Abstract
How to use reason in the face of political and religious authority, and whether,
or to what extent, it has freedom have been the subject matter of many philosophical
discussions. Kant’s contribution to these discussions is his distinction between the public
and private use of reason. The public use of reason (der öffentliche Gebrauch), he claims,
is what enables (the) enlightenment to blossom out and provides the learned with the
freedom they need in their publications, which serve the function of enlightening the
people. Kant does not claim that the authorities – political or religious – are to be
abolished; but, stresses that they need to be controlled by constant questioning. For this
role, he singles out philosophy, and emphasizes that without it no authority could
achieve what it strives for. In light of these issues, in this paper, I will be examining what
Kant understands from the public use of reason, and why it is regarded as necessary for
(the) enlightenment, taking into account not just his prominent essay, “An Answer to the
Question: ‘What is Enlightenment?’,” but also The Conflict of the Faculties.
References
- Braeckman, Antoon. “The Moral Inevitability of Enlightenment and the Precariousnessof the Moment: Reading Kant’s ‘What is Enlightenment?’” The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 62, No. 2 (December 2008): 285-306.
- Clarke, Michael. “Kant’s Rhetoric of Enlightenment.” The Review of Politics. Vol. 59, No. 1 (Winter 1997): 53-73.
- Kant, Immanuel. “An Answer to the Question: ‘What is Enlightenment?’” In Political Writings, edited by H. S. Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Kant, Immanuel. The Conflict of the Faculties. Translated by Mary J. Gregor. New York: Abaris Books, 1979.
- Kneller, Jane. “Kant on Sex and Marriage Right.” In The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, edited by Paul Guyer, 447-476. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Kuehn, Manfred. “Kant’s Critical Philosophy and Its Reception – The First Five Years (1781-1786).” In The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, edited by Paul Guyer, 630-663. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Surprenant, Chris W. “Liberty, Autonomy, and Kant’s Civil Society.” History of Philosophy Quarterly. Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 2010): 79-94.
- Wood, Allen W. “Kant’s Life and Works” In A Companion to Kant, edited by Graham Bird, 10-29. Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006.
Abstract
Aklın siyasi ve dini otorite karşısında nasıl kullanılacağı, özgürlüğe sahip olup
olmadığı veya eğer sahipse bu özgürlüğün derecesinin ne olduğu birçok felsefi
tartışmanın konusu olmuştur. Kant’ın bu tartışmlara katkısı ise, aklın kamu hizmetinde
kullanımı (der öffentliche Gebrauch) ile özel olarak kullanımı (der Privatgebrauch)
arasında yaptığı ayrımdır. Kant’a göre aklın kamu hizmetinde kulwilanılması,
aydınlanmanın gelişmesine imkan sağlaması ve okumuşlara insanları
aydınlatmalarında hizmet edecek yayın özgürlüğünü sağlaması anlamına gelmektedir.
Kant siyasi ya da dini herhangi bir otoritenin yok edilmesini gerektiğini
savunmamaktadır; ancak bunların sürekli bir sorgulama ile kontrol altında tutulmasına
ihtiyaç olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu amaç için ise felsefeyi seçer ve felsefe olmaksızın
hiçbir otoritenin hedeflediği amacına ulaşamayacağının altını çizer. Bu çerçevede, bu
makalede, Kant’ın ‘aklın kamu hizmetinde kullanımı’ndan ne anladığı ve bu kullanımın
aydınlanma (dönemi) için neden gerekli görüldüğü ünlü “‘Aydınlanma Nedir?’ Sorusuna
Yanıt” adlı makalesiyle birlikte Fakülteler Çatışması adlı eseri dikkate alınarak
incelenecektir.
References
- Braeckman, Antoon. “The Moral Inevitability of Enlightenment and the Precariousnessof the Moment: Reading Kant’s ‘What is Enlightenment?’” The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 62, No. 2 (December 2008): 285-306.
- Clarke, Michael. “Kant’s Rhetoric of Enlightenment.” The Review of Politics. Vol. 59, No. 1 (Winter 1997): 53-73.
- Kant, Immanuel. “An Answer to the Question: ‘What is Enlightenment?’” In Political Writings, edited by H. S. Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Kant, Immanuel. The Conflict of the Faculties. Translated by Mary J. Gregor. New York: Abaris Books, 1979.
- Kneller, Jane. “Kant on Sex and Marriage Right.” In The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, edited by Paul Guyer, 447-476. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Kuehn, Manfred. “Kant’s Critical Philosophy and Its Reception – The First Five Years (1781-1786).” In The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, edited by Paul Guyer, 630-663. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Surprenant, Chris W. “Liberty, Autonomy, and Kant’s Civil Society.” History of Philosophy Quarterly. Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 2010): 79-94.
- Wood, Allen W. “Kant’s Life and Works” In A Companion to Kant, edited by Graham Bird, 10-29. Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Philosophy |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 29, 2018 |
| Submission Date | September 14, 2018 |
| Acceptance Date | December 29, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 13 Issue: 26 |
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