EXAMINING DRUG TRAFFICKING AS A HUMAN SECURITY THREAT IN VIETNAM

Cao Ngoc Anh

EXAMINING DRUG TRAFFICKING AS A HUMAN SECURITY THREAT IN VIETNAM

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 69 - 90, 01.10.2017

Abstract

Largely based on secondary data analysis in combination with data acquired from 6 semi-structured interviews Interviewees in in this research consist of 2 anti-drug trafficking police officers coded as PO1; PO2 , 1 staff from Department Against Social Evil SE , 1 staff from Hanoi MOLISA HM , 1 researcher on drug trafficking in Vietnam RE1 and 1 father of drug addict FA1 , this article examines the nexus between drug trafficking and human insecurity in the context of Vietnam. By adopting the worldwide well-known analytical framework of human security developed by UNDP, this paper reveals that in Vietnam drug trafficking has mounted to an considerable multifaceted threat to human security particularly on the dimensions of economic, health, personal, community and security. In relation to the training of the anti-drug trafficking police, these revelations suggest that the crime should be considered as not only a criminal problem but also an important issue of non-traditional security. This infers that the police training could be undertaken by both police and security academies. With regard to the training curriculum, it should pay more attention on powering its potential victims to develop their resilience and capacity to escape from the victimization. Concerning the methods for policing drug trafficking, since the crime is determined as a security threat, it could be reasonable to utilize some strategies of governing human security issues in order to better control the crime

Keywords

Drugs, Drug Trafficking, Human Security, Police Training, Vietnam

References

Alkire, S. 2003. A Conceptual Framework For Human Security, Oxford: Centre For Research On Inequality. Human Security And Ethnicit - University Of Oxford.
Badel, A & Greaney, B 2013. Exploring the Link between Drug Use and Job Status in the U.S, the Regional Economist.
Bajpai, K. P. 2000. Human Security: Concept And Measurement. University Of Notre Dame, Joan B. Kroc Institute For International Peace Studies.
Calderón, G., Robles, G. And Magaloni, B., 2013. Economic Consequences of Drug-Traf- ficking Violence in Mexico (No. Idb-Wp-426). Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
Commission On Human Security 2003. Human Security Now. New York: United Nations.
Department Against Social Evils, 2013. Summary Report on the Result of Survey on the Drug Addicts In Treatment Centers In Vietnam, Hanoi [In Vietnamese].
Do Tuyet. 2013. Impacts Of Drugs On Family And Community [Ảnh Hưởng Của Tệ Nạn Ma Tşy İến Gia İình Và Cộng İồng], Giao Duc Viet Nam, Http://Gia- oduc.Net.Vn/Xa-Hoi/Anh-Huong-Cua-Te-Nan-Ma-Tuy-Den-Gia-Dinh-Va-Cong- Dong-Post135355.Gd Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
Dodds, F. & Pippard, T. 2012. Human And Environmental Security: An Agenda For Change: Routledge.
Fukuda-Parr, S. & Messineo, C. 2012. Human Security: A Critical Review Of The Literature. Centre For Research On Peace And Development (Crpd) Working Paper, (11).
Goodwin, A. 2007 Drug Trafficking: An Alarming Human Security Threat, Warn Policy Brief. Accra, Ghana.
Hampson, F. O. 2008. Human Security. In: Williams, P. (Ed.) Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge
Hayes-Larson, E., Grau, L.E., Khoshnood, K., Barbour, R., Khuat, O.T.H. And Heimer, R., 2013. Drug Users In Hanoi, Vietnam: Factors Associated With Membership In Community-Based Drug User Groups. Harm Reduction Journal, 10(1), P.33.
Human Security Centre 2005. Human Security Report 2005: War And Peace In The 21st Century: Oxford University Press, Usa.
Human Security Unit, 2016. Human Security Handbook. Human Security Unit, United Nations: New York.
International Narcotics Control Board (2013) Chapter 1: Economic Consequences Of Drug Abuse matic_Chapters/English/Ar_2013_E_Chapter_I.Pdf Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
Jojarth, Christine. 2009. Crime, War And Global Trafficking: Designing International Co- operation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kerr, P. 2007. Human Security. In: Collins, A. (Ed.) Contemporary Security Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Pp91-108.
Klein, Axel. 2008. Drugs And The World. London: Reaktion Books.
Lodgaard, S. 2000. Human Security: Concept And Operationalization. Norwegian Institute Of International Affairs.
Luong, H., 2015. Transnational Drugs Trafficking From West Africa To Southeast Asia: A Case Study Of Vietnam. Journal Of Law And Criminal Justice, 3(2), Pp.37-54.
Macfarlane, S. N. & Khong, Y. F. 2006. Human Security And The United Nations. Indiana University Press.
Molisa & Undcp (United Nations Drug Control Program). 2000. Report On Drug Abuse Situation In Vietnam. Hanoi [In Vietnamese].
Molisa 2016. Report No115/Bc-Ldtbxh Dated 27/12/2016 On The Result Of The Drug De- toxification Work In 2016, Tasks And Solutions In The Coming Time, Ministry Of Labour, Invalid And Social Affairs, Hanoi [In Vietnamese].
Molisa Hanoi. 2014. Drugs, Drug Addiction And Signs Of Recognition, Hanoi Department Of Of Labour, Invalid And Social Affairs, Hanoi [In Vietnamese].
Mps. 2016. Summary Report On The Status And Result Of The Drug Prevention And Fighting In 2016, Ministry Of Public Security, Hanoi.
Nef, J. 1999. Human Security And Mutual Vulnerability - An Exploration Into The Global Political Economy Of Development And Underdevelopment, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Newman, E. 2010. Critical Human Security Studies. Review Of International Studies, 36 (1), Pp77-94.
Nguyen, V.T. And Scannapieco, M., 2008. Drug Abuse In Vietnam: A Critical Review Of The Literature And Implications For Future Research. Addiction, 103(4), Pp.535- 543.
Nsiah-Gyabaah, K. 2010. Human Security As A Prerequisite For Development. In: Matthew, R. A., Barnett, J., Mcdonald, B. & O'brien, K. L. (Eds.) Global Environmental Change And Human Security. Mit Press, Pp237-259.
Paris, R. 2001. Human Security: Paradigm Shift Or Hot Air? International Security, 26 (2), Pp87-102.
Police Department Of Drug Crime Investigation, 2015. Status Of Drug Addicts In Vietnam And Preventive Solutions [Thực Trạng Người Nghiện Ma Tşy Của Việt Nam Và Giải Pháp Phòng Ngừa] Http://Pcmatuy.Canhsat.Vn/Tin-Chuyen-Nganh/Ta- bid/85/Articletype/Articleview/Articleid/572/Thuc-Trang-Nguoi-Nghien-Ma-Tuy- Cua-Viet-Nam-Va-Giai-Phap-Phong-Ngua.Aspx Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
Police Department Of Drug Crime Investigation, 2017. Comprehensive Report On Drug Offences And Criminal Investigation Of Drug Offences In Vietnam From 2012 – 2016, Hanoi.
Promises Treatment Centers, 2013. The Effects Of Substance Abuse On Employment, Https://Www.Promises.Com/Articles/Issues-Related-To-Addiction/The-Effects- Of-Substance-Abuse-On-Employment/, Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
Quan, V.M., Go, V.F., Nam, L.V., Bergenstrom, A., Thuoc, N.P., Zenilman, J., Latkin, C. And Celentano, D.D., 2009. Risks For Hiv, Hbv, And Hcv Infections Among Male Injection Drug Users In Northern Vietnam: A Case–Control Study. Aids Care, 21(1), Pp.7-16.
Robinson, D, A. 2011. Drug Trafficking And Human Security In Guinea-Bissau, Atılım Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 1(1), 97-116.
Singer, M., 2008. Drugs And Development: The Global Impact Of Drug Use And Traffick- ing On Social And Economic Development. International Journal Of Drug Pol- icy, 19(6), Pp.467-478.
The Telegraph, 2014. Vietnam Sentences 30 Heroin Smugglers To Death In Biggest Drugs Trial. etnam/10584932/Vietnam-Sentences-30-Heroin-Smugglers-To-Death-In-Biggest- Drugs-Trial.Html Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
Thomas, C. 2001. Global Governance, Development And Human Security: Exploring The Links. Third World Quarterly, 22 (2), Pp159-175.
Trungn. T., Detels R., Longh. T., Lanh. P. 2005 Drug Use Among Female Sexworkers In Hanoi, Vietnam. Addiction; 100:619–25.
UN. 1988. United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances Https://Www.Unodc.Org/Pdf/Convention_1988_En.Pdf Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
UNAIDS 2013, Global Report: Unaids Report On The Global Aids Epidemic 2013. Ge- neva.
UNDP. 1994. Human Development Report. United Nations Development Program: New York
UNODC 2005. Vietnam Country ProŞle 2005. Country OfŞce Vietnam. Hanoi.
UNODc. 2008. Drug Trafficking As A Security Threat In West Africa. United Nations Of- fice On Drugs And Crime.
UNODC. 2012a. Acting Together To Fight Drugs And Crime In Viet Nam Https://Www.Unodc.Org/Southeastasiaandpacific/En/Vietnam/2012/05/Ats-Re- port-Launch/Story.Html Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
UNODC. 2012b. Vietnam Country Programme 2012 – 2017, Unodc Country Office, Hanoi.
UNODC. 2012c. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants In Viet Nam Review Of The Availability, Use And Implications For Health And Security, Viet Nam Country Office: Hanoi.
UNODC. 2014. World Drug Report, United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime: New York
UNODC. 2016. World Drug Report, United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime: New York.
US Bureau Of Justice Statistics (2004) Drugs And Crime Facts Https://Www.Bjs.Gov/Con- tent/Pub/Pdf/Dcf.Pdf Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
US State Department. 2010. International Narcotic Control Strategy Report 2009.
Vietnamnews, 2014. 30 Drug Traffickers Get Death Sentence Http://Vietnamnews.Vn/So- ciety/250452/30-Drug-Traffickers-Get-Death-Sentence.Html#W5hg5f2krgio- abqs.97 Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.
Voelkner, N. 2012. Human Security Assemblages In Global Politics: The Meteriality And Instability Of Biopolitical Governmentality In Thailand And Vietnam. Submitted For The Degree Of Dphil, Department Of International Relations, University Of Sussex.
Vu, D, N 2009 Human Security And The Insecurity In Today Life, Journal Of Science & Technology Development, (12), 1/2009 [In Vietnamese].
Vu, Q, V 2010 Textbook: Criminological Characteristics Of Drug Criminals And The Preventive Solutions, People’s Police Academy, Hanoi.
World Bank, 2015 Vietnam – Overview Http://www.worldbank.Org/En/Country/Vi- etnam/Overview#1 Date Of Access: 20/2/2017.