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The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey

Year 2014, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 53 - 62, 18.04.2014

Abstract

Vaginal wash emerged in19th century as a method of birth control and as it was understood that it was not protecting from pregnancy, it kept its existence as a cosmetic application. Taking its place in the literature as “Vaginal douche”, this application has been used by women for several reasons yet all of which are based on the idea of “feeling better”. Even though it is seen as a reason for several negative issues concerning women’s health, the cause and effect relationship in between vaginal douche and any vaginal problems are still not clearly understood. In fact, it is implemented in different ways and it even means different things in different cultures. Neither the studies conducted on Americans using vaginal douche products nor the studies conducted on Africans preferring home- made products are qualified to reflect the realities of our country. There is a great need for studies with a high level of evidence on the effects of vaginal douching habits of women living in Turkey on women’s health.

Keywords: Turkey, vaginal douche, vagina, women’s health, vaginal health

References

  • Akın, B., Erdem, H., Ege, E. (2006). 15- 49 yaş evli kadınlarda vajinal duş uygulaması (vd) ve olumsuz etkileri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2): 1-16.
  • Anderson, M. R., McKee, D., Yukes, J., Alvarez, A., Karasz, A. (2008). An investigation of douching practices in the botánicas of the Bronx. Culture, Health &Sexuallity, 10(1): 1-11.
  • Annang, L., Grimley, D.M., HookIII, E.W. (2006). Vaginal douche practices among black women at risk: Exploring douching prevalence, reasons for douching and sexually transmitted disease infection. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33(4): 215-219.
  • Aral, S. O., Mosher, W. D., Cates, W. Jr. (1992). Vaginal douching among reproductive age in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 82(2): 210-214.
  • Arbour, M., Corwin, E. J., Salsberry, P. (2009). Douching patterns in women related to socioeconomic and racial/ ethnic characteristics. Journal Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nursing, 38(5): 577- 585.
  • Brotman, R. M. ve ark. (2008a). The effect of vaginal douching cessation on bacterial vaginosis: A pilot study. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol, 198(6): 628 e1- 628 e7.
  • Brotman, R. M. ve ark. (2008b). A Longitudinal study of vaginal douching and bacterial vaginosis- A marginal structural modelling analysis. Am Journal of Epidemiology, 168: 188-196.
  • Cottrell B. H. (2003). Vaginal douching. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 32(1): 12-18.
  • Cottrell, B. H. (2006a). Vaginal douching practices of women in eight Florida panhandle counties. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 35(1): 24-33.
  • Cottrell, B. H. (2006b). Discussing the health risks of douching. Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses, 10(2): 131-136.
  • Cottrell, B. H., Close, F. T. (2008). Vaginal douching among university women in The Southeastern United States. Journal American College Health, 56(4): 415- 421.
  • Cottrell, B. H. (2010). An updated review of evidence to: Discourage douching. Maternal Child Nursing, 35(2): 102-107.
  • Çalışkan, D., Çöl, M., Akdur, R., Yavuzdemir, Ş., Yavuz, Y. (1996). Park sağlık ocağı bölgesinde 15-49 yaş grubu kadınlarda vajinal duş sıklığı ve etkili faktörler üzerine çalışma. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 49(2):73-80.
  • Çalışkan. D., Subaşı, N., Sarışen, Ö. (2006). Vaginal douching and associatiated factors among married women attending a family planning clinic or gynecology clinic. Europan Journal of
  • Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 127(2): 244-25 De La Cruz, N., Cornish, D. L., McCree- Hale, R., Annang, L., Grimley, D. M. (2009). Attitudes and sociocultural factors influencing vaginal douching behavior among English-speaking Latinas.
  • Am Journal Health Behavior, 33(5): 558- 568. Ege, E., Timur, S., Zincir, H., Egri, M., Reeder, S. (2007). Women’s douching practices and related attitudes in eastern Turkey. Journal Obstet Gynecol, 33(3): 353-359.
  • Ferranti, M. (2009). From birth control to that “fresh feeling”: A historical perspective on Femine Hyiene in Medicine and Media. Women & Health, 49(8): 592-607.
  • Foch, B. J., McDaniel, N. D., Chacko, M. R. (2001). Racial differences in vaginal douching knowledge, attitude, and practices among sexually active adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol,14:
  • Foch, B. J., McDaniel, N. D., Chacko, M. R. (2000). Vaginal douching in adolescents attending a family planning clinic. Journal Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 13(2): 92.
  • Fonck, K. ve ark. (2001). Sexually transmitted infections and vaginal douching in a population of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transmitted Infection, 77: 175-271.
  • Funkhouser, E. ve ark. (2002). Douching beliefs and pracitces among black and white women. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender- Based Medicine, 11(1): 29-37.
  • Gazmarian, J. A., Bruce, F. C., Kendrick, J. S., Grace, C. C., Wynn, S. (2001). Why do women douche? Results from a qualitative study. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 5: 153–160.
  • Gresenguet, G., Kreiss, J. K., Chapko, M. K., Hillier, S. L., Weiss, N. S. (1997). HIV infections and vaginal douching in Central Africa. AIDS, 11: 101-106.
  • Grimley, D. M., Annang, L., Foushee, H. R., Bruce, F. C., Kendrick, J. S. (2006). Vaginal douches and other feminine hygiene products: Women’s practices and perceptions of product safety. Matern Child Health Journal, 10(3): 303-310
  • Güzel, A., Kuyucuoğlu, U., Çelik, V. (2010). Vaginal douching practice and related symptoms in rural area of Turkey. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 1805-1806.
  • Hacıalioğlu, N., Nazik, E., Kılıç, M. (2009). A descriptive study of douching practices in Turkish women. International Journal of Nursing Practise, 15: 57-64.
  • Hemmerling, A. ve ark. (2007). Lime juice as a candidate microbicide? A open-label safety trial of 10% and 20 % lime juice used vaginally. Journal of Women’s Health, 16(7): 1041-1051.
  • Iannacchione, M. A. (2004). The vagina dialogues: Do you douche? The American Journal of Nursing, 104(1): 40-45.
  • Imade, G. E. ve ark. (2005). Use of lemon or lime juice douches in women in Jos, Nigeria. Sexuall Health, 2: 237-239.
  • Ji, F. ve ark. (2009). Investigation of the situation of vaginal microflora in healthy women population. Zhanghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 44(1): 9-12.
  • Joesoef, M. R. ve ark. (1996). Douching and sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women in Surabaya, Indonesia. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol, 174: 115-119.
  • Karaer, A., Avsar, A. F., Ozkan, O., Bayır, B., Sayan, K. (2005). Vaginal douching practice in Turkish women: Who is douching and why? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 45: 522-525.
  • Kısa, S., Taşkın, L. (2010). Behavioral risk factors that predispose women to vaginal infection in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci, 26(4): 800-80
  • Koblin, B. A., Mayer K, Mwatha A. (2002). Douching practices among woman at risk of HIV infection in the United States, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 29: 406.
  • Kukulu, K. (2006). Vaginal douching pracitces and beliefs in Turkey. Culture Health and Sexuality, 8(4): 371-378.
  • Lichtenstein, B., Nansel, T. R. (2000). Women’s douching practices and related attitudes: Finding from four focus groups women and health. Women Health, 31(2-3): 117-131.
  • Lowe, N. K., Ryan-Wenger, N. A. (2006). Factors associated with vaginal douching in military women. Military Medicine, 171(10): 1015-1019.
  • Marazzo, J. M., Thomas, K. K., Agrew, K., Ringwood, K. (2010). Prevalence and risks for bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women. Sexually Transmitted Disease, 37(5): 353-359.
  • Mark, H. ve ark. (2010). What has changed about vaginal douching among African Amerikan mothers and doughters? Public Health Nursing, 27(5): 418-424.
  • Markham, C. M. ve ark. (2007). Brief report on factors associated with frequent vaginal douching among alternative school youth. Journal Adolesc Health, 41(5): 509-512.
  • Martino, J. L., Vermund, S. H. (2002). Vaginal douching: Evindence for risks or benefits to women’s health. Epidemiol Rev, 24: 109-1
  • McKee, M. D., Baquero, M., Anderson, M. R., Alvarez, A., Karasz, A. (2009). Vaginal douching among Latinas: Practices and meaning. Matern Child Health, 13(1): 98-106
  • Misra, D. P., Trabert, B., Atherly- Trim, S. (2006). Variation and predictors of vaginal douching behaviour. Womens Health Issues, 16(5): 275-282.
  • Ness, R. B. ve ark. (2003). Why women douche and why they may or may not stop. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, January: 71-74.
  • Ocaktan, M. E., Baran, E., Akdur, R. (2010). Evaluation of habitual behaviour related to genital hygiene in women living in a health care center area. Saudi Med Journal, 31(11): 1251-1256
  • Oh, M. K., Merchant, J.S., Brown, P. (2002). Douching behaviour in high-risk adolescents: What do they use, when and why do they douche? Journal Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 15: 83-88.
  • Oh, M. K., Funkhouser, E., Simpson, T., Brown, P., Merchant, J. (2003). Early onset of vaginal douching is associated with false beliefs and high-risk behaviour. Sexually Transmitted Disease, 30(9): 689-69
  • Onderdonk, A. B., Delaney, M. L., Hinkson, P. L., DuBois, A. M. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative effects of douche preparations on vaginal microflora. Obstet Gynecol, 80: 333-338.
  • Pavlova, S. J., Tao, L. (2000). In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products againts vaginal microflora. Infections Diseases in
  • Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8: 99-104. Phongsavan, K., Phengsavanh, A., Wahlström, R., Marion, S. L. (2010). Women’s perception of cervical cancer and its prevention in rural Laos. International Journal Gynecol Cancer, 20(5): 8218
  • Redding, K. S. ve ark. (2010) Vaginal douching among Latina immigrants. Matern Child Heald Journal, 14(2): 274-282.
  • Rupp, R., Short, M.B., Head-Carrol, Y., Rosenthal, S. L. (2006). Intergenerational transfer of douching information. Journal Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 19(2): 69-73.
  • Sakru, N. ve ark. (2006). Does vaginal douching affect the risk of vaginal infections in pregnant women? Saudi Med Journal, 27(2): 215-2
  • Simpson, T., Merchant, J., Grimley, D. M., Oh, M. K. (2004). Vaginal douching among adolescent and young women: More challenges than progress. Journal Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 17(4): 249-25
  • Smith, L. V. ve ark. (2005). Characterization of frequent douchers attending a community clinic primarily serving African-American women. Journal of the national medical association. Journal Natl Med Assoc, 97(10): 1386-1392.
  • Sunay, D., Kaya, E., Ergün, Y. (2011). Kadınların vajinal duş davranışları ve vajinal duşun bajinal akıntı ve demografik faktörlerle ilişkisi. J Turk Soc Ebstet Gynecol., 8(4): 264-271.
  • Şen, E., Mete, S. (2009). Vaginal douching practices of women in Turkey. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 2(1): 3-15.
  • Tanudyaya, F. K. ve ark. (2010). Prevalence of sexually transmitted infection and sexual risk behaviour among female sex workers in nine provinces in Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal Trop Med Public Health, 41(2): 463-73.
  • Watson-Jones, D. ve ark. (2007). Risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV among women at high risk in Northwestern Tanzania: Preparing for an HSV-2 intervention trial. Journal Acquir Immune Defic Synd, 46(5): 631-642.
  • Weisman, C. S. ve ark. (2007). Vaginal douching and intimate partner violence is there an association? Women’s Health Issues, 17: 310-3

Türkiye'de Vajinal Duş Gerçeği

Year 2014, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 53 - 62, 18.04.2014

Abstract

Vajen içi yıkama, 19. yüzyılda doğum kontrol yöntemi olarak ortaya çıkmış, fakat gebelikten korumadığı anlaşılınca kozmetik bir uygulama olarak varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Literatüre “vajinal duş” olarak geçen bu uygulama,kadınlar tarafından çeşitli sebeplerle kullanılsa dabunların hepsi “kendini iyi hissetme” düşüncesine dayanır. Kadın sağlığını ilgilendiren bir çok olumsuz durumun sebebi olarak görülmesine rağmenduşun, vajinal sorunlar ilearasındaki neden sonuç ilişkisi hala anlaşılmış değildir. Hatta değişik kültürlerde farklı şekillerde uygulanmakta ve farklı anlamlar ifade etmektedir. Ne Amerika’da ticari vajinal duş ürünü kullanan ne de Afrika’da ev yapımı ürünleri tercih eden kadınlarda yapılan çalışmalar, ülkemiz gerçeklerini yansıtır nitelikte değildir. Türkiye’de yaşayan kadınların vajinal duş alışkanlıklarının kadın sağlığı üzerine etkisini inceleyen kanıt düzeyi yüksek araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, vajinal duş, vajina, kadın sağlığı, vajinal sağlık.

References

  • Akın, B., Erdem, H., Ege, E. (2006). 15- 49 yaş evli kadınlarda vajinal duş uygulaması (vd) ve olumsuz etkileri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2): 1-16.
  • Anderson, M. R., McKee, D., Yukes, J., Alvarez, A., Karasz, A. (2008). An investigation of douching practices in the botánicas of the Bronx. Culture, Health &Sexuallity, 10(1): 1-11.
  • Annang, L., Grimley, D.M., HookIII, E.W. (2006). Vaginal douche practices among black women at risk: Exploring douching prevalence, reasons for douching and sexually transmitted disease infection. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33(4): 215-219.
  • Aral, S. O., Mosher, W. D., Cates, W. Jr. (1992). Vaginal douching among reproductive age in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 82(2): 210-214.
  • Arbour, M., Corwin, E. J., Salsberry, P. (2009). Douching patterns in women related to socioeconomic and racial/ ethnic characteristics. Journal Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nursing, 38(5): 577- 585.
  • Brotman, R. M. ve ark. (2008a). The effect of vaginal douching cessation on bacterial vaginosis: A pilot study. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol, 198(6): 628 e1- 628 e7.
  • Brotman, R. M. ve ark. (2008b). A Longitudinal study of vaginal douching and bacterial vaginosis- A marginal structural modelling analysis. Am Journal of Epidemiology, 168: 188-196.
  • Cottrell B. H. (2003). Vaginal douching. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 32(1): 12-18.
  • Cottrell, B. H. (2006a). Vaginal douching practices of women in eight Florida panhandle counties. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 35(1): 24-33.
  • Cottrell, B. H. (2006b). Discussing the health risks of douching. Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses, 10(2): 131-136.
  • Cottrell, B. H., Close, F. T. (2008). Vaginal douching among university women in The Southeastern United States. Journal American College Health, 56(4): 415- 421.
  • Cottrell, B. H. (2010). An updated review of evidence to: Discourage douching. Maternal Child Nursing, 35(2): 102-107.
  • Çalışkan, D., Çöl, M., Akdur, R., Yavuzdemir, Ş., Yavuz, Y. (1996). Park sağlık ocağı bölgesinde 15-49 yaş grubu kadınlarda vajinal duş sıklığı ve etkili faktörler üzerine çalışma. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 49(2):73-80.
  • Çalışkan. D., Subaşı, N., Sarışen, Ö. (2006). Vaginal douching and associatiated factors among married women attending a family planning clinic or gynecology clinic. Europan Journal of
  • Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 127(2): 244-25 De La Cruz, N., Cornish, D. L., McCree- Hale, R., Annang, L., Grimley, D. M. (2009). Attitudes and sociocultural factors influencing vaginal douching behavior among English-speaking Latinas.
  • Am Journal Health Behavior, 33(5): 558- 568. Ege, E., Timur, S., Zincir, H., Egri, M., Reeder, S. (2007). Women’s douching practices and related attitudes in eastern Turkey. Journal Obstet Gynecol, 33(3): 353-359.
  • Ferranti, M. (2009). From birth control to that “fresh feeling”: A historical perspective on Femine Hyiene in Medicine and Media. Women & Health, 49(8): 592-607.
  • Foch, B. J., McDaniel, N. D., Chacko, M. R. (2001). Racial differences in vaginal douching knowledge, attitude, and practices among sexually active adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol,14:
  • Foch, B. J., McDaniel, N. D., Chacko, M. R. (2000). Vaginal douching in adolescents attending a family planning clinic. Journal Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 13(2): 92.
  • Fonck, K. ve ark. (2001). Sexually transmitted infections and vaginal douching in a population of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transmitted Infection, 77: 175-271.
  • Funkhouser, E. ve ark. (2002). Douching beliefs and pracitces among black and white women. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender- Based Medicine, 11(1): 29-37.
  • Gazmarian, J. A., Bruce, F. C., Kendrick, J. S., Grace, C. C., Wynn, S. (2001). Why do women douche? Results from a qualitative study. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 5: 153–160.
  • Gresenguet, G., Kreiss, J. K., Chapko, M. K., Hillier, S. L., Weiss, N. S. (1997). HIV infections and vaginal douching in Central Africa. AIDS, 11: 101-106.
  • Grimley, D. M., Annang, L., Foushee, H. R., Bruce, F. C., Kendrick, J. S. (2006). Vaginal douches and other feminine hygiene products: Women’s practices and perceptions of product safety. Matern Child Health Journal, 10(3): 303-310
  • Güzel, A., Kuyucuoğlu, U., Çelik, V. (2010). Vaginal douching practice and related symptoms in rural area of Turkey. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 1805-1806.
  • Hacıalioğlu, N., Nazik, E., Kılıç, M. (2009). A descriptive study of douching practices in Turkish women. International Journal of Nursing Practise, 15: 57-64.
  • Hemmerling, A. ve ark. (2007). Lime juice as a candidate microbicide? A open-label safety trial of 10% and 20 % lime juice used vaginally. Journal of Women’s Health, 16(7): 1041-1051.
  • Iannacchione, M. A. (2004). The vagina dialogues: Do you douche? The American Journal of Nursing, 104(1): 40-45.
  • Imade, G. E. ve ark. (2005). Use of lemon or lime juice douches in women in Jos, Nigeria. Sexuall Health, 2: 237-239.
  • Ji, F. ve ark. (2009). Investigation of the situation of vaginal microflora in healthy women population. Zhanghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 44(1): 9-12.
  • Joesoef, M. R. ve ark. (1996). Douching and sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women in Surabaya, Indonesia. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol, 174: 115-119.
  • Karaer, A., Avsar, A. F., Ozkan, O., Bayır, B., Sayan, K. (2005). Vaginal douching practice in Turkish women: Who is douching and why? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 45: 522-525.
  • Kısa, S., Taşkın, L. (2010). Behavioral risk factors that predispose women to vaginal infection in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci, 26(4): 800-80
  • Koblin, B. A., Mayer K, Mwatha A. (2002). Douching practices among woman at risk of HIV infection in the United States, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 29: 406.
  • Kukulu, K. (2006). Vaginal douching pracitces and beliefs in Turkey. Culture Health and Sexuality, 8(4): 371-378.
  • Lichtenstein, B., Nansel, T. R. (2000). Women’s douching practices and related attitudes: Finding from four focus groups women and health. Women Health, 31(2-3): 117-131.
  • Lowe, N. K., Ryan-Wenger, N. A. (2006). Factors associated with vaginal douching in military women. Military Medicine, 171(10): 1015-1019.
  • Marazzo, J. M., Thomas, K. K., Agrew, K., Ringwood, K. (2010). Prevalence and risks for bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women. Sexually Transmitted Disease, 37(5): 353-359.
  • Mark, H. ve ark. (2010). What has changed about vaginal douching among African Amerikan mothers and doughters? Public Health Nursing, 27(5): 418-424.
  • Markham, C. M. ve ark. (2007). Brief report on factors associated with frequent vaginal douching among alternative school youth. Journal Adolesc Health, 41(5): 509-512.
  • Martino, J. L., Vermund, S. H. (2002). Vaginal douching: Evindence for risks or benefits to women’s health. Epidemiol Rev, 24: 109-1
  • McKee, M. D., Baquero, M., Anderson, M. R., Alvarez, A., Karasz, A. (2009). Vaginal douching among Latinas: Practices and meaning. Matern Child Health, 13(1): 98-106
  • Misra, D. P., Trabert, B., Atherly- Trim, S. (2006). Variation and predictors of vaginal douching behaviour. Womens Health Issues, 16(5): 275-282.
  • Ness, R. B. ve ark. (2003). Why women douche and why they may or may not stop. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, January: 71-74.
  • Ocaktan, M. E., Baran, E., Akdur, R. (2010). Evaluation of habitual behaviour related to genital hygiene in women living in a health care center area. Saudi Med Journal, 31(11): 1251-1256
  • Oh, M. K., Merchant, J.S., Brown, P. (2002). Douching behaviour in high-risk adolescents: What do they use, when and why do they douche? Journal Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 15: 83-88.
  • Oh, M. K., Funkhouser, E., Simpson, T., Brown, P., Merchant, J. (2003). Early onset of vaginal douching is associated with false beliefs and high-risk behaviour. Sexually Transmitted Disease, 30(9): 689-69
  • Onderdonk, A. B., Delaney, M. L., Hinkson, P. L., DuBois, A. M. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative effects of douche preparations on vaginal microflora. Obstet Gynecol, 80: 333-338.
  • Pavlova, S. J., Tao, L. (2000). In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products againts vaginal microflora. Infections Diseases in
  • Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8: 99-104. Phongsavan, K., Phengsavanh, A., Wahlström, R., Marion, S. L. (2010). Women’s perception of cervical cancer and its prevention in rural Laos. International Journal Gynecol Cancer, 20(5): 8218
  • Redding, K. S. ve ark. (2010) Vaginal douching among Latina immigrants. Matern Child Heald Journal, 14(2): 274-282.
  • Rupp, R., Short, M.B., Head-Carrol, Y., Rosenthal, S. L. (2006). Intergenerational transfer of douching information. Journal Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 19(2): 69-73.
  • Sakru, N. ve ark. (2006). Does vaginal douching affect the risk of vaginal infections in pregnant women? Saudi Med Journal, 27(2): 215-2
  • Simpson, T., Merchant, J., Grimley, D. M., Oh, M. K. (2004). Vaginal douching among adolescent and young women: More challenges than progress. Journal Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 17(4): 249-25
  • Smith, L. V. ve ark. (2005). Characterization of frequent douchers attending a community clinic primarily serving African-American women. Journal of the national medical association. Journal Natl Med Assoc, 97(10): 1386-1392.
  • Sunay, D., Kaya, E., Ergün, Y. (2011). Kadınların vajinal duş davranışları ve vajinal duşun bajinal akıntı ve demografik faktörlerle ilişkisi. J Turk Soc Ebstet Gynecol., 8(4): 264-271.
  • Şen, E., Mete, S. (2009). Vaginal douching practices of women in Turkey. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 2(1): 3-15.
  • Tanudyaya, F. K. ve ark. (2010). Prevalence of sexually transmitted infection and sexual risk behaviour among female sex workers in nine provinces in Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal Trop Med Public Health, 41(2): 463-73.
  • Watson-Jones, D. ve ark. (2007). Risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV among women at high risk in Northwestern Tanzania: Preparing for an HSV-2 intervention trial. Journal Acquir Immune Defic Synd, 46(5): 631-642.
  • Weisman, C. S. ve ark. (2007). Vaginal douching and intimate partner violence is there an association? Women’s Health Issues, 17: 310-3
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Filiz Okumuş

Publication Date April 18, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Okumuş, F. (2014). The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 22(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.17672/fnhd.07936
AMA Okumuş F. The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. April 2014;22(1):53-62. doi:10.17672/fnhd.07936
Chicago Okumuş, Filiz. “The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey”. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing 22, no. 1 (April 2014): 53-62. https://doi.org/10.17672/fnhd.07936.
EndNote Okumuş F (April 1, 2014) The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing 22 1 53–62.
IEEE F. Okumuş, “The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey”, Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 53–62, 2014, doi: 10.17672/fnhd.07936.
ISNAD Okumuş, Filiz. “The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey”. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing 22/1 (April 2014), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.17672/fnhd.07936.
JAMA Okumuş F. The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2014;22:53–62.
MLA Okumuş, Filiz. “The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey”. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, vol. 22, no. 1, 2014, pp. 53-62, doi:10.17672/fnhd.07936.
Vancouver Okumuş F. The Reality of Vaginal Douche in Turkey. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2014;22(1):53-62.