<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="reviewer-report"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>farabi med j</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Farabi Tıp Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2979-9821</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Karadeniz Technical University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59518/farabimedj.1237543</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Health Care Administration</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Beslenme Tedavisi Yaklaşımları</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Nutrition Therapy Approaches in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0146-6609</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Akhalil</surname>
                                    <given-names>Melis</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İZMİR DEMOKRASİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-1618</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çiftçi</surname>
                                    <given-names>Seda</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>IZMIR DEMOCRACY UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-1116</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Batu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Zehra</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>IZMIR DEMOCRACY UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230630">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>2</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>33</fpage>
                                        <lpage>42</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230121">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>21</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20230209">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>09</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2022, Farabi Tıp Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Farabi Tıp Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB), gelişimin erken evrelerinde ortaya çıkan, sosyal iletişim ve etkileşim davranışlarındaki kısıtlamalar, tekrarlayıcı sınırlayıcı davranışlar ve sınırlı ilgilerle karakterize edilen nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur. OSB&#039;de görülen beslenme sorunları ve gastrointestinal şikayetler, hastalığın ilk tanısından itibaren bilinmekte ve hastalığın bir özelliği olarak kabul edilmektedir. OSB&#039;li çocukların normal gelişim gösteren çocuklara göre beş kat daha fazla beslenme sorunu yaşadıkları bilinmektedir. OSB&#039;li çocuklarda en sık görülen beslenme sorunları, besin seçiciliği, yeme becerisinde güçlük, seçici, garip ve sıra dışı yeme davranışı, belirli bir besin sunumuna karşı duyarlılık, yeni besinlerden kaçınma, bir tür besinin aşırı ve ısrarlı alımı ve yemek zamanı davranış sorunlarıdır. Glutensiz kazeinsiz diyet, ketojenik diyet, özel karbonhidrat diyeti, feingold diyeti, Candida vücut ekolojisi diyeti, elimine alerji diyetleri gibi beslenme yaklaşımları uygulanmaktadır. Ancak, bu uygulamalar için kanıt sınırlıdır. OSB&#039;li çocukların yetersiz ve dengesiz beslenme açısından izlenmesi, kısıtlayıcı ve özel diyetlerin uygulanmasında beslenme sorunları ve yetersiz beslenmenin göz önünde bulundurulması önerilir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in the early stages of development, characterized by limitations in social communication and interaction behaviors, repetitive limiting behaviors, and limited interests. Nutritional problems and gastrointestinal complaints seen in ASD have been known since the first diagnosis of the disease and are considered a feature of the disease. It is known that children with ASD have feeding problems five times more often than children with normal development. The most common nutritional problems seen in children with ASD are food selectivity, difficulty in eating skills, selective, strange, and unusual eating behavior, sensitivity to a particular presentation of food, avoidance of new foods, excessive and persistent intake of one type of food and meal time behavioral problems. Dietary approaches such as gluten-free, casein-free, ketogenic, special carbohydrate, Feingold, Candida body ecology, and eliminated allergy diets are applied. However, the evidence for these practices is limited. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor children with ASD in terms of inadequate and unbalanced nutrition and to consider feeding problems and malnutrition in applying restrictive and special diets.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>autism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  nutrition</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  diet</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>otizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  beslenme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  diyet</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Arlington, VA. 2013. DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jeste SS, Geschwind DH. Disentangling the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder through genetic findings. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014; 10(2): 74-81. DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.278.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bell CC. DSM-IV: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. JAMA. 1994; 272(10): 828-829. DOI:10.1001/jama.1994.03520100096046.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM; Council on children with disabilities, section on developmental and behavioral pediatrics. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020; 145(1): e20193447. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3447.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marchezan J, Winkler Dos Santos EGA, Deckmann I, Riesgo RDS. Immunological Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Potential Target for Therapy. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2018; 25(5-6): 300-319. DOI: 10.1159/000492225.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miles JH. Autism spectrum disorders--a genetics review. Genet Med. 2011; 13(4): 278-294. DOI: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181ff67ba.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özeren GS. Otizm spektrum bozukluğu OSB ve hastalığa kanıt penceresinden bakış. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2013; 4(2): 57-63.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fujiwara T, Morisaki N, Honda Y, Sampei M, Tani Y. Chemicals, nutrition, and autism spectrum disorder: A mini-review. Front Neurosci. 2016; 10: 174. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00174.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tanıdır C, Mukaddes NM. Otizm spektrum bozuklukları. İçinde: Akay Pekcanlar A, Ercan ES (Editörler). Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Çocuk ve Genç Psikiyatrisi Derneği Yayınları; 2016: 126-49.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Troyb E, Knoch K, Barton M. Phenomenology of ASD: Definition, syndromes, and major features. Editors: Deborah A. Fein, The neuropsychology of autism. Publisher: Oxford University Press. 2011; 9-34.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hundley RJ, Shui A, Malow BA. Relationship between subtypes of restricted and repetitive behaviors and sleep disturbance in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2016; 46(11): 3448-57. DOI 10.1007/s10803-016-2884-4.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Uçar K, Samur G. Otizmin Tedavisinde Güncel Beslenme Tedavisi Yaklaşımları (Contemporary Approaches to Autism Treatment). Journal of nutrition and dietetics. 2017; 45(1): 53-60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Broadstock M, Doughty C, Eggleston M. Systematic review of the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2007; 11(4): 335-48. DOI: 10.1177/1362361307078132.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Matson JL. Determining treatment outcome in early intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders: A critical analysis of measurement issues in learning based interventions. Research in developmental disabilities. 2007; 28(2): 207-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Herndon AC, DiGuiseppi C, Johnson SL, Leiferman J, Reynolds A. Does nutritional intake differ between children with autism spectrum disorders and children with typical development? Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2009; 39(2): 212-22. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0606-2.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barnhill K, Gutierrez A. Analysis of dietary intake and nutritional status in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2015; 5(3): 10.4172. DOI: 10.4172/2165-7890.1000154.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Geraghty ME, Depasquale GM, Lane AE. Nutritional intake and therapies in autism: a spectrum of what we know: Part 1. ICAN: Infant, Child, &amp; Adolescent Nutrition. 2010; 2(1): 62-9. DOI: 10.1177/1941406409358437.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Esnafoğlu E. Otistik Spektrum Bozukluğu BulunanÇocuklarda Vitamin B12, Folat ve Vitamin D Seviyelerinin İncelenmesi. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği. 2017; 9(4): 36-41.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, et al. Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011; 8(1): 34. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-34.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Schmidt B, et al. Nutrient intake from food in children with autism. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(Supplement2): S145-S53. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0900L.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mahan, L.K.; Raymond, J.L. Krause’s Food &amp; The Nutrition Care Process, 14th ed.; Elsevier Inc.: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2017; pp. 910.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lindsay RL, Eugene Arnold L, Aman MG, et al. Dietary status and impact of risperidone on nutritional balance in children with autism: a pilot study. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. 2006; 31(4): 204-9 DOI: 10.1080/13668250601006924.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Xia W, Zhou Y, Sun C, Wang J, Wu L. A preliminary study on nutritional status and intake in Chinese children with autism. European journal of pediatrics. 2010; 169(10): 1201-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1203-x.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ranjan S, Nasser JA. Nutritional status of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: do we know enough? Advances in Nutrition. 2015; 6(4): 397-407. DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007914.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Socha E, Rynkowski J. B vitamin supplementation reduces excretion of urinary dicarboxylic acids in autistic children. Nutrition research. 2011; 31(7): 497-502. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.06.002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Al-Farsi YM, Waly MI, Al-Sharbati MM, et al. Levels of heavy metals and essential minerals in hair samples of children with autism in Oman: a case–control study. Biological trace element research. 2013; 151(2): 181-6. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9553-z.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Peretti S, Mariano M, Mazzocchetti C, et al. Diet: the keystone of autism spectrum disorder? Nutritional neuroscience. 2019; 22(12): 825-39. DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1464819.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Health NIo. https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx 2022 , AD:10.01.2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ristori MV, Quagliariello A, Reddel S, et al. Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11): 2812. DOI: 10.3390/nu11112812.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shabo Y, Barzel R, Margoulis M, Yagil R. Camel milk for food allergies in children. Immunology and Allergies. 2005; 7(12): 796.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zibaee S. Nutritional and therapeutic characteristics of camel milk in children: a systematic review. Electronic physician. 2015; 7(7): 1523. DOI: 10.19082/1523.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Al-Ayadhi LY, Halepoto DM, Al-Dress AM, Mitwali Y, Zainah R. Behavioral benefits of camel milk in subjects with autism spectrum disorder. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2015; 25(11): 819-23.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bent S, Bertoglio K, Hendren RL. Omega-3 fatty acids for autistic spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2009; 39(8): 1145-54. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0724-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Meguid NA, Atta HM, Gouda AS, Khalil RO. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of Egyptian children with autism. Clinical Biochemistry. 2008; 41(13): 1044-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.05.013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Politi P, Cena H, Comelli M, et al. Behavioral effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in young adults with severe autism: an open label study. Archives of medical research. 2008; 39 (7): 682-5 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.06.005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gogou M, Kolios G. The effect of dietary supplements on clinical aspects of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Brain and Development. 2017; 39(8): 656-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.03.029.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bener A, Khattab AO, Al-Dabbagh MM. Is high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency evidence for autism disorder?: In a highly endogamous population. Journal of pediatric neurosciences. 2014; 9(3): 227. DOI: 10.4103/1817-1745.147574.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stewart PA, Hyman SL, Schmidt BL, et al. Dietary supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorders: common, insufficient, and excessive. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015; 115(8): 1237-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.03.026.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kawicka A, Regulska-Ilow B. How nutritional status, diet and dietary supplements can affect autism. A review. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2013; 64(1): 1-12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hendren RL, James SJ, Widjaja F, Lawton B, Rosenblatt A, Bent S. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of methyl B12 for children with autism. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2016; 26(9): 774-83. DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0159.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mazlum B. Antioksidan vitaminler ve psikiyatride kullanımı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2012; 4(4): 486-505. DOI:10.5455/cap.20120429.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adams JB, Holloway C. Pilot study of a moderate dose multivitamin/mineral supplement for children with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Alternative &amp; Complementary Medicine. 2004; 10(6): 1033-9. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.1033.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu J, Liu X, Xiong XQ, et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorders - a pilot study. BMC Microbiol. 2017; 17(1): 204. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1096-1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Malhotra S, Subodh B, Parakh P, Lahariya S. Brief report: childhood disintegrative disorder as a likely manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2013; 43(9): 2207-10. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1762-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">James SJ, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, et al. Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009; 89(1): 425-30. 0.3945/ajcn.2008.26615.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bjørklund G, Waly MI, Al-Farsi Y, et al. The role of vitamins in autism spectrum disorder: what do we know? Journal of molecular neuroscience. 2019; 67(3): 373-87. DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1237-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Latif A, Heinz P, Cook R. Iron deficiency in autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism. 2002; 6(1): 103-14 DOI: 10.1177/1362361302006001008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dosman CF, Drmic IE, Brian JA, et al. Ferritin as an indicator of suspected iron deficiency in children with autism spectrum disorder: prevalence of low serum ferritin concentration. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 2006; 48(12): 1008-9 DOI: 10.1017/S0012162206232225.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bilgiç A, Gürkan K, Türkoğlu S, Akça ÖF, Kılıç BG, Uslu R. Iron deficiency in preschool children with autistic spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2010; 4(4): 639-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.12.008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cornish E. A balanced approach towards healthy eating in autism. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 1998; 11(6): 501-9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-277X.1998.00132.x.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dosman CF, Brian JA, Drmic IE, et al. Children with autism: effect of iron supplementation on sleep and ferritin. Pediatric neurology. 2007; 36(3): 152-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.11.004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Meguid NA, Anwar M, Bjørklund G, et al. Dietary adequacy of Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder compared to healthy developing children. Metabolic brain disease. 2017; 32(2): 607-15. DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9948-1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hergüner S, Keleşoğlu FM, Tanıdır C, Çöpür M. Ferritin and iron levels in children with autistic disorder. European journal of pediatrics. 2012; 171(1): 143- DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1506-6 6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kodak T, Piazza CC. Assessment and behavioral treatment of feeding and sleeping disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2008; 17(4): 887-905. DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yorbik O, Akay C, Sayal A, et al. Zinc status in autistic children. The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine: The Official Publication of the International Society for Trace Element Research in Humans. 2004; 17(2): 101-7. DOI: 10.1002/jtra.20002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Faber S, Zinn GM, Kern Ii JC, Skip Kingston H. The plasma zinc/serum copper ratio as a biomarker in children with autism spectrum disorders. Biomarkers. 2009; 14(3): 171-80. DOI: 10.1080/13547500902783747.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Babaknejad N, Sayehmiri F, Sayehmiri K, Mohamadkhani A, Bahrami S. The relationship between zinc levels and autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of child neurology. 2016; 10(4): 1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li SO, Wang JL, Bjørklund G, Zhao WN, Yin CH. Serum copper and zinc levels in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Neuroreport. 2014; 25(15): 1216-20. DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000251.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A, Pradal-Prat D, Rapin J, Bali J. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. Magnesium research. 2006; 19(1): 46-52.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adams J. Vitamin/mineral supplements for children and adults with autism. Vitamin Mineral. 2015; 3(127): 1-4. DOI: 10.4172/2376-1318.1000127.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Navarro F, Liu Y, Rhoads JM. Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders? World journal of gastroenterology. 2016; 22(46): 10093. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i46.10093.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parracho HM, Gibson GR, Knott F, Bosscher D, Kleerebezem M, McCartney AL. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed probiotic feeding study in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. International Journal of Probiotics &amp; Prebiotics. 2010; 5(2): 69.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berding K, Donovan SM. Microbiome and nutrition in autism spectrum disorder: current knowledge and research needs. Nutrition reviews. 2016; 74(12): 723-36 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw048.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Emond A, Emmett P, Steer C, Golding J. Feeding symptoms, dietary patterns, and growth in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(2): e337-e42. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2391.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Volkert VM, Vaz PC. Recent studies on feeding problems in children with autism. Journal of applied behavior analysis. 2010; 43(1): 155-9. DOI: 10.1901/JABA.2010.43-155.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Emre Bolatbaş D, Yıldız Bıçakçı M. Bebeklik ve ilk çocukluk döneminde gelişimsel değerlendirme ve izlem, bebeklik ve ilk çocukluk döneminde (0-36 ay) gelişim, duyuların gelişimi ve desteklenmesi, editör: M. Yıldız Bıçakçı (2015): 179-210.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buie T, Campbell DB, Fuchs GJ, et al. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: a consensus report. Pediatrics. 2010; 125(Supplement 1): 1-18 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-1878C.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buie T, Fuchs GJ, Furuta GT, Kooros K, et al. Recommendations for evaluation and treatment of common gastrointestinal problems in children with ASDs. Pediatrics. 2010; 125(Supplement 1: S19-29. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-1878D.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Najdowski AC, Wallace MD, Doney JK, Ghezzi PM. Parental assessment and treatment of food selectivity in natural settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 2003; 36(3): 383-6. DOI: 10.1901/JABA.2003.36-383.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berry RC, Novak P, Withrow N, et al. Nutrition management of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: guideline from an expert panel. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015; 115(12): 1919-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.05.016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Levy SE, Souders MC, Ittenbach RF, Giarelli E, Mulberg AE, Pinto-Martin JA. Relationship of dietary intake to gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Biological psychiatry. 2007; 61(4): 492-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seda Ö, Aslı U. Otizm spektrum bozukluğu tedavisinde beslenme yaklaşımları. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017; 6(1): 179-94.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Salomone E, Charman T, McConachie H, Warreyn P. Prevalence and correlates of use of complementary and alternative medicine in children with autism spectrum disorder in Europe. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2015; 174(10): 1277-85. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2531-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Millward C, Ferriter M, Calver SJ, Connell‐Jones GG. Gluten‐and casein‐free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2008; 16(2). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cubala-Kucharska M. The review of most frequently occurring medical disorders related to aetiology of autism and the methods of treatment. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010; 70(2): 141-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mulloy A, Lang R, O’Reilly M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Rispoli M. Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2010; 4(3): 328-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Jóźwik-Pruska J. Nutritional strategies and personalized diet in autism-choice or necessity? Trends in Food Science &amp; Technology. 2016; 49: 45-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lange KW, Hauser J, Reissmann A. Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the therapy of autism. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &amp; Metabolic Care. 2015; 18(6): 572-5. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000228.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Foley J, et al. The gluten-free/casein-free diet: a double-blind challenge trial in children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2016; 46(1): 205-20. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2564-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">El-Rashidy O, El-Baz F, El-Gendy Y, Khalaf R, Reda D, Saad K. Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study. Metabolic brain disease. 2017; 32(6): 1935-41. DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0088-z.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Whiteley P, Haracopos D, Knivsberg A-M, et al. The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten-and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutritional neuroscience. 2010; 13(2): 87-100. DOI: 10.1179/147683010X12611460763922.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mulloy A, Lang R, O’Reilly M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Rispoli M. Addendum to “gluten-free and casein-free diets in treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review”. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2011; 5(1): 86-8. DOI: 10.2147/NDS.S74718.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sharma S, Jain P. The ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for refractory epilepsy in children. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2014; 17(3): 253. DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.138471.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Napoli E, Dueñas N, Giulivi C. Potential therapeutic use of the ketogenic diet in autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in pediatrics. 2014; 2: 69. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00069.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Evangeliou A, Vlachonikolis I, Mihailidou H, et al. Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. Journal of child neurology. 2003; 18(2): 113-8. DOI: 10.1177/08830738030180020501.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Castro K, Faccioli LS, Baronio D, Gottfried C, Perry IS, dos Santos Riesgo R. Effect of a ketogenic diet on autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2015; 20: 31-8. DOI:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.08.00.5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Suskind DL, Wahbeh G, Gregory N, Vendettuoli H, Christie D. Nutritional therapy in pediatric Crohn disease: the specific carbohydrate diet. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2014; 58(1): 87-91. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000103.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref88">
                        <label>88</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kakodkar S, Farooqui AJ, Mikolaitis SL, Mutlu EA. The specific carbohydrate diet for inflammatory bowel disease: a case series. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015; 115(8): 1226-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.04.016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref89">
                        <label>89</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barnhill K, Devlin M, Moreno HT, et al. Brief report: implementation of a specific carbohydrate diet for a child with autism spectrum disorder and Fragile X syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2020; 50(5): 1800-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3704-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref90">
                        <label>90</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gottschall E. Digestion-gut-autism connection: the specific carbohydrate diet. Medical Veritas. 2004; 1(2): 261-71. DOI: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00029.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref91">
                        <label>91</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Waring R, Reichelt K. The biochemistry of the autistic syndrome. Autism on the Agenda NAS, London. 1996: 125-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref92">
                        <label>92</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Feingold B. Why your child is hyperactive: Random House Incorporated; 1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref93">
                        <label>93</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abdallah H, Soliman S, El-kader A. Language Training Program Coupled With Feingold Diet For Caregivers To Develop Autisticreceptive Language Skills. Mansoura Nursing Journal. 2019; 6(2): 107-25. DOI: 10.21608/MNJ.2019.176375.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref94">
                        <label>94</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nanayakkara WS, Skidmore PM, O’Brien L, Wilkinson TJ, Gearry RB. Efficacy of the low FODMAP diet for treating irritable bowel syndrome: the evidence to date. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology. 2016; 9: 131. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S86798.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref95">
                        <label>95</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hill P, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Controversies and recent developments of the low-FODMAP diet. Gastroenterology &amp; hepatology. 2017; 13(1): 36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref96">
                        <label>96</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Magge S, Lembo A. Low-FODMAP diet for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology &amp; hepatology. 2012; 8(11): 739.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref97">
                        <label>97</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Catassi G, Lionetti E, Gatti S, Catassi C. The low FODMAP diet: many question marks for a catchy acronym. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3): 292. DOI: 10.3390/nu9030292.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref98">
                        <label>98</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146(1): 67-75. e5. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.046.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
