1-17.
  • RUBINSTEIN-AVILA, E., & SARTORI, A. (2018). Diversification and Nuanced Inequities in Digital Media Use in the United States. B. Guzzetti, & M. Lesley içinde, Handbook of Research on the Societal Impact of Digital Media (s. 560-580). IGI Global.
  • SEN, A. (1980). Equality of What? . S. M. McMurrin içinde, The Tanner Lecture On Human Values (s. 197-220). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • SCHMIDT, E. (2013, Mayıs 20). How Should We Think About the Future? You Tube Videosu.
  • STARK, L. (2019). Facial Recognition is The Plutonium of AI. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 50-55.
  • TAYLOR, L. (2017). What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally. Big Data and Society, 4(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717736335
  • TÜFEKÇİ, Z., YORK, J. C., WAGNER, B., & KALTHEUNER, F. (2019). Algortimaların Etiği: Radikal İçeriklerden Sürücüsüz Araçlara Nihai Taslak Raporu. T. Durna, M. Binark, & G. Bayraktutan içinde, İletişim Hakkı ve Yeni Medya: Tehditler ve Olanaklar (s. 207-232). Ankara: Um:Ag.
  • WARWICK, K. (2012). Artificial intelligence: the basics. Routledge.
  • WEIGEL, M. (2018, Nisan 12). Silicon Walley's Sixty-Year Love Affair With The Word "Tool". The New Yorker. Erişim tarihi: 21 Ocak 2021, https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/silicon-valleys-sixty-year-love-affair-with-the-word-tool
  • WILLAMS, R. (1974). Television: Technology and Cultural Form. London: Routledge.
  • WILLCOX, J. K. (2020, Nisan 29). Libraries and Schools Are Bridging the Digital Divide During the Coronavirus Pandemic. Consumer Repors. Erişim tarihi: 8 Ocak 2021, https://www.consumerreports.org/technology-telecommunications/libraries-and-schools-bridging-the-digital-divide-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
  • YILDIZ, Z. (2019, Mayıs 10). Google Çeviri cinsiyetçi mi? Yoksa toplumdaki cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin bir yansıması mı? Erişim tarihi: 23 Aralık 2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2019/05/10/google-ceviri-cinsiyetci-mi-yoksa-toplumdaki-cinsiyet-esitsizliginin-bir-yansimasi-mi
  • ZAHRI, F. (2019, Eylül 4). ‘Digital divide’ will worsen inequalities, without better global cooperation. UN News. Erişim tarihi: 9 Ocak 2021, https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1045572
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasan Hüseyin Kayış 0000-0003-3811-3636

Publication Date June 29, 2021
Submission Date May 12, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 15

Cite

APA Kayış, H. H. (2021). DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?. Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi(15), 109-124.
AMA Kayış HH. DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?. Yeni Düşünceler Dergisi. June 2021;(15):109-124.
Chicago Kayış, Hasan Hüseyin. “DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?”. Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi, no. 15 (June 2021): 109-24.
EndNote Kayış HH (June 1, 2021) DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?. Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi 15 109–124.
IEEE H. H. Kayış, “DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?”, Yeni Düşünceler Dergisi, no. 15, pp. 109–124, June 2021.
ISNAD Kayış, Hasan Hüseyin. “DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?”. Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi 15 (June 2021), 109-124.
JAMA Kayış HH. DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?. Yeni Düşünceler Dergisi. 2021;:109–124.
MLA Kayış, Hasan Hüseyin. “DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?”. Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yeni Düşünceler Hakemli E-Dergisi, no. 15, 2021, pp. 109-24.
Vancouver Kayış HH. DİJİTAL EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ YAKINDAN İNCELEMEK: DİJİTAL UÇURUM BUZDAĞININ GÖRÜNEN YÜZÜ MÜDÜR?. Yeni Düşünceler Dergisi. 2021(15):109-24.
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