<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="reviewer-report"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>eur res j</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>The European Research Journal</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2149-3189</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Prusa Medical Publishing</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18621/eurj.1193815</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Public Health</subject>
                                                            <subject>Environmental Health</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Halk Sağlığı</subject>
                                                            <subject>Çevre Sağlığı</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Occupational skin carcinogens</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1287-4373</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kurtul</surname>
                                    <given-names>Seher</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Occupational Disease, University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-3154</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Güngördü</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nejdiye</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Department of Occupational Disease, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20240304">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>04</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>10</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>234</fpage>
                                        <lpage>240</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20221024">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20221216">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, The European Research Journal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>The European Research Journal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>Occupational skin cancer may manifest when employees are under exposure to one specific carcinogenic substance or more in the workplace. Workplaces often have higher concentrations of carcinogens compared to any other setting. The most common causes of skin cancer in the workplace are ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and arsenic. However, there is only a limited number of studies on skin cancer from occupational exposure. Skin cancers that are considered mainly work-related are non-melanoma skin cancers. Their most common variants are basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and actinic keratosis. Two factors that reduced the risk of occupational carcinogen exposure are as follows: a better understanding of skin cancer risk factors involved in industrial processes and better control of the use of ionizing radiation. However, the exposure risk to ultraviolet radiation at dangerous levels remains. Worse still, this risk is often not considered. Yet, the prevention and risk reduction for occupational skin cancer requires the elimination of the contact of all carcinogens present in the workplace with the employees’ skin. Additionally, to encourage and facilitate the early recognition and management of premalignant and malignant skin lesions, training should be given to those working under higher skin cancer risk, and periodic examinations should be performed.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Cancer</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  occupation</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  skin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ultraviolet radiation</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">1. World Health Organization (WHO). Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and skin cancer. 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-ultraviolet-(uv)-radiation-and-skin-cancer.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2. Gonzales M, Erdei E, Berwick M. Epidemiology of skin cancer. In: Nouri K, eds. Skin Cancer. 1st Florida: The McGraw Hill Companies. 2008: pp. 32-39.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">3. Cancer Council Australia 2021. Understanding Skin Cancer, A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends. Editor: Ruth Sheard. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/skin-cancer</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">4. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri. 2017. Ankara. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2017.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">5. Fischman ML, Rugo HS. Occupational Cancer. In: Joseph LaDou, and Robert J. Harrison, editors. Current Diagnosis &amp; Treatment: Occupational &amp; Environmental Medicine, 5th ed. New York: Lange. 2014: pp. 299-302.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">6. Trakatelli M, Ulrich C, del Marmol V, Euvrard S, Stockfleth E, Abeni D. Epidemiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in Europe: accurate and comparable data are needed for effective public health monitoring and interventions. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156 Suppl 3:1-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07861.x.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">7. John SM, Trakatelli M, Gehring R, et al. CONSENSUS REPORT: Recognizing non-melanoma skin cancer, including actinic keratosis, as an occupational disease - A Call to Action. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30 Suppl 3:38-45. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13608.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">8. Gallagher RP, Lee TK. Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92(1):119-131. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">9. IARC. List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–130. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">10. Kurtul S. Mesleki Cilt Hastalıkları. In: Meral Türk, editor. First ed. Olgularla Meslek Hastalıkları. Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. 2021: pp. 107-128.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">11. Bräuner EV, Loft S, Sørensen M, et al. Residential Radon Exposure and Skin Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Danish Cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135642. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135642.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">12. Kim KE, Cho D, Park HJ. Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases. Life Sci. 2016;152:126-134. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.039.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">13. Solar and ultraviolet radiation. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1992;55:1-316.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">14. Schmitt J, Haufe E, Trautmann F, et al; FB-181 Study Group. Is ultraviolet exposure acquired at work the most important risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma? Results of the population-based case-control study FB-181. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(2):462-472. doi: 10.1111/bjd.15906.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">15. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health. European Risk Observatory. Office for Official Publications of the Euro pean Communities, Luxembourg 2009. Available from: https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/new-and-emerging-risks-occupational-safety-and-health/view</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">16. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):612-625. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10425.x.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">17. Schmitt J, Seidler A, Diepgen TL, Bauer A. Occupational ultraviolet light exposure increases the risk for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(2):291-307. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10118.x.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">18. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):612-625. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10425.x.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">19. Trakatelli M, Barkitzi K, Apap C, Majewski S, De Vries E; EPIDERM group. Skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: a European multicenter case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30 Suppl 3:5-11. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13603.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">20. Stenehjem JS, Robsahm TE, Bråtveit M, Samuelsen SO, Kirkeleit J, Grimsrud TK. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer risk in offshore workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2017;67(7):569-573. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqx110.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">21. Turner S, Forman SD, McNamee R, Wilkinson SM, Agius R. Investigating work-related neoplasia associated with solar radiation. Occup Med (Lond). 2015;65(1):22-28. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqu156.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">22. Currie CL, Monk BE. Welding and non-melanoma skin cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25(1):28-29. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00565.x.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">23. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). ICNIRP statement--Protection of workers against ultraviolet radiation. Health Phys. 2010;99(1):66-87. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181d85908.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">24. Leisenring W, Friedman DL, Flowers ME, Schwartz JL, Deeg HJ. Nonmelanoma skin and mucosal cancers after hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(7):1119-1126. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.7052.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">25. Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(5):828-834. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20939.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">26. Sugiyama H, Misumi M, Kishikawa M, et al. Skin cancer incidence among atomic bomb survivors from 1958 to 1996. Radiat Res. 2014;181(5):531-539. doi: 10.1667/RR13494.1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">27. Freedman DM, Sigurdson A, Rao RS, Hauptmann M, Alexander B, Mohan A, Morin Doody M, Linet MS. Risk of melanoma among radiologic technologists in the United States. Int J Cancer. 2003;103(4):556-562. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10854.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">28. Wang JX, Inskip PD, Boice JD Jr, Li BX, Zhang JY, Fraumeni JF Jr. Cancer incidence among medical diagnostic X-ray workers in China, 1950 to 1985. Int J Cancer. 1990;45(5):889-895. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910450519.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">29. Wang JX, Zhang LA, Li BX, et al. Cancer incidence and risk estimation among medical x-ray workers in China, 1950-1995. Health Phys. 2002;82(4):455-466. doi: 10.1097/00004032-200204000-00004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">30. Wakeford R. Radiation in the workplace-a review of studies of the risks of occupational exposure to ionising radiation. J Radiol Prot. 2009;29(2A):61-79. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S05.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">31. Zeeb H, Hammer GP, Blettner M. Epidemiological investigations of aircrew: an occupational group with low-level cosmic radiation exposure. J Radiol Prot. 2012;32(1):N15-19. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/32/1/N15.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">32. Sanlorenzo M, Vujic I, Posch C, Cleaver JE, Quaglino P, Ortiz-Urda S. The risk of melanoma in pilots and cabin crew: UV measurements in flying airplanes. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(4):450-452. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.4643.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">33. Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline pilots. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000;26(2):106-111. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.519.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">34. Reynolds P, Cone J, Layefsky M, Goldberg DE, Hurley S. Cancer incidence in California flight attendants (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):317-324. doi: 10.1023/a:1015284014563.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">35. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, et al. Radon-exposed underground miners and inverse dose-rate (protraction enhancement) effects. Health Phys. 1995;69(4):494-500. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199510000-00007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">36. Robertson A, Allen J, Laney R, Curnow A. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(7):14024-14063. doi: 10.3390/ijms140714024.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">37. Charles MW. Radon exposure of the skin: II. Estimation of the attributable risk for skin cancer incidence. J Radiol Prot. 2007;27(3):253-274. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/27/3/R02.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">38. Sevcova M, Horacek J, Sevc J. [Occupational basalioma in external alpha radiation hazards]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1978;117:1442-1444. [Article in Czech].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">39. Matthews NH, Fitch K, Li WQ, et al. Exposure to Trace Elements and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(1):3-21. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0286.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">40. Lansdown AB. Metal ions affecting the skin and eyes. Met Ions Life Sci. 2011;8:187-246. doi: 10.1039/9781849732116-00187.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">41. Spiewak R. Pesticides as a cause of occupational skin diseases in farmers. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001;8:1-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">42. LuchA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induced carcinogenesis. An introduction. In: Andreas Lunch ed. The Carcinogenic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. USA; Imperial College Pres. 2005: pp. 1-18.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">43. Siddens LK, Larkin A, Krueger SK, , et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as skin carcinogens: comparison of benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[def,p]chrysene and three environmental mixtures in the FVB/N mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;264:377-386. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">44. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2010;92:1-853.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">45. Stenehjem JS, Robsahm TE, Bråtveit M, Samuelsen SO, Kirkeleit J, Grimsrud TK. Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers. Am J Ind Med. 2017;60(8):679-688. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22741.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
