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DETERMINANT FACTORS OF RADICALIZATION AMONG ARAB UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 89 - 114, 01.04.2017

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore prevalence and the determinants factors of radicalization among the college students. A sample of 2709 university students was selected from Kuwait, UAE, KSA, Oman, Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Egypt, Gaza, and Palestine. A questionnaire was developed based on the literature review as a research tool. Findings showed an alarming signs of the prevalence of the general and violent among university students Three major determinants of radicalization were: 1 Personal factors: age, religion, religion effect, religious compliance, anger, fear, internet use, cheating in the exam, low self-control, and use of force. 2 . Family factors: Family size, number of employed persons in the family, father’s education, mother’s education, and mother’s job. 3 . Societal factors: State, nationality, feeling equity, feeling pride, life satisfaction, and life stress events. Findings raised the attention to the university environment threat and security’s vulnerabilities. Moreover, it calls the attention to the take in account encountering radical beliefs dissemination among university students. Security policies are needed to prevent hijacking the university by radicalism, and transiting the university as incubator for radicalization and path to terrorism. Policy and preventive measures are discussed.

References

  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87.
  • Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in crime and delinquency, 38(4), 319-361.
  • Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study focusing on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19(4), 603-32.
  • Agnew, R. (2010). General strain theory of terrorism. Theoretical Criminology, 14, 131-153.
  • Adam, Karla. 2010. Radical Islam often fomented in college, The Washington Post, January 1. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-01-01/ world/36772205_1_islamic-society-umarfarouk-abdulmutallab-britishuniversities.
  • Adams A., and Winthrop, R. (2011). The Role of Education in the Arab World Revolutions. Opinion, June, 2011. Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/ research/opinions/2011/06/10-arab-world-education-winthrop
  • Afifi, R. (2011) Youth as Agents of Change in UNESCO Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States – Beirut pp 7-19 Arab Youth : Civic Engagement & Economic Participation. Beirut-Lebanon. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Beirut/pdf/ YCE%20_EN.pdf
  • Al-Badayneh, D, Al-khattar, A., and Al Hassan, K. (2011). Fearing Future Terrorism: Perceived Personal, National, Regional and International Threats of Terrorism in Sıddık Ekici (ed) Pp 30 – 44 Volume 90: Counter Terrorism in Diverse Communities NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics. IOS Press Ebooks. http:// ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/25655
  • Al-Badayneh, D. (2009). Human Development, Peace, Corruption, and Terrorism in the Arab World Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Terrorism and Transnational Crime, Antalya, Turkey. Retrieved from http:// ikcrsjo.org/docs/Human_Development_Terrorism-1-2010.pdf
  • Al-Badayneh, D. (2012). Radicalization incubators and Terrorism recruitment in the Arab world pp 1-44 in NAUSS The use of the Internet in Terrorism finance and terrorists recruitment. NAUSS, KSA. Available at: http://www. nauss.edu.sa/Ar/DigitalLibrary/Books/Pages/Books.aspx?BookId=833
  • Al-badayneh, D. (2016). Causes of Radicalizing Among Arab University’s Students: Policy and Preventive Implications. Paper presented at the 'Radicalization, Terrorism and Universities. Turkish Police Academy in Ankara, on 8-9 November 2016
  • Al-badayneh, D. Al-Assafeh, R., and Albahri, N. (in press). Social Causes of Arab Youth Radicalizing. Journalism and Mass Communication, February
  • Al-Badayneh, D., A., Al Hassan, K. and Almawajdeh, M., (2016). The Impact of Political Affiliation, Political Participation and life Satisfaction on Radicalization Among University Students.British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences ISSN: 2046-9578, Vol.21 No.II (2016) BritishJournal Publishing, Inc. 2016 http://www.bjournal.co.uk/BJASS.aspx
  • Al-Badayneh, D., and Al Hassan, K. (2016). Religious Behavior and Radicalization Among Arab Youth: Implications for Terrorism Recruitment and Deradicalization. Pp 130-145 in Ekici, S., Akdogan, H., Ragab E., Ekici, A. & Warnes, R., (2016). Countering Terrorist Recrutment in the Context of Armed Counter-Terrorism Operations. IOS press. The NATO Science for Peace and Security Programe.Vol. 125.
  • Al-Badayneh, D., Khelifa M. and Al Hassan, K. (2016). Radicalizing Arab University Students: A Global Emerging Threat. Journalism and Mass Communication, February 2016, Vol. 6, No. 2, 67-78 doi: 10.17265/2160- 6579/2016.
  • Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen (2010) Violent Radicalization in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:9, 797-814
  • Arab Human Development Report (AHDR), (2016) Youth and the Prospects for Human Development in a Changing Reality. United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS), New York, New York, 10017, USA. www.undp.org/rbas and www.arab-hdr.org
  • Arab Universities Association (2016). Eurie Eurasia Higher Education Summit. February 17-19, 2016 ISTANBUL – TURKEY http://eurieeducationsummit. com/files/2016Presentations/1430-SultanAbuOrabi.pdf
  • ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller (2015). The 7th Annual ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab Youth Survey 2015. http://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/en/home
  • ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller (2016). The 8th Annual ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab Youth Survey 2016. http://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/en/home
  • Assaad R & Roudi-Fahimi F. (2007) Youth in the Middle East and North Africa: demographic opportunity or challenge?, Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887–907.
  • Bhandari, Rajika and El-Amine, Adnan (2012). Higher Education Classification in the Middle East and North Africa, New York, NY: Institute of International Education.
  • Bjorgo, T. (2009).Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality And Ways Forward (Routledge, 2005); Edward Newman (2006) Exploring the “Root Causes” of Terrorism, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29:8, 749-772; and USAID, Development Assistance And Counter-Extremism: A Guide To Programming (October 2009).
  • Bjorgo, Tore, and John Horgan, eds. (2008). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. New York: Routledge.
  • Brown K., E., & Tania Saeed (2015) Radicalization and counter radicalization at British universities: Muslim encounters and alternatives, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38:11, 1952-1968, Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419 870.2014.911343
  • Charlie Edwards & Luke Gribbon (2013) Pathways to Violent Extremism in the Digital Era, The RUSI Journal, 158:5, 40-47
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. 2008. Studying Violent Radicalization in Europe II: The Potential Contribution of Socio-psychological and Psychological Approaches. DIIS Working Paper, no 2008/3. Copenhagen: DISS.
  • Davies, L. (2009). Educating against extremism: towards a critical politicization of young people. International Review of Education, 55(2–3), 183–203.
  • El-Tawila, S. (2002).Youth in the Population Agenda: Concepts and Methodologies.
  • MEAwards Regional Papers, West Asia and North Africa, No. 44. Cairo: Population Council.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: Introducing Statistical Method (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Gardner, Frank. 2006. “Campus Radicals ‘growing problem’.” BBC News, October 5. http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5411172.stm.
  • Gurr, Ted Robert (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Hansen, D. T. (2001). Teaching as a moral activity. In V. Richardson (Ed.)
  • Handbook of research on teaching (4th ed., pp. 826–857). Washington: AERA.
  • Harrison, Alison. 2011. “Campus Extremism ‘a Serious Problem’ Say MPs and Peers.” BBC News, April 28. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ education-13223026
  • Makdisi, G. (1990). The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
  • McCauley, C., and S. Moskalenko. (2008). “Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways toward Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 20 (3): 415– 433. doi:10.1080/0954655 0802073367
  • Mill, A. (2009). “Failure of George Mason U.’s Persian Gulf Campus Sparks Concerns about Overseas Ventures,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 55, no. 27, (March 2009).
  • Pels , T., and de Ruyter, D., (2012) The Influence of Education and Socialization on Radicalization: An Exploration of Theoretical Presumptions and Empirical Research Child Youth Care Forum (2012) 41:311–325. DOI 10.1007/ s10566-011-9155-5
  • Silber, Mitchell, and Arvin Bhatt. 2008. Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. New York: Police Department. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/NYPD_Report-Radicalization_ in_the_West.pdf
  • Silke, A. (2008). Holy warriors: Exploring the psychological processes of Jihadi radicalization. European Journal of Criminology, 5(1), 99–123.
  • START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2015. Global Terrorism Database. http://www.start.umd.edu/ gtd/ .
  • Urdal, Henrik. 2012. “A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence.” United Nations Population Division, Expert Paper No. 2012/1. New York. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/expertpapers/ Urdal_Expert%20Paper.pdf .
  • Vincent Romani (2009). The Politics of Higher Education in the Middle East: Problems and Prospects. Middle East Brief. No.36. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. Brandeis University. Available at: http://www. brandeis.edu/globalbrandeis/documents/MEB36.pdf
  • Webber, D. (2011). Education as counterterrorism tool and the curious case of the Texas school book resolution. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/ diane_webber/10 . Accessed 11 June 2011.
  • Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237–269.
  • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2016). Higher Education in the Arab World
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_in_the_Arab_World
  • World Bank. 2008. “Youth and Unemployment in Africa: The Potential, The Problem, The Promise.” December. Washington, D.C.

Arap Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Radikalleşmeye Yol Açan Faktörler

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 89 - 114, 01.04.2017

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencileri arasında radikalleşmeye neden olan faktörleri ve radikalleşmenin yaygınlığını anlamaktır. Kuveyt, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Umman, Ürdün, Tunus, Fas, Lübna, Mısır ve Filistin’den 2709 kişilik bir örneklem üzerinde bu çalışma gerçekleştirildi. Literatür taramasına dayalı olarak bir anket geliştirildi. Ulaşılan bulgular üniversite öğrencileri arasında yaygın ve ciddi bir radikalleşme seviyesini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmaya dayalı olarak radikalleşmenin arkasında üç farklı etmen olduğu tartışılmaktadır: İlk olarak, yaş, din, dini etki, dinin hükümlerine uyma, öfke, internet kullanımı, sınavda kopya çekme, kendine güven seviyesinin düşüklüğü ve şiddet kullanımı gibi bireysel faktörler dikkate alınmıştır. Bunun yanısıra, ailenin büyüklüğü, ailede kaç kişinin çalıştığı, babanın eğitimi, annenin eğitimi ve annenin işi gibi ailevi faktörler göz önüne alınmıştır. Son olarak da devlet, milliyet, eşitlik algısı, onur duygusu, yaşamdan memnuniyet ve yaşam stresi gibi potansiyel etmenlere değinilmiştir. Makalede üniversite öğrencileri arasında radikal görüşlerle yüzleşilmesi gerektiğine dikkat çekilmekte, üniversite kampüslerinin radikalleşme sarmalına kapılmaması için polislere görev düştüğüne değinilmektedir

References

  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87.
  • Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in crime and delinquency, 38(4), 319-361.
  • Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study focusing on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19(4), 603-32.
  • Agnew, R. (2010). General strain theory of terrorism. Theoretical Criminology, 14, 131-153.
  • Adam, Karla. 2010. Radical Islam often fomented in college, The Washington Post, January 1. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-01-01/ world/36772205_1_islamic-society-umarfarouk-abdulmutallab-britishuniversities.
  • Adams A., and Winthrop, R. (2011). The Role of Education in the Arab World Revolutions. Opinion, June, 2011. Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/ research/opinions/2011/06/10-arab-world-education-winthrop
  • Afifi, R. (2011) Youth as Agents of Change in UNESCO Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States – Beirut pp 7-19 Arab Youth : Civic Engagement & Economic Participation. Beirut-Lebanon. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Beirut/pdf/ YCE%20_EN.pdf
  • Al-Badayneh, D, Al-khattar, A., and Al Hassan, K. (2011). Fearing Future Terrorism: Perceived Personal, National, Regional and International Threats of Terrorism in Sıddık Ekici (ed) Pp 30 – 44 Volume 90: Counter Terrorism in Diverse Communities NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics. IOS Press Ebooks. http:// ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/25655
  • Al-Badayneh, D. (2009). Human Development, Peace, Corruption, and Terrorism in the Arab World Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Terrorism and Transnational Crime, Antalya, Turkey. Retrieved from http:// ikcrsjo.org/docs/Human_Development_Terrorism-1-2010.pdf
  • Al-Badayneh, D. (2012). Radicalization incubators and Terrorism recruitment in the Arab world pp 1-44 in NAUSS The use of the Internet in Terrorism finance and terrorists recruitment. NAUSS, KSA. Available at: http://www. nauss.edu.sa/Ar/DigitalLibrary/Books/Pages/Books.aspx?BookId=833
  • Al-badayneh, D. (2016). Causes of Radicalizing Among Arab University’s Students: Policy and Preventive Implications. Paper presented at the 'Radicalization, Terrorism and Universities. Turkish Police Academy in Ankara, on 8-9 November 2016
  • Al-badayneh, D. Al-Assafeh, R., and Albahri, N. (in press). Social Causes of Arab Youth Radicalizing. Journalism and Mass Communication, February
  • Al-Badayneh, D., A., Al Hassan, K. and Almawajdeh, M., (2016). The Impact of Political Affiliation, Political Participation and life Satisfaction on Radicalization Among University Students.British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences ISSN: 2046-9578, Vol.21 No.II (2016) BritishJournal Publishing, Inc. 2016 http://www.bjournal.co.uk/BJASS.aspx
  • Al-Badayneh, D., and Al Hassan, K. (2016). Religious Behavior and Radicalization Among Arab Youth: Implications for Terrorism Recruitment and Deradicalization. Pp 130-145 in Ekici, S., Akdogan, H., Ragab E., Ekici, A. & Warnes, R., (2016). Countering Terrorist Recrutment in the Context of Armed Counter-Terrorism Operations. IOS press. The NATO Science for Peace and Security Programe.Vol. 125.
  • Al-Badayneh, D., Khelifa M. and Al Hassan, K. (2016). Radicalizing Arab University Students: A Global Emerging Threat. Journalism and Mass Communication, February 2016, Vol. 6, No. 2, 67-78 doi: 10.17265/2160- 6579/2016.
  • Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen (2010) Violent Radicalization in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:9, 797-814
  • Arab Human Development Report (AHDR), (2016) Youth and the Prospects for Human Development in a Changing Reality. United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS), New York, New York, 10017, USA. www.undp.org/rbas and www.arab-hdr.org
  • Arab Universities Association (2016). Eurie Eurasia Higher Education Summit. February 17-19, 2016 ISTANBUL – TURKEY http://eurieeducationsummit. com/files/2016Presentations/1430-SultanAbuOrabi.pdf
  • ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller (2015). The 7th Annual ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab Youth Survey 2015. http://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/en/home
  • ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller (2016). The 8th Annual ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab Youth Survey 2016. http://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/en/home
  • Assaad R & Roudi-Fahimi F. (2007) Youth in the Middle East and North Africa: demographic opportunity or challenge?, Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887–907.
  • Bhandari, Rajika and El-Amine, Adnan (2012). Higher Education Classification in the Middle East and North Africa, New York, NY: Institute of International Education.
  • Bjorgo, T. (2009).Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality And Ways Forward (Routledge, 2005); Edward Newman (2006) Exploring the “Root Causes” of Terrorism, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29:8, 749-772; and USAID, Development Assistance And Counter-Extremism: A Guide To Programming (October 2009).
  • Bjorgo, Tore, and John Horgan, eds. (2008). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. New York: Routledge.
  • Brown K., E., & Tania Saeed (2015) Radicalization and counter radicalization at British universities: Muslim encounters and alternatives, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38:11, 1952-1968, Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419 870.2014.911343
  • Charlie Edwards & Luke Gribbon (2013) Pathways to Violent Extremism in the Digital Era, The RUSI Journal, 158:5, 40-47
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. 2008. Studying Violent Radicalization in Europe II: The Potential Contribution of Socio-psychological and Psychological Approaches. DIIS Working Paper, no 2008/3. Copenhagen: DISS.
  • Davies, L. (2009). Educating against extremism: towards a critical politicization of young people. International Review of Education, 55(2–3), 183–203.
  • El-Tawila, S. (2002).Youth in the Population Agenda: Concepts and Methodologies.
  • MEAwards Regional Papers, West Asia and North Africa, No. 44. Cairo: Population Council.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS: Introducing Statistical Method (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Gardner, Frank. 2006. “Campus Radicals ‘growing problem’.” BBC News, October 5. http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5411172.stm.
  • Gurr, Ted Robert (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Hansen, D. T. (2001). Teaching as a moral activity. In V. Richardson (Ed.)
  • Handbook of research on teaching (4th ed., pp. 826–857). Washington: AERA.
  • Harrison, Alison. 2011. “Campus Extremism ‘a Serious Problem’ Say MPs and Peers.” BBC News, April 28. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ education-13223026
  • Makdisi, G. (1990). The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
  • McCauley, C., and S. Moskalenko. (2008). “Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways toward Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 20 (3): 415– 433. doi:10.1080/0954655 0802073367
  • Mill, A. (2009). “Failure of George Mason U.’s Persian Gulf Campus Sparks Concerns about Overseas Ventures,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 55, no. 27, (March 2009).
  • Pels , T., and de Ruyter, D., (2012) The Influence of Education and Socialization on Radicalization: An Exploration of Theoretical Presumptions and Empirical Research Child Youth Care Forum (2012) 41:311–325. DOI 10.1007/ s10566-011-9155-5
  • Silber, Mitchell, and Arvin Bhatt. 2008. Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. New York: Police Department. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/NYPD_Report-Radicalization_ in_the_West.pdf
  • Silke, A. (2008). Holy warriors: Exploring the psychological processes of Jihadi radicalization. European Journal of Criminology, 5(1), 99–123.
  • START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2015. Global Terrorism Database. http://www.start.umd.edu/ gtd/ .
  • Urdal, Henrik. 2012. “A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence.” United Nations Population Division, Expert Paper No. 2012/1. New York. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/expertpapers/ Urdal_Expert%20Paper.pdf .
  • Vincent Romani (2009). The Politics of Higher Education in the Middle East: Problems and Prospects. Middle East Brief. No.36. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. Brandeis University. Available at: http://www. brandeis.edu/globalbrandeis/documents/MEB36.pdf
  • Webber, D. (2011). Education as counterterrorism tool and the curious case of the Texas school book resolution. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/ diane_webber/10 . Accessed 11 June 2011.
  • Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237–269.
  • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2016). Higher Education in the Arab World
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_in_the_Arab_World
  • World Bank. 2008. “Youth and Unemployment in Africa: The Potential, The Problem, The Promise.” December. Washington, D.C.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Diab M. El Badayneh This is me

Khawla Elhasan This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

APA El Badayneh, D. M., & Elhasan, K. (2017). Arap Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Radikalleşmeye Yol Açan Faktörler. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(2), 89-114.