Gökçeada’nın Erken Miyosen döneminden yeni bir fosil ormanın jeolojisi ve ağaçları

Year 2019, Volume: 69 Issue: 1, 22 - 34, 01.01.2019

Yıldırım Güngör , Ünal Akkemik , Cem Kasapçı Ece Başaran

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/forestist.2019.412545

Gökçeada’da metamorfik, tortul ve volkanik
kayaçlar Paleozoyik’ten Üst Miyosen’e kadar uzanmaktadır. Silisleşmiş ağaçlar
erken Miyosen döneminden olup üç farklı evreye sahip piroklastiklerde
gözlenmiştir. Bu fazlar tam silisleşme fazı, yarım silisleşme fazı ve kömür
fazıdır. Yeni fosil orman alanı yaklaşık 1.5 kilometrekarelik bir alanı
kapsamakta ve deniz kıyısına yakın yerlerde bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, bu
fosil ormandaki ağaçları tespit etmek, fosil orman alanı oluşumu belirlemek ve
paleoklimatolojik açıdan değerlendirmektir. Üst yamaçlardan deniz kıyısına
taşınan 16 adet taşlaşmış ağaç parçası toplanmış ve her birinin üç yönünden
ince kesitler alınmıştır. Toplam 12 farklı odun tipi tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar
üç kozalaklı (Cupressinoxylon, Sequoioxylon ve Pinoxylon) ve dokuz angiosperm
cinsidir (Alnoxylon, Carpinoxylon, Ostryoxylon, Palmoxylon tip 1 ve 2,
Fagoxylon, Quercoxylon sect. Ilex, Laurinoxylon ve Platanoxylon). Gökçeada’daki
ağaç bileşimi, Midilli Adası’nın Miyosen yaşlı ağaç florasına oldukça
benzemektedir. Bu ağaç bileşimi nehir kıyısı, iyi drenajlı alçak kesim ve
kıyıya yakın bir orman varlığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Çanakkale, Erken Miyosen, Gökçeada, piroklastik, silisleşmiş ağaç

Geology and woods of a new fossil forest from the Early Miocene of Gökçeada (Turkey)

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/forestist.2019.412545

In Gökçeada, metamorphic, sedimentary and
volcanic rocks from the period covering the Paleozoic to the Upper Miocene
periods have formed outcrops over time. A newly identified fossil forest site
in Gökçeada covers an area of approximately 1.5 square kilometers of land
situated near the coastline. Silicified trees in the area from the early
Miocene period were observed to present three phases of pyroclastic deposition,
namely: the complete silicification phase, the half silicification phase and
the coal phase. The purpose of this study is to present the paleobiology and
paleoecology of the wood flora and the geological formation of the fossil
forest site, and to evaluate this information in terms of paleoclimatology.
Sixteen (16) petrified pieces of wood thought to have originated from the upper
slopes and found on the sea shore were collected, with three planes of thin
sections taken from each one. A total of 12 types of woods were identified, as
follows: three conifers (Cupressinoxylon, Sequoioxylon and Pinoxylon) and nine
angiosperms (Alnoxylon, Carpinoxylon, Ostryoxylon, Palmoxylon type 1 and 2,
Fagoxylon, Quercoxylon sect. Ilex, Laurinoxylon and Platanoxylon). The wood
composition in Gökçeada is similar to that of the wood flora of the Miocene in
Lesvos, showing the presence of riparian, well-drained lowland and coastal
trees.

Keywords

Çanakkale, Gokçeada, petrified wood, Early Miocene

References

• Akartuna, M. 1950. İmroz Adasında bazı jeolojik müşahadeler. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 2/2, 8-
• Akartuna, M., Atan, O.R. 1978. Gökçeada’nın (Çanakkale) jeoloji ve sedimantaloji hakkında ön rapor. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Dairesi Rapor Arşivi Rapor No: 105. Ankara. (yayımlanmamış)
• Akgün, F., Kayseri, M.S., Akkiraz, M.S. 2007. Paleoclimatic evolution and vegetational changes during the Late Oligocene–Miocene period in western and central Anatolia (Turkey). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 253: 56–90.
• Akkemik, Ü., Köse, N., Poole, I. 2005. Sequoioiodae (Cupressaceae) woods from the upper Oligocene of European Turkey (Thrace). Phytologia Balcanica 11 (2): 119-131.
• Akkemik, Ü., Türkoğlu, N., Poole, I., Çiçek, I., Köse, N., Gürgen, G. 2009. Woods of a Miocene Petrified Forest near Ankara, Turkey. Turk J Agric For. 33: 89-97
• Akkemik, Ü., Yaman, B. 2012. Wood Anatomy of Eastern Mediterranean Species. Kessel Publishing House, Germany
• Akkemik Ü., Sakınç M. 2013. Sequoioxylon petrified woods from the Mid to Late Oligocene of Thrace (Turkey). IAWA Journal 34 (2): 177-182.
• Akkemik, Ü., Arslan M., Poole I., Tosun S., Köse N., Karlıoğlu Kılıç, N., Aydın A. 2016. Silicified woods from two previously undescribed early Miocene forest sites near Seben, northwest Turkey. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 235: 31–50.
• Akkemik, Ü., Acarca, N.N., Hatipoğlu, M. 2017. The first Glyptostroboxylon from the Miocene of Turkey. IAWA J. 38 (4): 561-570.
• Akkemik, Ü., Bayam, N.N.A. 2018. The first Glyptostroboxylon and Sequoioxylon descriptions from the late Miocene of Turkey. Palaentological Journal, (accepted)
• Akkiraz, M.S., Akgün, F., Utescher, T., Bruch, A.A. and Mosbrugger, V. 2011. Precipitation gradients during the Miocene in Western and Central Turkey as quantified from pollen data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 304: 276–290.
• Aras, A., Aksoy N., Batı Z., Sakınç M., Erdoğan M. 2003. Yaşayan fosil Sequoiadendron giganteum (Ağaçlı Linyitleri): Ksiloloji, Palinoloji ve Yaşı Türkiye Kuvaterner Çalıştayı. TURQUA IV, pp: 187-195
• Aytug, B., Şanlı, İ. 1974. Forêt de la fin du Tertiaire aux environs du Bosphore. I. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 24: 64-78.
• Bamford, M., Zijlstra, G., Philippe, M. 2002. Proposal to conserve the name Cupressinoxylon against Retinodendron (fossil Gymnospermae, Coniferales), with a conserved type. Taxon. 51:205-206
• Barefoot, A.C. and F. W. Hankins. 1982. Identification of Modern and Tertiary Woods. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• Basaran, E., Gungor, Y., Kasapçı, C., 2015. Gökçeada'nınm (Çanakkale) Silisleşmiş Ağaçlarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli. 68. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Bildiri özetleri kitabı, s., 290-291. Ankara
• Basaran, E., Gungor, Y., Akkemik, Ü., 2016. Yeni bir Fosil Ormanın Ağaçları: Gökçeada Türkiye. 69. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Bildiri özetleri kitabı, s., 212-213. Ankara
• Bayam, N.N.A., Akkemik, Ü., Poole, I., Akarsu, F. 2018. Further Contributions to the early Miocene forest vegetation of the Galatian Volcanic Province, Turkey. Palaeobotanica Electronica, in press.
• Boydak, M. 1983. Ülkemizin nadide bir türü Datça Hurması (Phoenix theophrastii Greuler) Çevre Koruma 18: 20-21 İstanbul
• Boydak, M. 1985. The distribution of Phoenix theophrasti in the Datça Peninsula, Turkey. Biological Conservation 32:129-135.
• Burgh, J. van der. 1973. Hölzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation, 2. Holzer der Braukohlengruben “Maria Theresia” zu Herzogenrath, “Zukunft West” zu eschweiler und “Victor” (Aulpich Mitte) zu Zulpich, nebst einer systematisch-anatomischen bearbeitung der gattung Pinus L. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 15: 73--275.
• Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R.S, G.C. López, & L.A. Flores Rocha. 2016. Laurinoxylon chalatenangensis sp. nov. from the Miocene Chalatenango Formation, El Salvador, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.04.003
• Denk, T., Grimm, G.W., 2009. Significance of pollen characteristics for infrageneric classification and phylogeny in Quercus (Fagaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 170, 926–940.
• Denk, T., Grimm, G.W., 2010. The oaks of western Eurasia: traditional classifications and evidence from two nuclear markers. Taxon 59, 351–366.
• Denk, T., Güner, T.H., Kvaček, Z., Bouchal, M.J. 2017a. The early Miocene flora of Güvem (Central Anatolia, Turkey): a window into early Neogene vegetation and environments in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acta Palaeobotanica (monograph). 57: 237-338.
• Denk, T., Velitzelos, D., Güner, T., Bouchal, J.M., Grimsson, F., Grimm, G.W. 2017b. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of two widespread western Eurasian Neogene sclerophyllous oak species: Quercus drymeja Unger and Q. mediterranea Unger. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 241: 98-128.
• Denk, T., Grimm, G.W., Manos, P.S., Deng, M., Hipp, A. 2017c. An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns. In: Gil-Peregrin, E., Peguero-Pina, J.J., Sancho-Knapik, D. (eds) Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus. Tree Physiology 7, pp. 13-38. Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland
• Dernbach, U., R. Herbst, W. Jung, F. Schaarschmidt, A. Selmeier and E. Velitzelos. 1996. Versteinerte Wälder. –188 S.; Heppenheim (D’Oro).
• Elicin, G. 1977. Turkiye Doğal Ardıc (Juniperus L.) Taksonlarının Yayılışları ile Onemli Morfolojik ve Anatomik Ozellikleri Uzerinde Araştırmalar, İ.U. Yayın No: 2327, O.F. Yayın No:232, İstanbul.
• Ercan, T., Satır, M., Dora, A., Sarıkoğlu, E., Yıldırım, T., Adis, C., Walter, H.J., Özbayrak, İ.H. 1995. Biga Yarımadası, Gökçeada, Bozcaada ve Tavşan Adaları’ndaki Tersiyer yaşlı volkanitlerin petrolojisi ve bölgesel yayılımı. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 117, 55-86.
• Eroskay, O. and B. Aytug. 1982. Bois petrifiés du Bassin d’Ergene oriental. I. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 32 (A): 7-21.
• Fahn, A., E. Werker and P. Baas. 1986. Wood Anatomy and Identification of Trees and Schrubs from Israel and Adjacent Regions. The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities Publication, pp. 221.
• Figueiral, I., Mosbrugger, V., Rowe, N.P., Ashraf, A.R., Utesher, T., Jones, T.P., 1999. The Miocene peat-forming vegetation of northwestern Germany: An analysis of wood remains and comparision with previous palynological interpretations. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 104, 239^266
• Greguss, P. 1955. Xylotomische Bestimmung der Heute Lebenden Gymnospermen, Academia Kiado, Budapest.
• Greguss, P. 1967. Fossil Gymnosperm Woods in Hungary, From Permian to Pliocene. Academia Kiado, Budapest.
• Güner, H.T., Bouchal, J.M., Köse, N., Göktaş, F., Mayda, S., Denk, T. 2017. Landscape heterogeneity in the Yatağan Basin (southwestern Turkey) during the middle Miocene inferred from plant macrofossils. Palaeontolographica, Abt. B: Palaeobotany-Palaeophytology. 296 (1-6), 113-171. DOI: 10.1127/palb/296/2017/113
• Hipp, A. L., Manos, P., McVay, J. D., Cavender-Bares, J., González-Rodríguez, A., Romero-Severson, J., Hahn, M., Brown, B. H., Budaitis, B., Deng, M., Grimm, G., Fitzek, E., Cronn, R., Jennings, T., Avishai, M., Simeone, M.C. 2015. A phylogeny of the world's oaks. http://2015.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=1305
• Hubert, F., Grimm, G. W., Jousselin, E., Berry, V., Franc, A., Kremer, A., 2014. Multiple nuclear genes stabilize the phylogenetic backbone of the genus Quercus. Systematics and Biodiversity. 12, 405-423.
• Iamandei, E. & S. Iamandei. 1997. Xylotomical study of some fossil dicot trunks of Techereu in the Metalliferous Carpathians. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 1. The First Romanian National Symposium on Palaeontology, 17-18 October, 1997, Bucharest, pp 107-112
• IAWA Committee. 1989. IAWA List of microscopic features for hardwood identification by an IAWA Committee. E. A. Wheeler, P. Baas & P. E. Gasson (Eds.) IAWA Bull.n.s.10: 219-332
• IAWA Committee. 2004. IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. IAWA J. 25: 1-70
• Ilgar A., Demirci, E.S., Duru, M., Pehlivan, Ş., Dönmez, M., Akçay, A. E. 2008. 1/100.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Çanakkale H15 ve H16 Paftaları. No: 100. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Jacquiot, C. 1955. Atlas d’anatomie des bois des conifères, Press of Centre Technique du bois et du Fonds Forestier National, Paris, France.
• Jeong, E.K., Kim, K., Suzuki, M., and Kim, J.W., 2009, Fossil woods from the Lower Coal-bearing Formation of the Janggi Group (Early Miocene) in the Pohang Basin, Korea. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 153, 124−138.
• Jud, N.A. & J.I. Dunham. 2017. Fossil woods from the Cenozoic of Panama (Azuero Peninsula) reveal an ancient neotropical rainforest. IAWA Journal 38 (3): 366-411
• Kesgin, Y., Varol, B. 2003. Gökçeada ve Bozcaada’nın Tersiyer jeolojisi (Çanakkale). Türkiye. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergis. 126, 49-67.
• Klusek, M. 2014. Miocene coniferous woods of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (3): 697-708
• Koral, H., Öztürk, H., Hanilçi, N. 2008. Tectonically induced coastal uplift mechanism of Gökçeada Island, Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Quaternary International 197 (2009) 43–54.
• Okut, M. 1975. Çanakkale ili, Gökçeada ilçesi hammadde prospeksiyon raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Kuzeybatı Anadolu Bölge Müdürlüğü Rapor No: 297. Balıkesir. (yayımlanmamış)
• Özgüven, K. 1971. Sur un bois fossile de Taxodiaceae dans la flore Neogene d’Istanbul (Turquie d’Europe): Sequoioxylon egemeni n.sp., Rev. Fac. Sci. l’Université d’Istanbul, Series B. 36: 89-114
• Prakash, U., D. Brezinova & C. Buzek. 1971. Fossil woods from the Doupovske Hory and Ceske Stredohori Mountains in northern Bohemia. Palaeontographica 133B: 103—128
• Pujana, R. R., Santillana, S. N., & Marensi, S. A. (2014). Conifer fossil woods from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene of Western Antarctica): evidence of Podocarpaceae-dominated forests. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 200, 122e137.
• Sakınç, M., Aras, A., Yaltırak, C., Batı, Z., Çağatay, N. 2007. Silicified trees in Tertiary of Thrace: Paleoflora, Paleoclimatology, Paleogeography. Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, Project Number: 103Y137 (In Turkish)
• Sarı, R., Türkecan, A., Dönmez, M., Küçükefe, Ş., Aydın, Ü., Özmen, Ö. 2015. The geology of Gökçeada (Çanakkale). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration. 150: 1-18
• Sayadi, S. 1973. Contribution a l’etude de la flore miocène de la Turquie. –Thèse 3e cycle Paléontologie (Paléobotanique), Paris IV, pp. 81
• Schweingruber, F. H. 1990. Anatomy of European Woods. Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern and Stuttgart.
• Selmeier, A. 1990. Dichrostachyoxlon zirkelii (Felix), Mimosoideae, a silicified wood from Miocene sediments of Küçük Çekmece Lake (Turkey). Mitt. Bayer. Staatsslg. Paläont. Hist.Geol. 30:121-135
• Selmeier, A. 2001. Silicified Miocene woods from the North Bohemian Basin (Czech Republic) and from Kuzuluk, district Adapazari (Turkey). Mitt. Bayer. Staatsslg. Paläont. Hist.Geol. 41:111-144
• Selmeier A., Velitzelos, E. 2000. Neue Aufsammlungen von verkieselten Holzresten aus tertiären Schichten Griechenlands (Lesbos, Kastoria, Thrakien), Mitt. Bayer. Staatsslg. Palaeont. Hist. Geol. 40, 213-227
• Suss, H., Velitzelos, E. 1994a. Ein neues fossiles Koniferenholz, Taxoceoxylon biseriatum sp. nov., aus tertiaren Schichten der Insel Lesvos, Griechenland. Feddes Repertorium, 105. 5-6: 257 - 269.
• Suss, H. and E. Velitzelos. 1994b. Zwei neue tertia re Holzer der Gattung Pinoxylon KNOWLTON emend. READ aus dem Versteinerten Wald von Lesvos, Griechenland. Feddes Repertorium, Berlin. 105: 7 - 8, 403 - 423.
• Suzuki M & Watari S. 1994. Fossil wood flora of the early Miocene Nawamata formation of Monzen, Noto Peninsula, central Japan. J. Plant Research 107: 63–76
• Şanlı, İ. 1982. Récherches xylologiques sur la flore du Tertiaire de la Thrace Turque. I. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 32 (A): 84-138
• Temel, R. Ö. ve Çiftçi, N. B. 2002. Gelibolu Yarımadası, Gökçeada ve Bozcaada Tersiyer çökellerinin stratigrafisi ve ortamsal özellikleri. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni 14, 17-40.
• Tidwell, W.D. 1998. Common fossil plants of Western North America. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 299. Washington and London.
• Varol, B., Baykal, M. 2008. Trakya Tersiyer karbonatlarının sedimantolojik ve kronostratigrafik özellikleri. Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı Araştırma Merkezi. 104s. Ankara. (yayımlanmamış).
• Velitzelos, E. 1996. The petrified forest of Lesvos, a rare natural and geological monument (in Greek). Proc.1st Symposium on the Petrified Forest of Lesvos: pp.35-42, Mytilene
• Velitzelos, E. 1997. The petrified forest of Lesvos – Protected Natural Monument. Proc. Internat. Sympos. On Engineering Geology and the Environment, Athens, p.3037-3043, Athens.
• Velitzelos, D., Bouchal, J.M., Denk, T. 2014. Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 204: 56-117
• Velitzelos, E., Zouros, N. 1997. The Petrified Forest of Lesvos – Protected Natural Monument. Proc. Internat. Sympos. On Engineering Geology and the Environment, Athens, pp. 3037–3043.
• Zouros, N., Velitzelos, E., Valiakos, E., Ververis, K. 2004. Submarine petrified forest in Lesvos, Greece. 5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology. Thessaloniki, Greece, 14-20 April 2004.