TÜRKİYE’DE DEVRİYE HİZMETLERİ İLE SUÇ İLİŞKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ: GÖLBAŞI ÖRNEĞİ

Abstract

Devriyeler modern kolluğun doğuşundan itibaren kolluğun kullandığı en önemli ve en yaygın yöntemlerden biridir. Teknolojik gelişime paralel, araçlı, motosikletli vb. gibi adlar alan devriyeler, en sık ve yaygın yöntem olma özelliğini iki temel varsayımdan almaktadır. Bu varsayımın ilki; üniformalı kolluk görevlisinin görünürlüğünün kişileri suç işlemekten alıkoyacağı ve ikincisi ise kolluk personelinin kendisine tahsis edilen alanda hareket etmek suretiyle suçlara müdahale etme olasılığını artıracağıdır. Caydırıcılık yolu ile suç önleme anlayışından hareket eden devriyelerin etkinliği Batı literatüründe 70’li yıllardan itibaren görgül (ampirik) nitelikteki araştırmalara konu olmaya başlamıştır. Türkiye’de devriyeler ile suç oranları arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen az sayıda görgül (ampirik) çalışmaya rastlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın ilk amacı devriyeler ve suç ilişkisi arasındaki bağı (varsa) ortaya koymak, ikinci amacı ise suç önleme çalışmalarına bilimsel nitelikli veri sağlayarak daha etkin ve verimli suç önleme metodlarının uygulanmasına yardımcı olmaktır. Gerek hizmet cinsine göre gerekse gerçekleştirilme şekillerine göre Gölbaşı bölgesinde icra edilen devriyeler ile aynı bölgenin suç oranları araştırmada ilişkinin varlığını/yokluğunu test etmek amacıyla kullanılmıştır

Keywords

• Yaya Devriye, Araçlı Devriye, Suç, Suç Önleme, Kolluk

ANALYZING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATROLS AND CRIME IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF GÖLBAŞI

Abstract

Since the beginnings of modern police, patrols are one of the most important and common operational methods used by law enforcement. Diversifying as mobile patrols, car patrols etc. parallel to technological and organizational development, patrols have two untested assumptions making them so popular and common. One of these assumptions is that uniform police officers’ visibility on the patrol beat would deter offenders from committing crimes and the other one is the omnipresence of the patrol officers would likely encounter and intervene in crimes. Mostly based on deterrence, patrol effectiveness has been subjected to experimental research since the 1970’s in western academic world.. Empirical studies on patrols and their relationship with crimes in Turkey are rare. First objective of this research is to reveal the relationship (if any) between patrols and crime rates, secondly to provide empirical data to help implement more effective and suitable crime prevention methods. According to the service type and the way they are implemented, patrols in Gölbaşı district were benefited from in order to test the relationship between crime rates and patrols

Keywords

• Foot Patrol, Motor Patrol, Crime, Crime Prevention, Police

References

1. Albanese, J. S. (2005). Criminal Justice (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
2. Aydın, A. H. (2014). Suç Önlemenin Önemi ve Etkisi. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomı̇k Araştırmalar Dergı̇sਟ, 16(Özel Sayı 1), 82-84.
3. Bayley, D. H. (2006). Gelecek için Polis. (F. ERASLAN, Çev.) Ankara: Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
4. Beat Policing: A Case Study. (1995). Criminal Justice Reseach Paper Series, 2(1).
5. Becceria, C. (2004). Suçlar ve Cezalar Hakkında. (S. Selçuk, Çev.) Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
6. Bernett, T. (1991). The Effectiveness of a Police-Initiated Fear-Reducing Strategy. British Journal of Criminology, 31(1), 1-14.
7. Beşe, E. (2006). "Kırık Pencereler" Teorisi Bağlamında Kentsel Yaşamda Suç ve Güvenlik. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 1-24.
8. Caldwell, R. G., & Nardini, W. (1977). Foundations of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Indianapolis: Bobbs – Merrill Educational Publishing.

9. Charon, J. M. (1989). Sociology: A Conceptual Approach (2nd b.). Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
10. Clarke, R. V. (2002). Thefts of and From Cars in Parking Facilities, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Response Guide Series No.10. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
11. Clarke, R. V., & Eck, J. E. (2005). Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
12. Crawford, A., Lister, S., Blackburn, S., & Shepherd, P. (2004). Patrolling with a Purpose: An Evaluation of Police Community Support Officers in Leeds and Bradford City Centres. Leeds: Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, University of Leeds.
13. Delice, M. (2011). How The Routine Activity Theory can Help Police Understand and Prevent Burglary? Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 137-154.
14. Demirbaş, T. (2005). Kriminoloji (2'nci b.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
15. Dönmezer, S. (1994). Kriminoloji (8'inci b.). İstanbul: Beta Basın Yayın Dağıtım.
16. Geleri, A. (2002). Önleyici Polis Hizmetleri. Ankara: Grafik Tasarım-Baskı.
17. Geleri, A. (2010). Şehirlerde Suç Önleme Politikalarının Geliştirilmesi. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 23-39.
18. Gibbons, D. C. (1992). Talking about Crime: Observations and the Prospects for Casual Theory in the Criminology. Criminal Justice Research Bulletin, VII(6), 1-10.
19. Giritli, İ., Bilgen , P., & Akgüner, T. (2001). İdare Hukuku. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
20. Gözler, K. (2003). İdare Hukuku. Bursa: Ekin Kitapevi. Gözübüyük, A. Ş., & Tan, T. (2004). İdare Hukuku. Ankara: Turhan Kitapevi.
21. Greene, J. R. (1987). Foot Patrol and Community Policing: Past Practices and Future Prospects. American Journal of Police, 6(1), 1-15.
22. Groff, E. R., Johnson, L., Ratcliffe, J., & Wood, J. (2013). Exploring The Relationship Between Foot and Car Patrol in Violent Crime Areas.
23. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36(1), 119-139.
24. Henslin, J. M. (1997). Sociology (3rd b.). Massachusetts: Alyn and Bacon İçli, T. (2004). Kriminoloji. Ankara: Martı Kitap ve Yayınevi.
25. Jhonson, K. D. (2004). Financial Crimes Against the Elderly, ProblemOriented Guides for Police Response Guide Series No.3.
26. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
27. Kelling, G. L., & Moore, M. (1988). The Evolving Strategy of Policing. Harvard University: National Institute of Justice,U.S. Department of Justice, and the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management. Kelling, G. L., Pate, T., Dieckman, D., & Brown, C. (1974). The Kansas City
28. Preventive Patrol Experiment. Washington, DC: Police Foundation. Kenney, J. (1986). Crime On The Subways: Measuring The Effectiveness of The Guardian Angels. Justice Quarterly, 3(4), 481-496.
29. Kriminoloji. (2006). Ankara: Jandarma Okullar Komutanlığı Matbaası.
30. Kuo, P.-F., Lord, D., & Walden, T. D. (2013). Using Geographical Information Systems To Organize Police Patrol Routes Effectively By Grouping Hotspots Of Crash And Crime Data. Journal of Transport Geography, 30, 138–148.
31. Macionis, J. J. (1997). Sociology (6th b.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. McGarrell, E. F., Chermak, S., & Weiss, A. (2002). Reducing Gun Violence Evaluation of the Indianapolis Police Department’s Directed Patrol Project. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs.
32. McGuire, J. (2008). Understanding Psychology and Crime: Perspectives on Theory and Action . Glasgow: Open University Press. McManus, M. (1993). From Fate to Choice - Private Bobbies, Public Beats:
33. Private Security Patrol and the Diminishing Boundaries of Neighbourhood Policing. Durham: Durham University
34. Noaks, L. (2000). Private Cops On The Block: A Review Of The Role Of Private Security in Residential Communities. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 10(2), 143-161.
35. Özeren, S. (2001). Problem-Oriented Policing: Analysis of Criminal Investigations Applications. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3-4), 175-191.
36. Palacı, M., & Alpkan, L. (2008). Toplum Destekli Polislik Uygulaması: Zara Örneği. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 93-122.
37. Pate, A. M., Wycoff, M. A., Skogan, W., & Sherman, L. (1986). Reducing Fear of Crime in Houston and Newark A Summary Report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
38. Pennell, S., Curtis, C., & Henderson, J. (1985). Guardian Angels: An Assessment of Citizen Response to Crime. San Diego: San Diego Association of Governments.
39. Perspectives on Foot Patrols: Lessons Learned from Foot Patrol Programs and an Overview of Foot Patrol in San Francisco (2007). San Francisco: Public Safety Strategies Group. Piza, E. L., & O’Hara, B. (2012). Saturation Foot-Patrol in a High-Violence Area: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation. Justice Quarterly, 31(4), 693-718.
40. Polat, O. (2004). Kriminoloji ve Kriminalistik Üzerine Notlar. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
41. Police Foundation. (1981). July 14, 2014 tarihinde The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment: http://www.policefoundation.org/content/newark-footpatrol-experiment adresinden alındı.
42. Racliffe, J. H., Taniguchi, T., Groff, E., & Wood, J. (2011). The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment A Randomized Controlled Trial of Police Patrol Effectiveness in Violent Crime Hotspots. Criminology, 49(3), 795-831.
43. Rashbaum, W. K. (2002, September 26). Response Time to Police Calls is 29% Faster. July 12, 2014 tarihinde New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/26/nyregion/response-time-to-policecalls-is-29-faster.html adresinden alındı.
44. Reid, T. S. (1996). Crime and Criminology (8th b.). New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
45. Research Report 8: Neighbourhood Wardens Scheme Evaluation (2004). London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
46. Schaefer, R. T. (2005). Sociology (9th b.). New York: McGraw – Hill. Schmalleger, F. (2005). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (8th b.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
47. Scott, M. S. (2000). Problem-Oriented Policing: Reflections on the First 20 Years. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
48. Scott, M. S. (2001). Speeding in Residential Areas, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Response Guide Series No.3. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
49. Selçuk, S. (2004). Becceia’nın İnsanlığa Bildirisi. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. Seyhan, K., & Eryılmaz, M. (2004). Gelişmiş Ülkeler ve Türkiye Uygulamasında Suç Önleme Stratejileri. Liberal Düşünce, 34(Bahar), 5-34.
50. Sezer, F. (2010). Suç Önleme Stratejileri Boyutuyla İç Güvenlik Hizmetleri Yönetimi; Edirne İl Emniyet Müdürlüğü Örneği. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Edirne.
51. Skogan, W. G., & Hartnett, S. (1997). Community Policing, Chicago Style. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Sorg, E. T., Haberman, C., Ratcliffe, J., & Groff, E. (2013). Foot Patrol in Violent Crime Hot Spots: The Longitudinal Impact of Deterrence and Posttreatment Effecets of Displacement. Criminology, 51(1), 65-101.
53. T.C. Kumru Kaymakamlığı. (2012). İlçe Jandarma Komutanlığı Faaliyet Raporu Mart 29, 2015 tarihinde: http://www.kumru.gov.tr/default_ B0.aspx?content=406 adresinden alındı. T.C. Malkara Kaymakamlığı. (2014). İlçe Jandarma Faaliyet Raporu: Mart 29, 2015 tarihinde http://www.malkara.gov.tr/tr/index.php/haber/ duyurular,-genelgeler/341-malkara-kaymakaml%C4%B1%C4%9F% C4%B1-2014-y%C4%B1l%C4%B1-faaliyet-raporu adresinden alındı.
54. Uchida, C. D., & Swatt, M. (2013). Operation LASER and the Effectiveness of Hotspot Patrol: A Panel Analysis. Police Quarterly, 16(3), 287- 304.
55. Wakefield, A. (2006). The Value of Foot Patrol: A Review of Research. London: The Police Foundation.
56. Weisel, D. L. (2004). Graffiti Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Response Guide Series No.9. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
57. Wood, P. B., Gove, W. R., Wilson, J. A., & Cochran, J. K. (1997). Nonsocial Reinforcement and Habitual Criminal Conduct: An Extension of Learning Theory. Criminology, XXXV(2), 335 – 366.