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Firmalar ve Dünya Ekonomisi

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 372 - 389, 17.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.916030

Abstract

Ronald Coase in 1930s observed that firms grew only so long as it was cheaper for them to complete additional parts of the production process in-house. From 1980 onwards trade and financial liberalization accompanied by radical technological developments in transportation, information and communication (IC) have reduced the cost of cross-border trade. Firms through global value chains (GVC) unbundled their production processes thus changed the geography of jobs and traditional trade patterns. Nowadays large firms named Transnational Corporations (TNC) or superstar firms dominate the international production through global value chains. The aim and organization of these chains determine the hierarchy among the firms. Firms’ market power is the outcome of the intangibles that specially belong to the lead firm in GVC. These intangible assets are not easily obtained but derive huge profits. In order to catch and sustain a competitive advantage firms ought to increase these intangible assets through R&D investments. Recent decades are called as hyper globalization era and the characteristic feature of this era is the hyper competition among large firms through innovation. Large firms are luckier to carry on R&D activities and to evaluate and commercialize any kind of invention or innovation wherever it has been developed. Large firms are getting larger by means of ICT and are the dominants of the global economy. GVC trade and facilities that ICT bring to the emerging countries help them to join in international production and to attain higher rates of growth but it is hard to mention about a convergence between the developing and the developed economies. Only the countries which succeeded in transferring the core R&D activities to their territories and upgrading the production processes under their responsibility are ranked among the top economies that monitor the global economy. Despite the neoliberal recipes designed for the emerging economies, state intervention is frequently taken place in the developed South (especially in China) where State Owned Enterprises and Sovereign Wealth Funds emerged as new kind of investors. Especially Chinese State-Owned Enterprises ranked among the world’s top R&D investors. In emerging economies governments should adopt a strategic policy to support effectively the firms that are rich in human capital and are able to undertake counter measures against surprising attacks of the digital technology.

References

  • Baldwin, R., (2012), “Global Supply Chains: Why they emerged, Why they matter and Where they are going” Fung Global Institute, WP, FGI-2012-1, www.fungglobalinstitute.org
  • Brynjolfsson, E., A. McAfee, M.Sorell, F. Zhu (2012), “Scale Without Mass: Business Process Replication and Industry Dynamics”, http//:ssrn.com
  • Coase, R. H., (1937), “The Nature of Firm”, Economica 4 (16):386-405.
  • Dunning, J., (1995), “Reappraising the Eclectic Paradigm in the Age of Allied Capitalism”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.26(3).
  • Dunning, J., (1998), “Location and the Multinational Enterprise: a neglected factor” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.29 (1).
  • Erkök Yılmaz, Ş., (2019), “AR-GE Destekleri ve KOBİ’ler”, İktisat ve Toplum, Yıl:9, Sayı:104:89-99
  • Hymer, S. H.,(1968), “The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development”, Economics and World Order, J. N. Bhagwati, McMillan Company, 1972
  • Gereffi, G., O. Memedovic, (2003), “The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries”, UNIDO Strategic Research and Economics Branch, Vienna, Austria.
  • Kaczmarczyk,P. (2020), “Growth Models and the Footprint of Transnational Capital”, MaxPo, Discussion Paper No.20/2 www.ECONSTORE.EU
  • Kozul-Wright, R., D. Poon, (2018), “Asian Development after the Asian Drama”, WIDER WP, No.135, www.ECONSTORE.EU
  • Laperche, B., G. Lefebvre, (2012), “The Globalization of Research & Development in Industrial Corporations: Towards ‘Reverse Innovation’? The Cases of GE and Renault”, Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 2:53-79, www.cairn.info
  • JRC-EC, (2009),Monitoring Industrial Research: The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
  • JRC-EC, (2019), EU R&D Scoreboard: The 2019 Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
  • UNCTAD, (2005), World Investment Report (WIR): Transnational Corporations and the Internalization of R&D https://unctad.org
  • UNCTAD,(2013), World Investment Report (WIR): Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development https://unctad.org
  • UNCTAD, (2018), Trade and Development Report (TDR) : Power, Platforms & Free Trade Delusion, https://unctad.org
  • Wallerstein, I., (1982), “World Systems Analysis:Theoretical and Interpretative Issues”, World Systems Analysis, Terence K. Hopkins, I. Wallerstein, vd., Sage Publications, USA.
  • WB Group (2019), World Development Report (WDR): The Changing Nature of Work www.worldbank.org
  • WB Group, (2020), World Development Report (WDR): Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains, WBG Flagship Report www.worldbank.org
  • WIPO, (2017), World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR): Intangible Capital in Global Value Chains, www.wipo.int
  • Zingales, L. (2017), “Towards a Political Theory of Firms”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.31, No.3, Summer:113-130.

Firmalar ve Dünya Ekonomisi

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 372 - 389, 17.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.916030

Abstract

Firmaların kâr maksimizasyonu amacıyla aldıkları kararlar ve denedikleri yöntemler onların örgüt yapılarını ve nereye nasıl yatırım yapacaklarını etkilemekle kalmamış, dünya ekonomisinin de bu doğrultuda biçimlenmesine yol açmıştır. Son yıllarda taşımacılık ve bilişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler ve özellikle 80’li yıllardan itibaren ticaretin ve sermaye akımlarının liberalizasyonuna yönelik uygulamalar ulus aşırı üretimi firmalar için avantajlı hale getirmiştir. Üretimin farklı aşamalarını değişik coğrafyalara dağıtan firmalar hem girdi maliyetlerini ucuzlatmış, hem de ölçek ekonomilerinden yararlanmışlardır. Değer zincirleri adı altında organize edilen bu parçalanma süreci üretimin ve ticaretin boyutlarının genişlemesine ve yeni ülkelerin dünya ekonomisine eklemlenmesine yol açmıştır. Hiper globalizasyon diye anılan bu çağda dünya ekonomisine yön veren büyük firmalardır. Ulus Aşırı Şirketler veya süperstar şirketler diye adlandırılan bu firmaların piyasa gücü soyut varlıklardan oluşmaktadır ve bu gücü sürdürebilmenin yolu AR-GE çalışmalarından geçmektedir. AR-GE çalışmalarında bulunan her firma radikal bir yeniliğe imza atacak değildir ancak büyük firmaların AR-GE’yi ticarileştirmek açısından üstünlükleri vardır. Bu nedenle gerekirse devlet eliyle büyük firmalar oluşturmak ve AR-GE yatırımlarına öncülük etmek gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından son derece önemlidir. Değer zincirleri doğrultusunda yapılan küresel üretim ve ticaretin bölgeler arası yakınsama sağladığı yolunda görüşler ileri sürülmektedir. Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan bölge ekonomileri (Kuzey ve Güney) arasında bir yakınsamadan söz etmek güçtür. Yakınsama Çin ile gelişmiş ülkeler arasındadır ve Çin bu başarısını neo liberal politikalar izlemek yerine bu politikalardan sakınmasına borçludur. Yüksek endüstriyel kalkınma bölgeleri, kamusal ulus aşırı şirketler gibi uygulamalarla ileri teknolojinin transferini ve kendi ülkesinde geliştirilmesini sağlamıştır. Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler teknolojideki beklenmedik ve sert dönüşümlere hazır olmak zorundadır. Yeni teknolojilerin sunacağı fırsatlardan yararlanmak ancak devlet desteğini arkasında hisseden büyük firmaların sahip oldukları beşeri sermaye ile mümkün olacaktır.

References

  • Baldwin, R., (2012), “Global Supply Chains: Why they emerged, Why they matter and Where they are going” Fung Global Institute, WP, FGI-2012-1, www.fungglobalinstitute.org
  • Brynjolfsson, E., A. McAfee, M.Sorell, F. Zhu (2012), “Scale Without Mass: Business Process Replication and Industry Dynamics”, http//:ssrn.com
  • Coase, R. H., (1937), “The Nature of Firm”, Economica 4 (16):386-405.
  • Dunning, J., (1995), “Reappraising the Eclectic Paradigm in the Age of Allied Capitalism”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.26(3).
  • Dunning, J., (1998), “Location and the Multinational Enterprise: a neglected factor” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.29 (1).
  • Erkök Yılmaz, Ş., (2019), “AR-GE Destekleri ve KOBİ’ler”, İktisat ve Toplum, Yıl:9, Sayı:104:89-99
  • Hymer, S. H.,(1968), “The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development”, Economics and World Order, J. N. Bhagwati, McMillan Company, 1972
  • Gereffi, G., O. Memedovic, (2003), “The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries”, UNIDO Strategic Research and Economics Branch, Vienna, Austria.
  • Kaczmarczyk,P. (2020), “Growth Models and the Footprint of Transnational Capital”, MaxPo, Discussion Paper No.20/2 www.ECONSTORE.EU
  • Kozul-Wright, R., D. Poon, (2018), “Asian Development after the Asian Drama”, WIDER WP, No.135, www.ECONSTORE.EU
  • Laperche, B., G. Lefebvre, (2012), “The Globalization of Research & Development in Industrial Corporations: Towards ‘Reverse Innovation’? The Cases of GE and Renault”, Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 2:53-79, www.cairn.info
  • JRC-EC, (2009),Monitoring Industrial Research: The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
  • JRC-EC, (2019), EU R&D Scoreboard: The 2019 Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
  • UNCTAD, (2005), World Investment Report (WIR): Transnational Corporations and the Internalization of R&D https://unctad.org
  • UNCTAD,(2013), World Investment Report (WIR): Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development https://unctad.org
  • UNCTAD, (2018), Trade and Development Report (TDR) : Power, Platforms & Free Trade Delusion, https://unctad.org
  • Wallerstein, I., (1982), “World Systems Analysis:Theoretical and Interpretative Issues”, World Systems Analysis, Terence K. Hopkins, I. Wallerstein, vd., Sage Publications, USA.
  • WB Group (2019), World Development Report (WDR): The Changing Nature of Work www.worldbank.org
  • WB Group, (2020), World Development Report (WDR): Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains, WBG Flagship Report www.worldbank.org
  • WIPO, (2017), World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR): Intangible Capital in Global Value Chains, www.wipo.int
  • Zingales, L. (2017), “Towards a Political Theory of Firms”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.31, No.3, Summer:113-130.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şiir Erkök Yılmaz 0000-0001-7790-6415

Publication Date May 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erkök Yılmaz, Ş. (2021). Firmalar ve Dünya Ekonomisi. Fiscaoeconomia, 5(2), 372-389. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.916030

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