Düvelerde vajinal akıntıların bakteriyolojik değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 63 - 70, 15.06.2022

Elçin Günaydın , Gülşen Goncagül

https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1071307

Öz

İneklerde reprodüktif bozukluklar, üreme verimliliğinin azalmasının ana belirleyici faktörüdür. Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de süt üretimindeki ekonomik kayıpların en önemli nedeni üreme sistemi enfeksiyonlarıdır. Enfeksiyon kaynaklı infertilitenin büyük bir bölümüne bakteriyel etkenler neden olur. Bu çalışma, 56 adet Holstein ırkı düvede 3 grup halinde yürütülmüştür. Grup I; bulanık ve irinli çara akıntısı olan 12 (%21.4) düve, Grup II; repeat breeder (döl tutmayan) 9 (%16,1) düve, Grup III; normal çara akıntısı görülen tohumlama yapılmamış 35 (% 62,5) düveden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma gruplarında düvelerin vajinasında kolonize olan bakterileri tespit etmek ve baskın bakteri gruplarında antibiyotik duyarlılığını belirlemek amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma gruplarına dahil düvelerin vajinal akıntılardan 82 bakteri tespit edilmiştir. Yirmialtı (%31,7) Escherichia col (E. coli), 10 (%12.2) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), 9 (% 11.1) Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis), 7 (%8,5) Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), 5 (%6,1) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) ve 10 (% 30,4) farklı bakteri izole edilmiştir. İneklerde infertiliteye neden olan, E. coli, S. aureus, S. uberis, S. epidermidis ve S. maltophilia etkenlerine karşı 8 antibiyotiğin duyarlılığı antibiyogramla incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, düvelerden izole edilen bakteriler gruplar arasında farklılık gösterse de en baskın etkenin Escherichia coli olduğu ve Escherichia coli’ye karşı gentamisin ve seftiofur’un %100 etki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiyogram, Bakteri, Düve, Reprodüktif bozukluk

Bacteriological evaluation of vaginal discharges in heifers

Öz

Reproductive disorders in cows are the main determinant of reduced reproductive efficiency. Reproductive system infections are the most important cause of economic losses in milk production in our country as in the world. Bacterial agents are responsible for most of the infection-induced infertility. This study was carried out in 3 groups of 56 Holstein heifers. Group were as follows; Group 1: 12 (21.4%) heifers with turbid and purulent cherries, Group II: repeat breeder (non-breeding) 9 (16.1%) heifers, Group III; 35 inseminated (62.5%) heifers with normal chervil discharge. It is aimed to detect the bacteria colonizing the vagina of heifers in the study groups and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility in the dominant bacterial groups. Eighty-two bacteria were determined from the vaginal discharges of the heifers included in the study group. Twenty-six (31.7%) Escherichia coli, 10 (12.2%) Staphylococcus aureus, 9 (11.1%) Streptococcus uberis, 7 (8.5%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, 5 (6.1%) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and 10 (%) 30,4) different bacteria were isolated. Susceptibility of 8 antibiotics against Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia causing fertility in cows, were examined by antibiogram. As a result, although the bacteria isolated from heifers differed among the groups, it was determined that Escherichia coli was the most dominant bacteria and gentamicin and ceftiofur exhibited 100% antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiogram, Bacteria, Heifer, Reproductive disorder

Kaynakça

• Al-Zubaidi SF. (2015) Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from the genital system of cows in Al-Hilla, Iraq. Malays J Vet Res.6 (1), 53-59.
• Ali, T, Rahman S.U, Zhang L, Shahid M, Han D, Gao J, Zhang S, Ruegg PL, Saddique U, Han B. (2017) Characteristics and genetic diversity of multi-drug resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis. Oncotarget. 8, 90144 - 90163.
• Amiridis GS, Fthenakis GC, Dafopoulos J, Papanikolaou T, Mavrogianni VS. (2003) Use of cefquinome for prevention and treatment of bovine endometritis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 26(5), 387-390.
• Anderson MJ, Scholz MT, Parks PJ, Peterson ML. (2013) Ex vivo porcine vaginal mucosal model of infection for determining effectiveness and toxicity of antiseptics. J Appl Microbiol. 115(3), 679-688.
• Arora N. (2007) Role of uropathogenic virulence factors in the pathogenesis of E. coli-induced cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex in the bitch. PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia .
• Arun K, Umesh S. (2009) Fertility status of Hariana cows. Indian Vet J. 86(8), 807-809. Beigi R, Hanrahan J. (2007) Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA colonization rates among gravidas admitted to labor and delivery: a pilot study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2007:70876.
• Berhilevych OМ, Kasianchuk VV, Kukhtyn MD, Lotskin IМ, Garkavenko TO, Shubin PA. (2017) Characteristics of antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy farms in Ukraine. Regul. mech. biosyst. 8(4), 559–563.
• Bhat FA, Bhattacharyya HK, Syed Akram Hussain SA. (2014) White side test: a simple and rapid test for evaluation of nonspecific bacterial genital infections of repeat breeding cattle. Vet Res Forum. 5, 177–180.
• Bicalho RC, Machado VS, Bicalho MLS, Gilbert RO, Teixeira AGV, Caixeta LS, Pereira RV V. (2010) Molecular and epidemiological characterization of bovine intrauterine Escherichia coli. J. Dairy Sci.93(12), 5818-5830.
• Bien J, Sokolova O, Bozko P. (2012) Role of uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence factors in development of urinary tract infection and kidney damage. Int J Nephrol. 2012:681473.
• Bottone EJ, Pere AA, Gordon RE, Qureshi MN. (1994) Differential binding capacity and internalisation of bacterial substrates as factors in growth rate of Acanthamoeba spp. J Med Microbiol. 40(2), 148-154.
• Bottone E J, Reitano M, Janda JM, Troy K, Cuttner J. (1986) Pseudomonas maltophilia exoenzyme activity as correlate in pathogenesis of ecthyma gangrenosum. J Clin Microbiol. 24(6), 995-997.
• Chen YM, Wright PJ, Lee CS, Browning GF. (2003) Uropathogenic virulence factors in isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of canine pyometra and feces of healthy bitches. Vet Microbiol. 94(1), 57-69.
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2015) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty−fifth informational supplement. M100−S25. CLSI, 35.
• de Cássia BL, Oba E, Bicudo SD, da Silva LD, Siqueira A K, de Souza MMM, Nogueira M, de Figueiredo PJC, Listoni FJP, Ribeiro MG.(2019) Virulence factors and phylogenetic group profile of uterine Escherichia coli in early postpartum of high-producing dairy cows. Anim. Prod. Sci. 59, 1898-1905.
• De Oliveira‐Garcia D, Dall’Agnol M, Rosales M, Azzuz AC, Alcántara N, Martinez MB, Girón JA. (2003) Fimbriae and adherence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to epithelial cells and to abiotic surfaces. Cell Microbiol. 5(9), 625-636.
• Di Bonaventura G, Spedicato I, D'Antonio D, Robuffo I, Piccolomini R. (2004) Biofilm formation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: modulation by quinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ceftazidime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48(1), 151-160.
• Dignani MC, Grazziutti M, Anaissie E. (2003). Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 24 (01), 89-98.
• Drillich M, Beetz O, Pfützner A, Sabin M, Sabin HJ, Kutzer P, Nattermann H, Heuwieser W. (2001) Evaluation of a systemic antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 84(9), 2010-2017.
• Elias L, Balasubramanyam A S, Ayshpur OY, Mushtuk IU, Sheremet NO, Gumeniuk VV, Musser J, Rogovskyy AS. (2020) Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Mastitic Dairy Cattle in Ukraine. Antibiotics. 9(8), 469.
• El-Khadrawy HH, Ahmed WM, Hanafi M. (2011) Observations on repeat breeding in farm animals with emphasis on its control. J Reprod Infertil. 2(1), 1-7.
• Enoch DA, Birkett CI, Ludlam HA. (2007) Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 29, 33-41.
• Földi J, Kulcsar M, Pecsi A, Huyghe B, De Sa C, Lohuis JA, Cox P, Huszenicza G. (2006). Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.,, 96(3-4), 265-281.
• Galvão KN. (2018) Postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows. Anim Reprod. 9(3), 290-296.
• Gani MO, Amin MM, Alam MG, Kayesh ME, Karim MR, Samad MA, Islam MR. (2008). Bacterial flora associated with repeat breeding and uterine infections in dairy cows. Bangladesh J Vet Med. 6(1), 79-86.
• Gilbert RO. (2019) Symposium review: Mechanisms of disruption of fertility by infectious diseases of the reproductive tract. J. Dairy Sci. 102(4), 3754-3765.
• Gilbert RO, Shin ST, Guard CL, Erb HN, Frajblat M. (2005). Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology. 64(9), 1879-1888.
• Helfrich AL, Reichenbach HD, Meyerholz MM, Schoon HA, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T, Weber F, Zerbe H. (2020) Novel sampling procedure to characterize bovine subclinical endometritis by uterine secretions and tissue. Theriogenology. 141, 186-196.
• Husted JR. (2005) Bacterial and fungal organisms in the vagina of normal cows and cows with vaginitis. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A and M University, USA. Iakovlieva L, Bahlai T. (2019) Β-lactam antibiotics in Ukraine: market and consumption analysis in 2013–2018. SR. Pharm. Sci. (2), 16-21.
• Johnson EH, Al‐Busaidy R, Hameed MS. (2003) An outbreak of lymphadenitis associated with Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia in Omani goats. J Vet Med. Series B. 50(2), 102-104.
• Jucker BA, Harms H, Zehnder AJ. (1996) Adhesion of the positively charged bacterium Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia 70401 to glass and Teflon. J Bacteriol. 178(18), 5472-5479.
• Kassé FN, Fairbrother JM, Dubuc J. (2016) Relationship between Escherichia coli virulence factors and postpartum metritis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 99(6), 4656-4667.
• Kerr KG, Denton M, Todd N, Corps CM, Kumari P, Hawkey PM. (1996) A new selective differential medium for isolation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.15(7), 607-610.
• Khan IU. (2002) Identification and Further Characterization of Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis Isolated from Bovine Milk Samples. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen ,Germany.
• LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton JS, Johnson WH. (2002) Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85(9), 2223-2236.
• LeBlanc SJ, Osawa T, Dubuc J. (2011) Reproductive tract defense and disease in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 76(9), 1610-1618.
• Looney W J, Narita M, Mühlemann K. (2009) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis. 9(5), 312-323.
• Lorenzen E, Kudirkiene E, Gutman N, Grossi AB, Agerholm JS, Erneholm K, Skytte C, Dalgaard MD, Bojesen AM. (2015) The vaginal microbiome is stable in prepubertal and sexually mature Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs throughout an estrous cycle. Vet Res. 46(1), 1-13.
• Machado VS, Oikonomou G, Bicalho ML, Knauer WA, Gilbert R, Bicalho RC. (2012) Investigation of postpartum dairy cows’ uterine microbial diversity using metagenomic pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Vet Microbiol. 159(3-4), 460-469.
• Manickam R, T Reetha L, Puvarajan B. (2019). Isolation and identification of bacterial species from vagina of apparently healthy ewes. Int J Sci Environ Technol. 8 (5), 1017 – 1022.
• Martins G, Figueira L, Penna B, Brandão F, Varges R, Vasconcelos C, Lilenbaum W. (2009) Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of vaginal bacteria from ewes treated with progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges. Small Rumin Res. 81(2-3), 182-184.
• Moges N, Regassa F, Yilma T, Unakal CG. (2013) Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria from dairy cows with clinical endometritis. J Reprod Infertil. 4(1), 4-8.
• Nader-Macias ME, Otero MC. (2009) Lactic Acid Bacteria as probiotic on the prevention of reproductive diseases. In: Probiotics: Production, Evaluation and Uses in Animal Feed ed. Guerra, N.P. and Castro, Kerala, India: Research Signpost. L.P. pp. 119– 174.
• Otero C, Saavedra L, Silva de Ruiz C, Wilde O, Holgado AR, Nader‐Macías ME. (2000) Vaginal bacterial microflora modifications during the growth of healthy cows. Lett Appl Microbiol. 31(3), 251-254.
• Ozgumus OB, Celik-Sevim E, Alpay-Karaoglu S, Sandalli C, Sevim A. (2007) Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from tap and spring waters in a coastal region in Turkey. J Microbiol.45(5), 379-387.
• Penna B, Libonati H, Director A, Sarzedas AC, Martins G, Brandão FZ, Fonseca J, Lilenbaum W. (2013). Progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges for estrus induction and synchronization influences on goats vaginal flora and antimicrobial susceptibility. Anim Reprod Sci. 142(1-2), 71-74.
• Pérez-Ibarreche M, Field D, Ross RP, Hill C. (2021) A Bioengineered Nisin Derivative to Control Biofilms of Streptococcus uberis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1,87(16).
• Reinoso EB, Lasagno MC, Dieser SA, Odierno LM. (2011) Distribution of virulence-associated genes in Streptococcus uberis isolated from bovine mastitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 318(2), 183-188.
• Ringberg H, Cathrine Petersson A, Walder M, Hugo Johansson PJ. (2006) The throat: an important site for MRSA colonization. Scand J Infect Dis. 38(10), 888-893.
• Rocha AA, Gambarini ML, Andrade MA, Oliveira Filho BD, Gomes FA. (2004) Cervico-vaginal microbiota around the parturition time. Cienc Anim Bras. 5(4), 215-220.
• Raheel IAER, Hassan WH, Salem SSR, Salam HSH. (2020). Biofilm forming potentiality of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine endometritis and their antibiotic resistance profiles. J Adv Vet Anim. 7(3), 442.
• Santos TMA, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC. (2011) Metagenomic analysis of the uterine bacterial microbiota in healthy and metritic postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 94(1), 291-302.
• Santos TMA, Gilbert RO, Caixeta L S, Machado VS, Teixeira LM, Bicalho RC. (2010) Susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from uteri of postpartum dairy cows to antibiotic and environmental bacteriophages. Part II: In vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation of a bacteriophage cocktail and several antibiotics. J Dairy Sci. 93(1), 105-114.
• Sargison ND, Howie F, Mearns R, Penny CD, Foster G. (2007) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli as a perennial cause of abortion in a closed flock of Suffolk ewes. Vet. Rec. 160(25), 875.
• Sharma RN, Singh B K, Sharma MP. (1988) Bacteriological studies on the cervical mucus of repeat breeding crossbred cattle, their treatment and conception rate. Indian J Anim Reprod. 9(2), 105-109.
• Sharma A, Singh M, Kumar P, Sharma A, Kashyap A, Neelam IB, Sharma A, Chaudhary N, Sharma P. (2017) Bacterial isolation, culture sensitivity test, endometrial cytology of postpartum cows and assessment of their reproductive performance. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 6(9), 519-527.
• Sheldon IM. (2015) Genes and environmental factors that influence disease resistance to microbes in the female reproductive tract of dairy cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev. 27(1), 72-81.
• Sheldon I M, Dobson H. (2004) Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 82, 295-306.
• Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO. (2006) Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology. 65(8), 1516-1530.
• Sheldon IM, Owens SE. (2018) Postpartum uterine infection and endometritis in dairy cattle. Anim. Reprod. 14(3), 622-629.
• Sheldon IM, Noakes DE, Rycroft AN, Pfeiffer DU, Dobson H. (2002) Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle. Reproduction. 123(6), 837-845.
• Sheldon IM, Rycroft AN, Dogan B, Craven M, Bromfield JJ, Chandler A, Roberts MH, Price SB, Gilbert RO, Simpson KW. (2010) Specific strains of Escherichia coli are pathogenic for the endometrium of cattle and cause pelvic inflammatory disease in cattle and mice. PloS one. 5(2), e9192.
• Silva VF, Damasceno TE, Souza NJ, Franco I, Costa MM. (2011) Cervical-vaginal microbiota of crossbred sheep in Petrolina/PE, Brazil, and its susceptibility to antibiotics. Pesqui Vet Bras. 31(7), 586-590.
• Silva E, Leitão S, Tenreiro T, Pomba C, Nunes T, da Costa L L, Mateus L. (2009) Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from the uterus of puerperal dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 92(12), 6000-6010.
• Singh NP, Chaturvedi VK, Singh DP. (1996) Bacteriological studies on repeat breeder bovines. Indian Vet J. 73(4), 462-463.
• Taponen S, Simojoki H, Haveri M, Larsen HD, Pyörälä S.(2006) Clinical characteristics and persistence of bovine mastitis caused by different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci identified with API or AFLP. Vet Microbiol.115(1-3):199-207.
• Vitali B, Cruciani F, Baldassarre ME, Capursi T, Spisni E, Valerii MC, Candela M, Turroni S, Brigidi P. (2012) Dietary supplementation with probiotics during late pregnancy: outcome on vaginal microbiota and cytokine secretion. BMC Microbiol. 12(1), 1-14.
• Wang Y, Ametaj BN, Ambrose DJ, Gänzle MG. (2013) Characterisation of the bacterial microbiota of the vagina of dairy cows and isolation of pediocin-producing Pediococcus acidilactici. BMC Microbiol. 13(1), 1-11.
• Wang J, Sun C, Liu C, Yang Y, Lu W. (2016) Comparison of vaginal microbial community structure in healthy and endometritis dairy cows by PCR-DGGE and real-time PCR. Anaerobe. 38, 1-6.
• Williams EJ, Fischer DP, Noakes DE, England GC, Rycroft A, Dobson H, Sheldon I M. (2007) The relationship between uterine pathogen growth density and ovarian function in the postpartum dairy cow. Theriogenology. 68(4), 549-559.
• Williams EJ, Fischer DP, Pfeiffer DU, England GC, Noakes DE, Dobson H, Sheldon IM. (2005) Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology. 63(1), 102-117.