<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>genel tıp derg</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Genel Tıp Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2602-3741</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Selcuk University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54005/geneltip.1663364</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Psychiatry</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Psikiyatri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>The Effect of Treatment for Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder on Children&#039;s Symptoms and Caregivers&#039; Quality of Life: A Prospective Study</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Dikkat Eksikliği/Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Tedavisinin Çocukların Semptomları ve Bakım Verenlerin Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Prospektif Bir Çalışma</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-4577</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Selçuk</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mahmut</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>MUGLA SITKI KOCMAN UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-1488</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Türkoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Serhat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SELCUK UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260403">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>36</volume>
                                        <issue>2026</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>9</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250322">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>22</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250628">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>28</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1990, Genel Tıp Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1990</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Genel Tıp Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Aim: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects not only children’s mental health but also their parents’ psychological well-being. This study examined the impact of ADHD treatment on children’s symptoms and the quality of life (QoL) of their caregivers.Materials and Methods: The study involved 100 children aged 6 to 17 who were newly diagnosed with ADHD and starting treatment, along with their 100 primary caregivers. Children were evaluated usingthe Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–Revised: Long Form (CPRS-RL), while caregivers were assessed with the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Scale, Hamilton Anxiety (HAM-A), and Depression (HAM-D) Scales. Mental status examinations and assessments were conducted at treatment initiation and repeated after three months.Results: A statistically significant reduction was observed in CPRS-RL scores after three months of treatment (z = -8.385, p &amp;lt; 0.001). No significant difference was found in symptom reduction between those receiving stimulant versus non-stimulant medications (p = 0.541). Caregivers showed statistically significant improvements in all SF-36 subdomains after three months (p &amp;lt;0.001). When SF-36 score changes were compared according to the ADHD subtype of the children, significant differences remained between the inattentive and hyperactive (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and inattentive and combined type groups (p &amp;lt; 0.017), while no significant difference was observed between the hyperactive and combined type groups (p &amp;gt; 0.017). No significant changes were found in caregivers’ HAM-A or HAM-D scores over the three months (p = 0.211 and p = 0.562, respectively).Conclusions: ADHD treatment—regardless of medication type—significantly reduces children’s symptom severity and improves caregivers’ QoL. Although anxiety and depression levels in caregivers remained unchanged, QoL improvements are likely due to symptom relief in children. Therefore, the early diagnosis of ADHD and the initiation of treatment as soon as possible are critically important for both reducing the symptoms in children and improving the QoL of their parents.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Amaç: Dikkat Eksikliği/Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB) sadece çocuklarda mental sorunlara yol açmakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda ebeveynleri de psikolojik olarak olumsuz etkileyebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, DEHB tedavisinin çocukların semptomları ve ebeveynlerinin yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya, 6-17 yaş aralığında DEHB tanısı almış ve ilk kez tedavi başlanan 100 çocuk ile onlara bakım veren 100 ebeveyni dahil edilmiştir. Çocuklara Conners Ebeveyn Değerlendirme Ölçeği Uzun Formu (CEDÖ-Y); bakım verenlere ise Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (SF-36), Hamilton Anksiyete Derecelendirme Ölçeği (HAM-A) ve Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeği (HAM-D) uygulanmıştır. Ruhsal durum muayenesi ve ölçekler, DEHB tedavisinin başlangıcında ve üç ay sonrasında çocuklara ve ebeveynlere tekrarlanmıştır.Bulgular: Üç aylık tedavi sonrasında çocukların CEDÖ-Y puanlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir düşüş gözlemlendi (z=-8.385, p&amp;lt;0.001). Uyarıcı veya uyarıcı olmayan ilaç alan gruplar arasında, CEDÖ-Y puanlarındaki değişim açısından fark bulunmadı (p=0.541). Bakım verenlerin SF-36 Yaşam Kalitesi ölçeğinin tüm alt alanlarında üç ay sonrasında anlamlı bir iyileşme gözlemlendi (p&amp;lt;0.001). Bakımverenlerin 3 aylık süredeki SF-36 puanlarının farkları çocukların DEHB tipine göre karşılaştırıldığında, dikkat eksikliği ile hiperaktivite (p &amp;lt; 0.001), dikkat eksikliği ile kombine tip (p &amp;lt;0.017) arasında istatistiksel anlamlılığını korurken, hiperaktivite ile kombine tip grupları arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p&amp;gt;0.017). Bakım verenlerin HAM-A ve HAM-D ölçek puanlarında üç aylık süre boyunca anlamlı bir değişiklik tespit edilmedi (p=0.211, p=0.562, sırasıyla).Sonuçlar: DEHB’li çocukların uyarıcı veya uyarıcı olmayan ilaçlarla tedavisi, çocukların semptomlarında iyileşmenin yanı sıra ebeveynlerin yaşam kalitesinde de anlamlı bir artış sağlamıştır. Ebeveynlerin depresyon ve anksiyete skorlarında belirgin bir değişiklik olmamasına rağmen yaşam kalitesinin iyileşmesi, çocukların DEHB tedavisinin etkisine bağlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, DEHB’nin erken teşhisi ve mümkün olan en kısa sürede tedaviye başlanması, hem çocukların semptomlarını azaltmak hem de ebeveynlerin yaşam kalitesini artırmak açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>ADHD</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Caregivers</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Treatment</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Quality of Life</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Psychological impact</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>DEHB</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bakımveren</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tedavi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yaşam kalitesi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Psikolojik Etki</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">1.	Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc 2013;21:591–643</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2.	Cortese S, Fusetto Veronesi G, Gabellone A, Margari A, Marzulli L, Matera E, et al. The management of sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update of the literature. Expert Rev Neurother 2024;24:585–96</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">3.	Andrade EM, Geha LM, Duran P, Suwwan R, Machado F, do Rosário MC. Quality of life in caregivers of ADHD children and diabetes patients. Front Psychiatry 2016;7:127</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">4.	Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği DSM-V-TR Tanı ölçütleri başvuru kitabı. Çeviren: Ertuğrul Köroğlu. Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık; 2013</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">5.	Ma JLC, Lai KYC, Wan ESF, Xia LLL. Multiple family therapy for Chinese families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): treatment efficacy from the children’s perspective and their subjective experiences. J Fam Ther 2019;41:599–619</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">6.	Zhao X, Page TF, Altszuler AR, Pelham WE, Kipp H, Gnagy EM, et al. Family Burden of Raising a Child with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2019;47:1327–38</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">7.	Ahmed MGAE, Felemban EM, El-slamoni MAE fatah A. A comparative study: quality of life, self-competence, and self-liking among the caregivers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other non-ADHD children. Middle East Curr Psychiatr 2022;29:27</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">8.	Chou WJ, Hsiao RC, Chang CC, Yen CF. Predictors of depressive symptoms in caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A one-year follow-up study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:8835</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">9.	Liu TL, Hsiao RC, Chou WJ, Yen CF. Hopelessness in caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations with depression and anxiety and multidimensionally related factors. J Formos Med Assoc 2023;122:1158–64</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">10.	Peñuelas-Calvo I, Palomar-Ciria N, Porras-Segovia A, Miguélez-Fernández C, Baltasar-Tello I, Colmenero SP, et al. Impact of ADHD symptoms on family functioning, family burden and parents’ quality of life in a hospital area in Spain. Eur J Psychiatry 2021;35:166–72</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">11.	Kong H, Xiang YT, Luk ESL, Lai KYC. Quality of life in parents of children with attention-deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009;43:731–8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">12.	Jeyagurunathan A, Sagayadevan V, Abdin E, Zhang YJ, Chang S, Shafie S, et al. Psychological status and quality of life among primary caregivers of individuals with mental illness: A hospital based study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2017;15:1-14</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">13.	Piscitello J, Altszuler AR, Mazzant JR, Babinski DE, Gnagy EM, Page TF, et al. The Impact of ADHD on Maternal Quality of Life. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022;50:1275–88</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">14.	Dubey MJ, Ray P, Ghosh R, Bhattacharyya AK, Dhor P, Chatterjee S, et al. Health-related quality of life and perceived stress of informal caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and ADHD. Neurol Perspect 2023;3:100120</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">15.	Graziano PA, McNamara JP, Geffken GR, Reid A. Severity of children’s ADHD symptoms and parenting stress: A multiple mediation model of self-regulation. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2011;39:1073–83</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">16.	Schein J, Cloutier M, Gauthier-Loiselle M, Bungay R, Guerin A, Childress A. Symptoms associated with ADHD/treatment-related adverse side effects and their impact on quality of life and work productivity in adults with ADHD. Curr Med Res Opin 2023;39:149–59</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">17.	Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacol Ther 2022;230:107940</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">18.	Coghill D. The impact of medications on quality of life in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. CNS Drugs 2010;24:843–66</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">19.	Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JDA, Epstein1 JN. The Revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor Structure, Reliability, and Criterion Validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1998;26:257–68</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">20.	Kaner S, Büyüüozturk S, Iseri E, Ak A, Ozaydin L. Conner’s Teachers Rating Scale/ Revised Long: Assessing the Psychometric Characteristics of Turkish Children. Klin Psikiyatri Derg 2011;14:150–63</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">21.	Ware JE. Improved Items for Estimating SF-36 Profile and Summary Component Scores. Med Care. 2025;63:300–10</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">22.	Koçyigit H. Kisa Form-36 (KF-36)’nm Turkce versiyonunun guvenilirligi ve gecerliligi. İlaç ve tedavi dergisi 1999;12:102–6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">23.	Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">24.	Akdemir A, Örsel S, Dağ İ, Türkçapar H, İşcan N, Özbay H. Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeği (HDDÖ)’nin geçerliği, güvenirliği ve klinikte kullanımı. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi 1996;4:251–9</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">25.	Hamilton MAX. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959;32:50–5</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">26.	Yazıcı MK, Demir B, Tanrıverdi N, Karaağaoglu E, Yolaç P. Validity and inter-rater reliability of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [Turkish]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg  1998;9:114–7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">27.	Kim Y, Kim B, Chang JS, Kim BN, Cho SC, Hwang JW. Parental quality of life and depressive mood following methylphenidate treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014;68:506–14</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">28.	Schein J, Cloutier M, Gauthier-Loiselle M, Catillon M, Yu L, Libchaber B, et al. Quality of Life and Outcomes Associated with Adverse Effects in Pediatric Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Their Parents/Caregivers. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2024;35:49–60</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">29.	Al-Balushi N, Al Shekaili M, Al-Alawi M, Al-Balushi M, Panchatcharam S, Al-Adawi S. Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder attending a tertiary care facility: a cross-sectional analytical study from Muscat, Oman. Early Child Dev Care 2019;189:1515–24</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">30.	Milich R, Balentine AC, Lynam DR. ADHD Combined Type and ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type Are Distinct and Unrelated Disorders. Clin Psychol-Sci Pr 2001;8:463–88</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">31.	Cormier E. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review and Update. J Pediatr Nurs 2008;23:345–57</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">32.	Theule J, Wiener J, Tannock R, Jenkins JM. Parenting Stress in Families of Children With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. J Emot Behav Disord 2013;21:3–17</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">33.	Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiat 2018;5:727–38</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">34.	Ros R, Graziano PA. Social Functioning in Children With or At Risk for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2018;47:213–35</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">35.	Dey M, Paz Castro R, Haug S, Schaub MP. Quality of life of parents of mentally-ill children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019;28:563–77</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">36.	Chen JY, Clark MJ, Chang YY, Liu YY. Anxiety, Decision Conflict, and Health in Caregivers of Children with ADHD: A Survey. J Pediatr Nurs 2015;30:568–79</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">37.	Selçuk M. The Impact of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment on Caregiver’s Burden, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol 2025;35:124–31</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">38.	Simşek Ş, Gökçen C, Fettahoǧlu EÇ. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychiatric symptoms in parents of children with ADHD. Dusunen Adam - J Psychiatry Neurol Sci 2012;25:230–7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">39.	Durukan İ, Erdem M, Tufan AE, Cöngöloğlu A, Yorbik Ö, Türkbay T. Depression and anxiety levels and coping strategies used by mothers of children with ADHD: A preliminary study. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2008;9:217–23</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">40.	Özyurt G, Pekcanlar Akay A, Öztürk Y. Family Functioning and Maternal Anxiety Among Cases Diagnosed With Adhd: A Comparison Study. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi (JCBPR) 2015;3:162–72</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">41.	Liang SHY, Lee YC, Kelsen BA, Chen VCH. Health-related quality of life in mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan: The roles of child, parent, and family characteristics. Res Dev Disabil 2021;113:103944</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
