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BİLGİ SAVAŞIMINDA YENİ MEDYA BAĞLAMINDA SAYISAL OLMAYAN HAREKÂT

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 129 - 150, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1335806

Abstract

Günümüzdeki bilgi-iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler bilginin bütünüyle ‘yeni medya’ olarak tanımlanan ortamlarda üretilmesi, iletilmesi ve kullanılmasının yaygınlaşmasına imkân vermiştir. Bu yönüyle günümüzde yeni medyanın bilgideki başatlığından söz etmek abartılı olmayacaktır. Bilgi tabanlı teknolojilerdeki gelişim resmi ve resmi olmayan bilgi ortamlarında bilginin bir güç unsuru olarak bilgi harekâtı vasıtası olarak kullanılması anlamına gelen bilgi savaşımının etkisinde radikal iki dönüşüm yaratmıştır. Bunlardan birincisi siber harekât diğeri ise sayısal olmayan bilgi harekâtıdır. Her iki dönüşüm de aynı medya kaynağından beslenir. Bu nedenle yeni medya, bilgi savaşının en önemi bileşenlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Yeni medyanın bahşettiği olanaklar bilgi savaşımının çeşitliliğini ve barış ortamında uygulanabilme imkanlarını artırmaktadır. Bu makale yeni medya ortamında bilgi savaşımının sayısal olmayan uygulamalarının neler olabileceği konusuna dairdir. Diğer bir ifadeyle makalede sayısal olmayan bilgi savaşında yeni medyanın rolünün ne olduğu sorusunun cevabı aranmaktadır. Bu maksatla her iki kavramın genel hatlarıyla çerçevesi çizilmiş müteakiben de karşılıklı etkileşimleri irdelenmiştir. Bu etkileşim taarruzî ve savunma (tedafüi) boyutlarıyla, stratejik, operatif, taktik ve teknik seviyelerde ele alınmıştır. Makale nitel araştırma yöntemiyle kategorik bir betimleme içermektedir. Bu yapısı ile makale ile literatürdeki mevcut terimsel ve kavramsal kargaşanın giderilmesine de katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Yoktur

Project Number

Yoktur

References

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  • Chandler, D. & Munday, R. (2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication (1 ed.). Oxford University Press.
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  • Clarke, R. A., & Knake, R. K. (2014). Cyber war. HarperCollins e-book. Erişim tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2023, https://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/Cyber%20War%20-%20The%20Next%20Threat%20to%20National%20Security%20and%20What%20to%20Do%20About%20It%20%28Richard%20A%20Clarke%29%20%282010%29.pdf
  • DCDC (2015) Strategic Trends Programme Future Operating Environment 2023. U.K.: DCDC.
  • Deshpande, V. & Mehta, S. (2018). Contextualising Hybrid Warfare. Vikrant Deshpande (Ed.). Hybrid warfare: the changing character of conflict. New Delhi: Pentagon Press and Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
  • Diez T., Bode I. & ‘da Costa, F. A. (2011). Key Concepts in International Relations. California: SAGE.
  • Druckrey, T. ve Stone, A. R. (1996). Electronic Culture: Technology and Visual Representation. New York: Aperture.
  • Fidler, R. (1997). Mediamorphosis: Understanding New Media. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge.
  • FM 3-13 (FM 100-6): Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. (2003). Headquarters, Department of The Army. Erişim tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2023, https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-13-2003.pdf
  • FM 3-13 (2016) Information Operations. Washington D.C.: Headquarters, Department of The Army. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/FM%203-13%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf
  • Friedman, T. (2003). Lexus ve Zeytin Ağacı: Küreselleşmenin Geleceği, (Çev.: Elif Özsayar), İstanbul, Boyner Holding Yayınları.
  • Gray, C. S. (2007). War, Peace and International Relations: An Introduction to Strategic History. London: Routledge.
  • Hatef, A., & Cooke, T. R. (2020). Winning hearts and minds: A critical analysis of independent media development in Afghanistan. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 13(2), 114-129.
  • Hellman, M., & Wagnsson, C. (2015). New media and the war in Afghanistan: The significance of blogging for the Swedish strategic narrative. New media & society, 17(1), 6-23.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington, Virginia: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. https://www.potomacinstitute.org/images/stories/publications/potomac_hybridwar_0108.pdf (Erişim: 22.11.2023).
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2009). Hybrid Warfare and Challenges. Joint Force Quarterly (No. 52, 2009), pp. 34–39. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA516871.pdf
  • Hopkins, A. E. (2015). Government Public Relations: public diplomacy or propaganda?. Inquiries Journal, 7(03).
  • İHA (İhlas Haber Ajansı). (2021). Afganistan’daki Türk askeri çalışmalarını “Ankara” karargahından sürdürüyor. Erişim tarihi: 24 Aralık 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmgR3MRVTcU
  • Janczewski, L., & Colarik, A. (Eds.). (2008). Cyber warfare and cyber terrorism. New York-Hershey: Information Science Reference.
  • Kaufman, Edward. 2003. A broadcasting strategy to win media wars. In The battle for hearts and minds. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • Lister, Martin, Dovey, Jon, Giddings, Setgh, Grant, Iain, ve Kelly, Kieran (2009). New Media: A Critical Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • Macdonald, S. (2006). Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century: Altered Images and Deception Operations. London – New York: Routledge.
  • Manovich, Lev (2001). The Language of New Media. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • McCauley, T. (2015). The war of ideas on the Internet: An asymmetric conflict in which the strong become weak. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 8(1), 79-90.
  • McLuhan, Marshall (2002). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Mattis, James N. and Hoffman, Frank (2005). Future Warfare: The Rise of Hybrid Warfare. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (November 2005), 30–32.
  • MoD (Ministry of Defence) (2010). Future Character of Conflict. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80698aed915d74e33fa481/20151210-Archived_DCDC_FCOC.pdf (Erişim: 23.11.2023).
  • Molander, R. C., Riddile, A., Wilson, P. A., & Williamson, S. (1996). Strategic information warfare: A new face of war. Rand Corporation.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 616(1), 94-109.
  • Parrington, Alan J. (1997). Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited: Strategic Doctrine in Question. Airpower Journal (Winter, 1997). Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20150620055606/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/parrin.html (Erişim: 22. 11. 2023).
  • Robinson, M., Jones, K., & Janicke, H. (2015). Cyber warfare: Issues and challenges. Computers & Security, 49, 70-94.
  • Rogers, Everett (1986). Communication Technology: The New Media in Society. New York: Free Publishing.
  • Scott, Graham. (2014). How Should Governments Best Use Twitter? Global Government Forum. https://www.globalgovernmentforum.com/how-should-governments-best-use-twitter/ (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Seven, Onur. (2018). ABD endişeli: Fitness uygulaması Strava gizli askeri üsleri açığa çıkardı. https://www.donanimhaber.com/ABD-endiseli-Fitness-uygulamasi-Strava-gizli-askeri-usleri-aciga-cikardi--96916 (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Singer, P. W., & Friedman, A. (2014). Cybersecurity: What everyone needs to know. oup usa.
  • Statista. (2023). Global number of user data requests issued to X (formerly Twitter) from federal agencies and governments during 2nd half 2021, by country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/234867/government-requests-for-user-data-from-twitter/ (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Thornton, R. (2015), The Changing Nature of Modern Warfare. Responding to Russian Information Warfare, The RUSI Journal, (4), 40–48. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://koziej.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Responding-to-Russian-informationwarfare.pdf
  • Tv 100. (2021). Türk ve Azerbaycan askerleri Afganistan'da omuz omuza! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIGsamcqzH0 (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Varlık A.B. (2013). Savaşı Tanımlamak: Terminolojik Bir Yaklaşım. Avrasya Terim Dergisi. 1/2, 114-129. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ejatd/issue/5150/70122 (Erişim: 22.11.2023).
  • Varlık, Ali Bilgin. (2020). Bilgi Savaşımı. Oktay Bingöl ve Ali Bilgin Varlık (Ed.) Güvenlik Çalışmaları (Cilt-II) Güvenlik Sektörleri ve Sorunları (ss. 137-163). İstanbul: Hiper Yayın.
  • Wheatley, G. F., & Hayes, R. E. (1996). Information warfare and deterrence (No. 87). Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University.
  • Yanık, Akan. (2016). Yeni medya nedir ne değildir? Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 9 (45), 898-910.
  • Yüksel, Atila ve Yanık, Akan (2014). Co-Creation Value and Social Media: How. Nina K. Prebensen, Joseph S. Chen ve Muzaffer Uysal (Eds.) Creating Experience Value in Tourism. Boston, MA.: CABI.

NON-DIGITAL OPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW MEDIA IN THE INFORMATION WARFARE

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 129 - 150, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1335806

Abstract

Developments in today's information and communication technologies have allowed the production, transmission, and use of information in environments defined as 'new media' to become widespread. In this respect, it would not be an exaggeration to talk about the dominance of the new media in information today. The development of information-based technologies has created two radical transformations under the influence of information warfare, which means the use of information as a power element and as a means of information operations in formal and informal information environments. The first of these is cyber operations and the other is non-digital information operations. Both conversions are fed from the same media source. For this reason, new media has become one of the most important components of information warfare. The possibilities offered by the new media increase the diversity of information warfare and the possibilities of its implementation in a peaceful environment. This article is about the non-digital applications of information warfare in the new media environment. In other words, the article seeks to answer the question of what is the role of new media in non-digital information warfare. For this purpose, the framework of both concepts was drawn in general terms, and then their mutual interactions were examined. This interaction has been handled with offensive and defensive dimensions, at strategic, operative, tactical, and technical levels. The article contains a categorical description of the qualitative research method. With this structure, this article aims to contribute to eliminating the current terminological and conceptual confusion in the literature.

Project Number

Yoktur

References

  • AA (Anadolu Ajansı). (2012). Türk askeri 1 yıl daha Kabil'de. Erişim tarihi: 24 Aralık 2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turk-askeri-1-yil-daha-kabilde/333954
  • AJP 3.10 Allied Joint Doctrine for Information Operations. (2009). Erişim tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2023, https://info.publicintelligence.net/NATO-IO.pdf
  • AJP 3.20 Allied Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations. (2020). Erişim tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2023, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/899678/doctrine_nato_cyberspace_operations_ajp_3_20_1_.pdf
  • Amerson, K., & Meredith III, S. B. (2016). The future operating environment 2050: Chaos, complexity and competition. Small Wars Journal, 31(2), 1-12. Erişim tarihi: 23 Aralık 2023, file:///C:/Users/AL%C4%B0/Downloads/SWJ_The%20Future%20Operating%20Environment%202050_%20Chaos,%20Complexity%20and%20Competition.pdf
  • Blank, S. (15.02.2015), Russia, Hybrid War and the Evolution of Europe. Second Line of Defense. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://sldinfo.com/2015/02/russia-hybrid-war-and-the-evolution-of-europe/
  • Campbell, R., Martin C. ve Fabos, B. (2005). Media and Culture, An Introduction to Mass Communication. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
  • Chandler, D. & Munday, R. (2011). A Dictionary of Media and Communication (1 ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Chandler, D. & Munday, R. (2020). A Dictionary of Media and Communication (3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Clarke, R. A., & Knake, R. K. (2014). Cyber war. HarperCollins e-book. Erişim tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2023, https://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/Cyber%20War%20-%20The%20Next%20Threat%20to%20National%20Security%20and%20What%20to%20Do%20About%20It%20%28Richard%20A%20Clarke%29%20%282010%29.pdf
  • DCDC (2015) Strategic Trends Programme Future Operating Environment 2023. U.K.: DCDC.
  • Deshpande, V. & Mehta, S. (2018). Contextualising Hybrid Warfare. Vikrant Deshpande (Ed.). Hybrid warfare: the changing character of conflict. New Delhi: Pentagon Press and Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
  • Diez T., Bode I. & ‘da Costa, F. A. (2011). Key Concepts in International Relations. California: SAGE.
  • Druckrey, T. ve Stone, A. R. (1996). Electronic Culture: Technology and Visual Representation. New York: Aperture.
  • Fidler, R. (1997). Mediamorphosis: Understanding New Media. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge.
  • FM 3-13 (FM 100-6): Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. (2003). Headquarters, Department of The Army. Erişim tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2023, https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-13-2003.pdf
  • FM 3-13 (2016) Information Operations. Washington D.C.: Headquarters, Department of The Army. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/FM%203-13%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf
  • Friedman, T. (2003). Lexus ve Zeytin Ağacı: Küreselleşmenin Geleceği, (Çev.: Elif Özsayar), İstanbul, Boyner Holding Yayınları.
  • Gray, C. S. (2007). War, Peace and International Relations: An Introduction to Strategic History. London: Routledge.
  • Hatef, A., & Cooke, T. R. (2020). Winning hearts and minds: A critical analysis of independent media development in Afghanistan. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 13(2), 114-129.
  • Hellman, M., & Wagnsson, C. (2015). New media and the war in Afghanistan: The significance of blogging for the Swedish strategic narrative. New media & society, 17(1), 6-23.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington, Virginia: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. https://www.potomacinstitute.org/images/stories/publications/potomac_hybridwar_0108.pdf (Erişim: 22.11.2023).
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2009). Hybrid Warfare and Challenges. Joint Force Quarterly (No. 52, 2009), pp. 34–39. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA516871.pdf
  • Hopkins, A. E. (2015). Government Public Relations: public diplomacy or propaganda?. Inquiries Journal, 7(03).
  • İHA (İhlas Haber Ajansı). (2021). Afganistan’daki Türk askeri çalışmalarını “Ankara” karargahından sürdürüyor. Erişim tarihi: 24 Aralık 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmgR3MRVTcU
  • Janczewski, L., & Colarik, A. (Eds.). (2008). Cyber warfare and cyber terrorism. New York-Hershey: Information Science Reference.
  • Kaufman, Edward. 2003. A broadcasting strategy to win media wars. In The battle for hearts and minds. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • Lister, Martin, Dovey, Jon, Giddings, Setgh, Grant, Iain, ve Kelly, Kieran (2009). New Media: A Critical Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • Macdonald, S. (2006). Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century: Altered Images and Deception Operations. London – New York: Routledge.
  • Manovich, Lev (2001). The Language of New Media. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • McCauley, T. (2015). The war of ideas on the Internet: An asymmetric conflict in which the strong become weak. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 8(1), 79-90.
  • McLuhan, Marshall (2002). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Mattis, James N. and Hoffman, Frank (2005). Future Warfare: The Rise of Hybrid Warfare. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (November 2005), 30–32.
  • MoD (Ministry of Defence) (2010). Future Character of Conflict. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80698aed915d74e33fa481/20151210-Archived_DCDC_FCOC.pdf (Erişim: 23.11.2023).
  • Molander, R. C., Riddile, A., Wilson, P. A., & Williamson, S. (1996). Strategic information warfare: A new face of war. Rand Corporation.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 616(1), 94-109.
  • Parrington, Alan J. (1997). Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited: Strategic Doctrine in Question. Airpower Journal (Winter, 1997). Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20150620055606/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/parrin.html (Erişim: 22. 11. 2023).
  • Robinson, M., Jones, K., & Janicke, H. (2015). Cyber warfare: Issues and challenges. Computers & Security, 49, 70-94.
  • Rogers, Everett (1986). Communication Technology: The New Media in Society. New York: Free Publishing.
  • Scott, Graham. (2014). How Should Governments Best Use Twitter? Global Government Forum. https://www.globalgovernmentforum.com/how-should-governments-best-use-twitter/ (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Seven, Onur. (2018). ABD endişeli: Fitness uygulaması Strava gizli askeri üsleri açığa çıkardı. https://www.donanimhaber.com/ABD-endiseli-Fitness-uygulamasi-Strava-gizli-askeri-usleri-aciga-cikardi--96916 (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Singer, P. W., & Friedman, A. (2014). Cybersecurity: What everyone needs to know. oup usa.
  • Statista. (2023). Global number of user data requests issued to X (formerly Twitter) from federal agencies and governments during 2nd half 2021, by country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/234867/government-requests-for-user-data-from-twitter/ (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Thornton, R. (2015), The Changing Nature of Modern Warfare. Responding to Russian Information Warfare, The RUSI Journal, (4), 40–48. Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023, https://koziej.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Responding-to-Russian-informationwarfare.pdf
  • Tv 100. (2021). Türk ve Azerbaycan askerleri Afganistan'da omuz omuza! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIGsamcqzH0 (Erişim: 24.11. 2023).
  • Varlık A.B. (2013). Savaşı Tanımlamak: Terminolojik Bir Yaklaşım. Avrasya Terim Dergisi. 1/2, 114-129. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ejatd/issue/5150/70122 (Erişim: 22.11.2023).
  • Varlık, Ali Bilgin. (2020). Bilgi Savaşımı. Oktay Bingöl ve Ali Bilgin Varlık (Ed.) Güvenlik Çalışmaları (Cilt-II) Güvenlik Sektörleri ve Sorunları (ss. 137-163). İstanbul: Hiper Yayın.
  • Wheatley, G. F., & Hayes, R. E. (1996). Information warfare and deterrence (No. 87). Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University.
  • Yanık, Akan. (2016). Yeni medya nedir ne değildir? Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 9 (45), 898-910.
  • Yüksel, Atila ve Yanık, Akan (2014). Co-Creation Value and Social Media: How. Nina K. Prebensen, Joseph S. Chen ve Muzaffer Uysal (Eds.) Creating Experience Value in Tourism. Boston, MA.: CABI.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Cybersecurity and Privacy (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Bilgin Varlık 0000-0002-5265-2321

Project Number Yoktur
Publication Date May 29, 2024
Submission Date August 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Varlık, A. B. (2024). BİLGİ SAVAŞIMINDA YENİ MEDYA BAĞLAMINDA SAYISAL OLMAYAN HAREKÂT. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 129-150. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1335806

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