<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>bps</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Bulletin of Palestine Studies</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2587-1862</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Muhammed Mustafa KULU</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34230/fiad.1740267</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Middle East Studies</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ortadoğu Çalışmaları</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Rusya’nın Filistin Politikası: Tarihsel ve Güncel Bir Değerlendirme</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>The Russian policy on Palestine: A Historical and Current Assessment</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5249-1911</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Hamzaoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Halit</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Kafkas Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251231">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>18</issue>
                                        <fpage>170</fpage>
                                        <lpage>208</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250711">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251222">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>22</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, Bulletin of Palestine Studies</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Bulletin of Palestine Studies</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, Rusya’nın Filistin politikasını kronolojik bir çerçevede ele almaktadır.  Rusya’nın Filistin politikasını tarihsel süreklilik ve değişim ekseninde incelemeyi amaçlayan bu çalışma niteliksel analiz temeline dayanmaktadır. Araştırma ve analiz sürecinde tarihsel analiz yöntemi benimsenmiş ve Rus dış politikasının çeşitli dönemlerine ait gelişmeler karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, Rusya&#039;nın Filistin’e yönelik yaklaşımının farklı dönemlerde hangi stratejik, ideolojik ve jeopolitik parametrelerle şekillendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Makale, dönemsel kırılma noktaları temelinde yapılandırılmıştır. Her döneme ilişkin analizler, dönemin öncesi-sonrası bağlamı gözetilerek yapılmış ve bu kırılmaların Rusya’nın dış politika yönelimi üzerindeki etkileri tarihsel süreklilik ve kopuşlar çerçevesinde yorumlanmıştır. Dönemsel ayrımlara dayalı analitik kurgulama, çalışmanın iç tutarlılığını güçlendirmiştir. Bu bağlamda Çarlık dönemi, Sovyetler Birliği dönemi ve post-Sovyet Rusya olmak üzere üç ana dönem esas alınmış ve bu dönemler arasında devamlılık ve kopuş unsurları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Veri toplama süreci, önemli düzeyde birincil ve ikincil kaynaklara dayanmaktadır. Çalışmada akademik kitaplar, hakemli dergi makaleleri, resmî belgeler, arşiv kayıtları, diplomatik metinler, lider söylemleri ve medya kaynakları gibi niteliksel verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Bu veriler, Rus dış politikasının söylemsel, yapısal ve eylemsel boyutlarını anlamaya yönelik olarak çözümlenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Böylelikle farklı dönemlerde Rusya’nın Filistin politikalarını belirleyen temel aktörler, söylemler ve dış politika araçları kapsamlı biçimde analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma ayrıca dönemsel karşılaştırmalı analiz tekniğini de içermektedir. Bu teknik aracılığıyla, her dönemin iç ve dış dinamikleri, uluslararası sistemdeki konumlanmalar ve bölgesel gelişmeler göz önüne alınarak Rusya’nın Filistin’e yönelik politikalarının dönüşüm seyri incelenmiştir. Analiz sürecinde ideolojik temaların (örneğin Ortodoksluk, sosyalizm, realpolitik), jeopolitik çıkarların ve kurumsal yapıların etkisi tarihsel bağlam içinde değerlendirilmiştir. Böylece, Rusya&#039;nın Filistin politikasının süreklilik gösteren stratejik motivasyonları ile döneme özgü değişkenleri ayırt edilebilir hale getirilmiştir. Bu metodolojik arka plan aracılığıyla, çalışmada tarihsel derinlik ile birlikte güncel dış politika dinamiklerinin geçmişle ilişkilendirilerek analiz edilmesi sağlanmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study examines Russia&#039;s policy toward Palestine within a chronological framework.  Aiming to examine Russia&#039;s policy toward Palestine in terms of historical continuity and change, this study is based on qualitative analysis. The historical analysis method was adopted in the research and analysis process, and developments in various periods of Russian foreign policy were evaluated in a comparative manner. The main objective of the study is to reveal the strategic, ideological, and geopolitical parameters that shaped Russia&#039;s approach to Palestine in different periods. The article is structured based on periodical turning points. Analyses of each period were conducted by considering the pre- and post-context of the period, and the effects of these turning points on Russia&#039;s foreign policy orientation were interpreted within the framework of historical continuity and discontinuities. The analytical structure based on periodical distinctions has strengthened the internal consistency of the study. In this context, three main periods have been taken as a basis: the Tsarist period, the Soviet period, and post-Soviet Russia, and elements of continuity and discontinuity between these periods have been identified. The data collection process relies heavily on primary and secondary sources. The study utilizes qualitative data such as academic books, peer-reviewed journal articles, official documents, archival records, diplomatic texts, leader statements, and media sources. These data have been analyzed and evaluated to understand the discursive, structural, and action-oriented dimensions of Russian foreign policy. Thus, the key actors, discourses, and foreign policy tools that shaped Russia&#039;s policies toward Palestine in different periods have been comprehensively analyzed. The study also includes a period-based comparative analysis technique. Through this technique, the transformation of Russia&#039;s policies toward Palestine has been examined by taking into account the internal and external dynamics of each period, their positions in the international system, and regional developments. During the analysis process, the influence of ideological themes (e.g., Orthodoxy, socialism, realpolitik), geopolitical interests, and institutional structures has been evaluated within their historical context. Thus, it has been possible to distinguish between Russia&#039;s strategic motivations for its Palestine policy that have remained constant and those that have varied over time. Through this methodological framework, the study provides an analysis that combines historical depth with an examination of current foreign policy dynamics in relation to the past.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Filistin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bölgesel Politika</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Dış Politika</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Orta Doğu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Rusya</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Palestine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Regional Policy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Foreign Policy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Middle East</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Russia</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abalyan, Anna. Blijnevostoçnaya politika Rossiyskoy Federatsyii v postsovetskoy period: dinamika razvitiya. Politeks 16, no.2, (2020): 263-281.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Agapov, Mihail. Deyatelnosti Sovetskoy razvedki v Evreysko-Palestinskom Soobşestve (1920-e gg). Sotsiyum i Vlasti 43, no.5 (2013): 125-130.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Agapov, Mihail. Palestina v Voyenno-Strategiçeskih Rasçetak SSSR (Sentyabr 1939-İyun 1941g).  Gramota 13, no.7 (2011): 10-14.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Agapov, Mihail. SSSR i Palestinskaya problema v 1920-e-1943 gg. Tyumen: Tyumenskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alivayivi, Mohammed Asaad, Otnoşeniya mejdu Palestinskoy Naçiyonalnoy Avtonomiyey i Rossiyskoy Federatsiyey: etap prezidentstva V.V. Putina. Vestnik Tambovskogo universiteta, Politiçeskiye nauki i pravo 2, no. 2 (2) (2015): 74-81.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anisimov, Oleg.  Rossiya i Napoleon III: boriba za Svyatiye mesta Palestini. Moskova: İndrik, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arslan, Melikşah, Suriye ve Filistin’de Rus Mevcudiyeti ve Osmanlı Siyaseti 1847-1914, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Belousova, Kseniya. Velikiye derjavı şestydnevnaya voyna 1967 goda. Predpodavatel XXI vek, no.3 (2015): 367-377.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bijan, Aref, The Future of Peace in the Middle East: Russia&#039;s Approach to Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Journal of Iran and Central Eurasia Studies 3, No.1 (2020): 51-73.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blijnevostoçniy konflikt 1947-1967. Dokument No: 236, Zapisi besedi zamestitelya ministra inostranikh del SSSR Y. K. Malika s predsedatelem ispolkoma organizatsyii osvobojhdeniya Palestini A. Shukeyri, Fond Aleksandra N. Yakovleva: Arxiv Aleksandra N. Yakovleva, 1966.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blijnevostoçnoye uregulirovaniye. Ministerstvo inastrannikh del Rossiyskoy Federatsyii (22 Temmuz 2005). https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/1686996/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bolşoye intervyu otveti prezidenta RF Vladimira Putina na voprosı jurnalistov. Lenta (31 Ocak 2006). https://lenta.ru/articles/2006/01/31/putin/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Budeiri, Musa. Filistin Komünist Partisi 1919-1948, Enternasyonalizm Mücadelesinde Araplar ve Yahudiler. çev. Şükrü Alpagut, İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çto izvestno o rol Rossiyii v uregulirovaniya blijnevostoçnogo konflikta. TASS (12 Ağustos 2024).  https://tass.ru/info/21586335.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demchenko, Aleksandr. “Arabskaya vesna” i politika Rossiyii v blijnevostoçnom regione. Perspektivı (15 Eylül 2012).  https://www.perspektivy.info/rus/desk/arabskaja_vesna_i_politika_rossii_v_blizhnevostochnom_regione_2012-09-15.htm.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demchenko, Aleksandr. Rol Rossiyii v uregulilirovaniyii palestinskogo-izrailskogo konflikta. Perspektvy (2 Eylül 2011).  https://www.perspektivy.info/print.php?ID=99358.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demchenko, Aleksandr. Vliyaniye “Arabskoy vesny” na situatsyii v Palestine. Uralskiy federalniy universitet, Uralskoye vostokovedeniye, No. 8 (2018): 99-114.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dmitryevskiy, Aleksey.  Yepiskop Porfiriy (Uspensky). Moskova: Obşestvo sokhraneniya literaturnogo naslediya, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dolgov, Boris. Rossiya na Blijnem Vostoke i palestinskiy vopros. Mejdunarodnaya Jizn, no. 5 (2019).  https://interaffairs.ru/jauthor/material/2189.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ermakov, Andrey, Kornilov, Aleksandr ve Rijhkov, İgor. Rossiya i severniy front İzrailya: noviye grani asimmetriçnogo konflikta. Via in tempore. History and political science 47, No.4 (2020): 885-893.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Golan, Galia. The Soviet Union and the Yom Kippur War. Israel Affairs 6, no.1 (2007): 127-152.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Golan, Galia. The Soviet Union and the Outbreak of the June 1967 Six-Day War. Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no.1 (2006): 3-19.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Glantz, Mary. How Does the Israel-Hamas War Impact Russia and Ukraine?. United States Institute of Peace (2 Kasım 2023).  https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/11/how-does-israel-hamas-war-impact-russia-and-ukraine.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Grushevoy, Aleksandr. Rossiya na Blijnem Vostoke pri Aleksandra II i Aleksandra III- sozdaniye Russkoy Palestini (1860-1882).  Vspomogatelniye istoriçeskiye disçiplini, no. 38 (2019): 265-285.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hammoudi, Sanaa. Russia and the War on Gaza: Interlocking Interests and Quiet Diplomacy. Policy Paper, Institute for Palestine Studies 057, (2024): 2-13.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hopwood, Derek. The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine 1843-1914, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İsayev, Andrey. Rossiya na Blijnem Vostoke: korotko o vajnom. Mejdurnarodniy Jizn (19 Şubat 2019). https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/21701.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İsmayıl, Elnur. İsrail’in Kuruluşunda Sovyetler Birliği Dış Politikası. Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi, no.16 (2024): 41-68. 
İvayna, Magomed. “Arabskaya vesna” i Palestinskaya problema. Vestnik RUDN, seriya Politologiya, no. 2 (2014): 83-88.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jitenyov, Sergei, Rossiyskaya imperiya na Blijnem Vostoke v pervoy polovine XIX v: diplomatiya, religiya i palomniçestvo. Jurnal İnsituta Naslediya 22, no. 3 (2020): 1-15.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karaman, M. Lutfullah. Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi 13, (1996): 103-106.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Katz N.Mark. The Soviet Roots of Putin’s Foreign Policy Toward the Middle East. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (12 Eylül 2024). https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/09/the-soviet-roots-of-putins-foreign-policy-toward-the-middle-east?lang=en.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kissinger, Henry. Diplomasi. çev. İbrahim H. Kurt, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kocatepe, Damla. Identity and Resistance: The Constructivist Transformation of Palestine. Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi, no.17 (2025): 1-34.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kramer, Arnold. The Forgotten Friendship: Israel and the Soviet Bloc. 1947-1953, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Krasna, Joshua. Moscow on the Mediterranean: Russia and Israel’s Relationship. Russia Foreign Policy Papers, Foreign Policy Research Institute (2018): 1-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kreutz, Andrej. Russian-Palestinian Relations: A Historical and Political Analysis. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 6, no.3 (2004): 1-73.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Krilov, Aleksandr.  Vzayimootnoşeniya mejdu Rossiey i Palestinoy do Pervoy mirovoy voynı, Palestina: Pervaya mejdunarodnaya nauçnaya konferençiya “Palestino-rossiyskiye otnoşeniya: realliyii perspektivi, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuzymin, Vadim. Obostreniye mejimperiyalistiçeskiy protivoreçiya na Blijnem Vostoke v konçe 1938-naçale 1939 gg Balkanı i Blijniy Vostok v noveyşeye vremya. Sverdlovsk: URGU, 1974.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lider delegatsyii XAMAS: “Mi ne terroristi”. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (6 Mart 2006). https://rg.ru/2006/03/06/hamas.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Magid, Jacob, White House ‘deeply disappointed’ after Abbas tells Putin he doesn’t trust US. The Times of Israel (15 Ekim 2022).  https://www.timesofisrael.com/white-house-deeply-disappointed-after-abbas-tells-putin-he-doesnt-trust-us/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mejgosudarstvenniye otnoşeniya Rossiyii i Palestini. RİA Novosti (12 Ağustos 2024). https://ria.ru/20240812/diplomatiya-1965146926.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Muhamedjanov, İldar. Rol SSSR v sobitiyah v Palestine, İslam Today (13 Mart 2014). https://islam-today.ru/istoria/rol-sssr-v-sobytiah-v-palestine/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Muxametshina, Elena. Çto govoril Vladimir Putin na zasedeaniyii soveta glav gosudarstv SNG. Vedomosti (13 Ekim 2023). https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2023/10/13/1000535-chto-govoril-putin-na-zasedanii.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nosenko, Tatyana, İsayev, Vladimir ve Melkumyan, Elena. Palestinskaya problema v blijnevostoçnoy politike SSSR/Rossiyii. Vestnik MGİMO-Universiteta 55, no. 4 (2017): 113-126.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nosenko, Tatyana. Pozitsiya SSSR vo vremya oktyabrskiy voynı 1973 g.: neizvestniye stranitsı i istoriyografiçeskiye interpretatsiyii. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, seriya  Mejdunarodniye otnoşeniya i mirovaya politika, no.3, (2019): 3-39.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nosenko, Tatyana. Suyetskiy krizis v Blijnevostoçnoy politike SSSR: vajnaya zayavka na samostoyatelynuyu rol. Vestnik İV RAN, no.1 (2024): 55-65.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Page, Stephen. The USSR and Arabia: The Development of Soviet Policies and Attitudes Towards the Countries of the Arabian Peninsula, 1955-1970. London: The Central Asian Research Centre, 1971.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Palestinskaya Komissiya (1864-1889). İmperatorskoye Pravoslavnoye Palestinskoye Obşestvo (02.05.2025). https://www.ippo.ru/historyippo/article/palestinskaya-komissiya-1864-1889-202250.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pestich, Sergey. Politika SSSR vo vremya krizisa sentyabrya 1970 g v İordaniyii. Vestnik Bryanskogo universiteta, no.1 (2018): 124-130.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Povolotskiy İlya. SSSR i Suyetskiy krizis v kontekste izuçeniya istoriyii mejdunarodnih otnoşeniiy. Agrokol Kolomna (2025): 1-15.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pozdnyakov, Evgeniy ve Abramov, İlya. Poçemu Rossiya sahranyayet neytralitet v konflikte na Blijnem Vostoke. Vzglyad (13 Ekim 2023). https://vz.ru/politics/2023/10/13/1234833.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pozitsiya Rossiyii po Gaze ne izmenilyas, zayavil Putin. RİA Novosti (5 Haziran 2024). https://ria.ru/20240605/putin-1950834745.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pozitsiya Rossiyii po voyne İzrailya v sektore Gaza: çeli i vizovı. Raseef 22 Livan (9 Kasım 2023). https://inosmi.ru/20231109/rossiya-266498712.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Putin sdelal neajidannoye predlojeniye XAMASu. Obobşeniya.  RİA Novosti (7 Haziran 2008). https://ria.ru/20060210/43469591.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rossiya prizvala İzrail k saderjannosty v hode operatsyii “Severniy şit”. Kommersant (5 Aralık 2018). https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3820652.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rossiysko-palestinskiye otnoşeniya. RİA Novosti (18 Mart 2020). https://ria.ru/20180212/1514303695.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rotman, Fredi. Vlyaniye Suyetskogo krizisa na sovetskih evreeyev. (29 Aralık 2024). https://home.jdoc.org.il/post/_suez.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Smagin, Nikita. Blijnevostoçnoye potverjdeniye Çego jdet Rossiya ot voynı v Gaze.  Berlinskiy çentr Karnegi (5 Aralık 2023). https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2023/12/the-gaza-war-has-convinced-russia-it-was-right-all-along?lang=ru.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Smirnova, İrina ve Butova, Ritta. Rossiya v Svyatoy Zemlye Deyateli i uçrejdeniya Russkoy Palestini (XIX-XX vek). Vestnik RFFİ Gumanitarniye i obşestvenniye nauki, no. 2 (2021): 24-36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Smith, A. Mark, Russia&amp; The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Conflict Studies Research Centre, Occasional Brief 90 (2002): 1-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stavrou, G. Stavrou. Russian Interests in Palestine, 1882-1914, Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1963.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Streltsov, Dmitri. Rossiya i stranı Vostoka v postbipolarniy period. Moskova: Aspekt Press, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Torin, Andrey. Deklaratsiya Balfura i russkaya revolutsiya: posledstviya dlya Blijnego Vostoka, Mejdunarodniy Jizn (29 Haziran 2017). https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/17856.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Trenin, Dmitri. Rossiya na Blijnem Vostoke: zadaçi, prioritety, politiçeskiye stimulı.  Moskovskiy çentr Karnegi (2016). https://carnegie.ru/2016/04/21/ru-63388/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Trenin, Dmitri. What drives Russia’s policy in the Middle East?. European Union Institute for Security Studies (2018): 21-28.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Veynberg, Petr. Puteşestviya russkih lyudey za granitsu. Po proyizvedeniyam russkoy literaturı, Niva, no. 2 (1889): 54-58.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Viktorov, Aleksandr. “Russkiy sled” v Palestine, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, (21 Haziran 2002). https://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2002-06-21/7_palestina.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vorobyev, Valeriy. Rol Sovetskogo Soyuza v sozdaniyii gosudarstvo İzrail, aeşivyuçitelniye akkordı voynı.  Moskova: MGIMO, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
