Antik DNA Araştırmaları Etiği Üzerine Bazı Tartışmalar

Year 2024, Issue: 79, 29 - 50, 15.07.2024

Raşit Çelik

https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1489366

Abstract

İlk antik insan genomunun dizilenmesinden bu yana geçen görece kısa sürede, insan örnekleri kullanılarak yürütülen antik DNA araştırmalarında dikkate değer bir sayısal artış gözlenmektedir. Bilimsel değeri son derece yüksek olan bu araştırma alanı insanın biyolojik ve sosyo-kültürel geçmişi hakkında daha önce bilinmeyen birçok detayı ortaya çıkarmaya devam etmektedir. Bu bakımdan antik DNA araştırmaları birçok farklı disiplinden araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmektedir. Fakat aynı zamanda, insan örnekleri kullanılarak yürütülen antik DNA araştırmalarında izlenecek etik ilkeler hakkındaki tartışmalarda da dikkate değer bir artış gözlenmektedir. Bu makalede, özellikle son yıllarda geliştirilen etik yönergelerle birlikte, antik DNA araştırmaları etiği konusunda önemi olan bazı tartışmalar tarihsel kökenleriyle birlikte incelenmekte ve dikkate alınması gereken bazı hususlar vurgulanmaktadır.

Keywords

Antik DNA, araştırma etiği, arkeogenetik, genetik, paleogenomik

Some Discussions on Ethics of Ancient DNA Research

Abstract

During the relatively short period of time since the first ancient human genome was sequenced, there has been a significant increase in the number of ancient DNA research using human samples. This scientifically invaluable filed of research continues to reveal various previously unknown details about biological and socio-cultural history of humans. In this regard, ancient DNA research attracts the attention of researchers from many different disciplines. However, there has also been a notable increase in the discussions about ethical principles to be followed in ancient DNA research using human samples. In this article, including ethical guidelines developed especially in the recent years, some discussions that have importance in the ethics of ancient DNA research are examined together with their historical backgrounds. Also, some ethical considerations are highlighted.

Keywords

Ancient DNA, research ethics, archaeogenetic, genetics, paleogenomic

References

• Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül, David Anthony, Hiba Babiker, Eszter Bánffy, Thomas Booth vd. “Ethics of DNA research on human remains: Five Globally Applicable Guidelines.” Nature 599, (2021): 41-46. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04008-x.
• Chatters, James C. Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
• Claw, Katrina G., Dorothy Lippert, Jessica Bardill, Anna Cordova, Keolu Fox, Joseph M. Yracheta, Alyssa C. Bader, Deborah A. Bolnick, Ripan S. Malhi, Kimberly TallBear, Nanibaa' A. Garrison. “Chaco Canyon Dig Unearths Ethical Concerns.” Human Biology 89, sayı: 3 (2017): 177-80. DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.89.3.01
• Cortez, Amanda D., Deborah A. Bolnick, George Nicholas, Jesica Bardill ve Chip Colwell. “An Ethical Crisis in Ancient DNA Research: Insight from the Chaco Canyon Controversy as a Case Study.” Journal of Social Archaeology 21, sayı: 2 (2021): 151-78. DOI: 10.1177/1469605321991600.
• Fleskes, Raquel E., Alyssa C. Bader, Krystal S. Tsosie, Jennifer K. Wagner, Katrina G. Claw ve Nanibaa’ A. Garrison. “Ethical Guidance in Human Paleogenomics: New and Ongoing Perspectives.” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 23, (2022): 627-52. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-120621-090239.
• Fox, Keolu ve John Hawks. “Use Ancient Remains More Wisely.” Nature 572, (2019): 581-83. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-02516-5.
• Hudson, Maui, Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, Rogena Sterling, Nadine R. Caron, Keolu Fox, Joseph Yracheta, Jane Anderson, Phil Wilcox, Laura Arbour, Alex Brown, Maile Taualii, Tahu Kukutai, Rodney Haring, Ben Te Aika, Gareth S. Baynam, Peter K. Dearden, David Chagné, Ripan S. Malhi, Ibrahim Garba, Nicki Tiffin, Deborah Bolnick, Matthew Stott, Anna K. Rolleston, Leah L. Ballantyne, Ray Lovett, Dominique David-Chavez, Andrew Martinez, Andrew Sporle, Maggie Walter, Jeff Reading ve Stephanie Russo. “Rights, Interests and Expectations: Indigenous Perspectives on Unrestricted Access to Genomic Data.” Nature Reviews Genetics 21, (2020): 377-84. DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0228-x.
• Kennett, Douglas J., Stephen Plog, Richard J. George, Brendan J. Culleton, Adam S. Watson, Pontus Skoglund, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Kristin Stewardson, Logan Kistler, Steven A. LeBlanc, Peter M. Whiteley, David Reich ve George H. Perry. “Archaeogenomic Evidence Reveals Prehistoric Matrilineal Dynasty.” Nature Communications 8 (2017): 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14115.
• Klesert, Anthony L. ve Shirley Powell. “A Perspective on Ethics and Reburial Controversy.” American Antiquity 58, sayı: 2 (1993): 348-54.
• Marciniak, Stephanie ve George H. Perry. “Harnessing Ancient Genomes to Study the History of Human Adaptation.” Nature Reviews Genetics 18, (2017): 659-74. DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.65.
• Mulligan, Connie J. “Anthropological Applications of Ancient DNA: Problems and Prospects.” American Antiquity 71, sayı: 2 (2006): 365-80. DOI: 10.2307/40035909.
• O’Rourke, Dennis H., M. Geoffrey Hayes ve Shawn W. Carlyle. “Ancient DNA Studies in Physical Anthropology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 29, (2000): 217-42.
• Owsley, Douglas W. “Introduction.” Kennewick Man: The Scientific Investigation of an Ancient American Skeleton, ed.: Douglas W. Owsley ve Richard L. Jantz, 1-4. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2014.
• Owsley, Douglas W. ve Richard L. Jantz, (ed.) Kennewick Man: The Scientific Investigation of an Ancient American Skeleton. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2014.
• Pääbo, Svante. “Molecular Cloning of Ancient Egyptian Mummy DNA.” Nature 314, (1985): 644-45. DOI: 10.1038/314644a0.
• Prendergast, Mary E. ve Elizabeth Sawchuk. “Boots on the Ground in Africa’s Ancient DNA ‘revolution’: Archaeological Perspectives on Ethics and Best Practices.” Antiquity 92, sayı: 363 (2018): 803-15. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2018.70.
• Rasmussen, Morten, Martin Sikorta, Anders Albrechtsen, Thorfin Sand Korneliussen, J. Viktor Moreno-Mayar, G. David Poznik, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Morten E. Allentoft, Ida Moltke, Hákon Jónsson, Cristina Valdiosera, Ripan S. Malhi, Ludovic Orlando, Carlos D. Bustamante, Thomas W. Stafford Jr, David J. Meltzer, Rasmus Nielsen ve Eske Willerslev. “The Ancestry and Affiliations of Kennewick Man.” Nature 523 (2015): 455-58. DOI:10.1038/nature14625.
• Redman, Samuel J. Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
• Schillaci, Michael A. ve Wendy J. Bustard. “Controversy and Conflict: NAGPRA and the Role of Biological Anthropology in Determining Cultural Affiliation.” Political and Legal Anthropology Review 33, sayı: 2 (2010): 352-73.
• Taylor, R. E., Donna L. Kirner, John R. Southon ve James C. Chatters. “Radiocarbon Dates of Kennewick Man.” Science 280, (1998): 1171. DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5367.1171c.
• Ubelaker, Douglas H. ve Lauryn G. Grant. “Human Skeletal Remains: Preservation or Reburial?” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 32, (1989): 249-87.
• Wagner, Jennifer K., Chip Colwell, Katrina G. Claw, Anne C. Stone, Deborah A. Bolnick, John Hawks, Kyle B. Brothers ve Nanibaa’ A. Garrison. “Fostering Responsible Research on Ancient DNA.” The American Society of Human Genetics 107, (2020): 183-195. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.017.
• Willerslev, Eske ve Alan Cooper. “Review Paper: Ancient DNA.” Biological Sciences 272, (2005) 3-16. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2813.