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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>genel tıp derg</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Genel Tıp Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2602-3741</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Selcuk University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Glioblastoma tümörlerinde çoklu ilaç direnci</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Multiple drug resistance in glioblastoma</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
                                    <given-names>Emir</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü, Moleküler Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Manisa</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Atmaca</surname>
                                    <given-names>Harika</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü, Moleküler Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Manisa</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Uzunoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Selim</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü, Moleküler Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Manisa</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20130101">
                    <day>01</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2013</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>23</volume>
                                        <issue>4</issue>
                                        <fpage>133</fpage>
                                        <lpage>143</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1990, Genel Tıp Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1990</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Genel Tıp Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Merkezi sinir sisteminin gerek yapı ve fonksiyonunu gerekse patolojisini hücresel düzeyde anlamada nöronal ve glial paradigma  olmak üzere iki yaklaşım öne çıkmaktadır. Nöronal paradigma nöronları, glial paradigma ise glia hücrelerini vurgulayarak patolojiyi  açıklamakta ve anlamlandırmaktadır. Beyin tümörlerinin en yaygın türlerinden biri olan glioblastoma, konumu, sağ kalım süresinin  kısalığı ve ilacın hedef dokuya ulaşabilirliğinin zorluğu noktalarından özgün bir tümördür. Glioblastomalarda kemoterapötik tedavi- de gözlenen ilaç direnci, diğer tümörlerde gözlenen direnç mekanizmalarıyla uyumludur. Bu direnç mekanizmaları, tümör hücreleri- nin ilaca hassasiyetini azaltan  kan beyin bariyeri ve membran transport proteinlerine bağlı olarak hücre içine ilaç girişinin azalması,  DNA tamir sistemlerindeki adaptif cevap ve hedef molekülün ilaca bağlanma etkinliğinin azaltılması  ve ilaçların hedef dokudaki et- kin konsantrasyonunu azaltan mekanizmalar  detoksifikasyonda rol alan proteinlerdeki değişimler, tümör mikroçevresinde meydana  gelen hipoksik bölgeler  olmak üzere iki alt başlıkta incelenebilir. Ayrıca, onkogenlerin aktivasyonu ve apoptozisle ilişkili Bcl-2 ailesi  proteinlerinin ifadesindeki düzensizliklerin de ilaç direncinin ortaya çıkışında rol aldığı bilinmektedir. Bu derlemede glioblastoma  tümörlerinde görülen çoklu ilaç direncinin olası mekanizmalarını güncel literatür ışığında tanımlanarak sistemik ve bütüncül bir  bakış açısı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>In cellular perspective, neuronal and glial paradigms are two prevailing approaches for understanding both structure/function and  pathology of central nervous system. Neuronal paradigm explains brain pathology mainly based on neurons, while glial paradigm  put more emphasize to glial cells. Glioblastoma, one of the most common brain tumors, is unique due to its location, the shortness  of median survival and the difficulty of efficient uptake in target tissue. Drug resistance mechanisms observed in the chemotherapy  of glioblastoma are quite similar to the ones of other tumor types. These mechanisms can be investigated under two main groups:  one is decreasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents  decreasing of drug uptake into cell by blood brain barrier  and membrane transport proteins  and the other one is reducing the efficient concentration of the drug in target tissue  variabilities  in detoxification proteins and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment . Moreover, activation of oncogenes and abnormalities of  expression of Bcl-2 protein family members are mediating players in the development of drug resistance in glioblastoma. In this  review, the possible drug resistance mechanisms in glioblastoma were described in the light of recent literature by using systemic and  integrative perspective</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Glioblastoma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   çoklu ilaç direnci</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   kan beyin bariyeri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   membran transport proteinleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   O-6 metilguanin DNA metiltransferaz</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   reseptör tirozin kinazlar</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Glioblastoma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   multiple drug resistance</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   blood brain barrier</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   membrane transport proteins</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   O-6 methylguanine DNA mehyltransferase</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>   receptor tyrosine kinases</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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