<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Genç Mütefekkirler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2718-000X</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2718-000X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Nihat DEMİRKOL</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Kalam</subject>
                                                            <subject>Islamic Studies (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Kelam</subject>
                                                            <subject>İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Muhammed Abduh&#039;un Risâletü&#039;t-Tevhîd&#039;inde Din Anlayışı</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Muhammad Abduh’s Conception of Religion in his Risālat al-Tawḥīd</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-8818</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dönmez Tekin</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ayşe Betül</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Yalova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260418">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>18</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>7</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>46</fpage>
                                        <lpage>65</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251115">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260221">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>21</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2020, Journal of Young Intellectuals</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Young Intellectuals</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu çalışma, Muhammed Abduh’un özellikle Auguste Comte’un pozitivist düşüncesi bağlamında, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Avrupa bilimsel rasyonalizmiyle karşılaşmasını incelemektedir. Abduh çoğu zaman İslam’da ıslahatçı veya modernist perspektifinden ele alınmış olsa da, Pozitivizmle kurduğu entelektüel ilişki akademik literatürde yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu makale, Abduh’un ne Pozitivizmi benimsediğini ne de bütünüyle reddettiğini; seçmeci bir tavır geliştirerek Risâletü’t-Tevḥîd adlı Kelam eserinde pozitivist ilerleme düşüncesinin belirli unsurlarını din anlayışına entegre ettiğini ileri sürmektedir. Abduh, Comte’un “üç hâl kanunu”nu pozitivist şemadan farklı şekilde İslami perspektiften yorumlayarak, dinlerin ilkel aşamaları olan Yahudilik ve Hristiyanlıktan sonra İslam’ın entellektüel olarak en yüksek ve en rasyonel ifadesini temsil ettiğini ileri sürmüştür. Risâletü’t-Tevḥîd’de İslâm’ı akıl, doğal hukuk ve bilimsel araştırma ile benzersiz biçimde uyumlu bir din olarak tasvir etmiştir. Abduh’un eserleri ile Pozitivizm üzerine modern araştırmaları birlikte analiz eden bu makale Abduh’u bilimsel modernite ile dinî gelenek arasındaki gerilimde yol alan kritik bir figür olarak konumlandırmaktadır. Böylece, Abduh’u “modernist” ya da “gelenekçi” gibi katı kategorilere yerleştirmek yerine onun düşüncesinin bütünleştirici yapısını vurgulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Abduh’un, bilimsel rasyonalizmle ilişki kurabilen ancak sekülerliğe teslim olmayan yenilikçi Kelam inşası, İslâm modernizminin kendine özgü bir entelektüel yöneliminin oluşmasına katkıda bulunmuştur.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>This research reconsiders Muhammad ʿAbduh’s (1849–1905) intellectual project by challenging the prevailing assumption that he should be classified primarily as a modernist who departed radically from the Islamic theological tradition. Instead, it argues that ʿAbduh developed a hybrid epistemology that creatively integrated European modernity into longstanding frameworks of Islamic thought. By examining ʿAbduh’s ideas alongside the works of classical theologians as well as the positivist philosophy of Auguste Comte (1798-1857), this article demonstrates that his theology draws simultaneously on classical kalām methods and modern evolutionary theories of knowledge and society. Both ʿAbduh and Comte, influenced by Enlightenment conceptions of historical development, depict human religiosity as progressing from primitive forms toward increasingly rational and ethical expressions. In this sense, ʿAbduh interprets religious evolution as intertwined with broader civilizational advancement, thereby situating Islam within a universal narrative of intellectual progress. By tracing the interplay between these diverse intellectual sources, this research highlights the complexity of the epistemological formations that shaped modern Muslim thought. ʿAbduh’s Risālat al-Tawḥīd exemplifies his call for a renewed kalam which is capable of defending Islamic belief while benefiting from the methodological strengths of the modern sciences. This work thus illuminates both the transformations characteristic of nineteenth-century Islamic intellectual life and the enduring continuities with the classical theology. Rather than categorizing ʿAbduh within rigid binaries such as “modernist” or “traditionalist,” this article emphasizes the hybrid, integrative nature of his thought. It proposes that ʿAbduh’s theology represents a significant attempt to harmonize rationalist strands of Islamic scholarship with the evolving scientific and philosophical paradigms of his era, thereby offering a more nuanced understanding of Islamic intellectual renewal in the modern period.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Abduh</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Risālat al-Tawḥīd</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Religion</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Salafism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Positivism</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Abduh</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Risaletü&#039;t-Tevhid</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Din</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Selefilik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Pozitivizm</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ʿAbduh, Muḥammad. Risālat al-Tawhīd. Būlāq: al-Maṭbaʿah al-Kubra al-Amīrīyah, 1898.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ʿAbduh, Muḥammad. Al-Islam wa al-Nasraniyya ma‘a al-‘ilm wa al-madaniyya. Cairo, 1938.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ʿAbduh, Muḥammad – Rida, M. Rashid. Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Ḥakīm (Tafsīr al-Manār). Cairo: Matbaʿat al-Manār, v.5, h. 1328.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ʻAbduh, Muḥammad. The Theology of Unity. trans. Ishaq Masa‘ad, Kenneth Cragg. London: Allen &amp; Unwin, 1966.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adams, Charles C. Islam and Modernism in Egypt, A Study of the Modern Reform Movement inaugurated by Muhammad ‘Abduh. New York: Russell &amp; Russell, 1968.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Avcı, Betül. ““Becoming European While Remaining Muslim”: Muslim Responses to Modern Ideas of Progress and Rationalism”. Journal of Ecumenical Studies 60/4 (2025), 594-615.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buheiry, Marwan R. (ed). Intellectual life in the Arab East, 1890-1939. Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut, Center for Arab and Middle East Studies, 1981.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Commins, David Dean. Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Commins, David. The Wahhabi Mission and the Saudi Arabia, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Comte, Auguste. Positive Philosophy. trans. Harriet Martineau. New York: C. Blanchard, 1858.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ElShakry, Marwa. Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860-1950. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haj, Samira. Reconfirming Islamic Tradition. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddima. trans. Franz Rosenthal. Princeton University Press, 1967.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">al-Jurjānī, al-Sayyid al-Sharīf. Sharh al-Mawāqif. Istanbul: Dar al-Tibaah al-Amira, 1894/1311.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kara, İsmail. Din ile Modernleşme Arasında: Çağdaş Türk Düşüncesinin Meseleleri. Dergâh Yayınları, 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kateman, Ammeke. Muḥammad ʿAbduh and His Interlocutors: Conceptualizing Religion in a Globalizing World. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keddie, Nikki R. An Islamic Response to Imperialism. Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani”. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kedourie, Elie. Afghani and ‘Abduh, An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam. London - Portland: Frank Cass &amp; Co. Ltd., 1997.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kohn, Margaret. “Afghānī on Empire, Islam, and Civilization”. Political Theory 37/3 (June 2009), 398-422.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Komay, Talha. “Son Dönem Osmanlı Alimlerine Göre İnkar Nedenleri”. Genç Mütefekkirler Dergisi. 6/1 (2025), 21-43.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kurzman, Charles (ed.). Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ozervarli, M. Sait. “Theology in the Ottoman Lands”, Sabine Schmidtke (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology, Oxford Handbooks (2016; online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Mar. 2014).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Renan, Ernest – Hutchison, William G. The Poetry of the Celtic Races: And Other Studies. London: W. Scott, 1896.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sedgwick, Mark. Muhammad Abduh. (Makers of the Muslim World). Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">al-Taftazānī. Sharh al-ʿAqāid. Istanbul: Maṭbaʻat Maktab al-Ḥarbīyah, 1279/1862.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weismann, Itzchak. “Between Ṣūfī Reformism and Modernist Rationalism: A Reappraisal of the Origins of the Salafiyya from the Damascene Angle”. Die Welt des Islams, New Series, 41/2 (July 2001), 206-237.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
