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An Alternative Milk: Donkey Milk (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2012, Volume: 37 Issue: 4, 243 - 250, 01.08.2012

Abstract

In recent years, a growth interest has shown to donkeys’ milk. It sources from its main nutritional and functional features, as well as taking part in the diet of patients affected by cow’s milk protein allergy. It shows similarities to human milk especially in respect to lipid and protein composition. Low levels of protein and inorganic substances, bring donkeys’ milk high digestibility and low renal load. Accordingly, when breast feeding is inadequate or after weaning, it can be a good alternative using donkeys’ milk in nourishment of newborn babies or childrens. Its biological functions are also due to a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, low cholesterol content and high levels of vitamins A, B and C. The good balance between casein and whey proteins, rich in essential nutrients and palatability make donkeys’ milk suitable for the nutrition of children, elderly and convalescent. Besides all of these, with the high level of lysozyme and lactoferrin, it has an antimicrobial activity. It is helpful in the treatment of human immune-related diseases and in the prevention of atherosclerosis.

References

  • Sampson HA, 2004. Update on food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immun113: 805-819.
  • D’Auria E, Agostoni C, Gıovanni M. 2008. Proteomic evaluation of milk from different mammalian species as a substitute for breast milk. Acta Pediatr 94: 1708-1713
  • Uniacke-Lowe T, Huppertz T, Fox PF. 2010. Equine milk proteins: chemistry, structure and nutritional significance. Int. Dairy J 20, 609-629. 4. Businco, L, Gianpietro, PG, Lucenti, P, Lucaroni, F, Pini, C, Di Felice, G. 2000. Allergenicity of mare’s milk in children with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol105:1031-1034.
  • Barlowska J, Szwajkowska M, Litwinczuk Z, Krol J. 2011. Nutritional value and technological suitability of milk from various animal species used for dairy production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Safety10: 291-302
  • Doreau M, Martin-Rosset W. 2002. Dairy animals: horse. In H Roginski, JW Fuguay, PF Fox (eds.) Encyclopedia of Dairy Science. pp. 630-637. Academic Pres, London, UK.
  • Chiavari C, Coloretti F, Nanni M, Sorrentino E Grazia L. 2005. Use of donkey’s milk for a fermented beverage with lactoctabacilli. Lait, 85: 481-490.
  • Faye B, Konuspayeva G. 2012. The sustainability challenge to the dairy sector - The growing importance of non-cattle milk production worldwide. Int Dairy J. 24: 50-56
  • http://www.amoils.com/health-blog/a-healthy -and-innovative-alternative-for-babies-with-milk- allergies/ Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012.
  • http://www.latte.gr/ Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012. 11. http://www.haberler.gen-al. Namibya çareyi eflek sütünde buldu. Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012.
  • http://www.corlu.org/http://www.internethaber. com/sut-esek-ilk-turkiye-ciftlik- Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012.
  • Bidasolo IB., Ramos M, Gomez-Ruiz JA. 2012. In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of donkeys’ milk. Peptide characterization by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Int Dairy J. 24: 146-152.
  • Schaafsma, G. 2003. Nutritional significance of lactose and lactose derivatives. In H Roginski, JW Fuquay, & PF Fox (eds) Encyclopedia of Dairy Science. pp.1529-1533. Academic Pres. London, UK.
  • Gastaldi D, Bertino E, Monti G, Baro C, Fabris C, Lezo A, Medana C, Baiocchi C, Musap M, Galvano F, Conti A. 2010. Donkey’s milk detailed lipid composition. Frontiers in Bioscience E2: 537-546. 16. Malacarne M, Martuzzi F, Summer A, Mariani P. 2002. Protein and fat composition of mare’s milk: Some nutritional remarks with reference to human and cow’s milk. Int Dairy J 12: 869-877.
  • Lara-Villoslada F, Olivares M, Xaus J. 2005. The balance between caseins and whey proteins in cow’s milk determines its allergenicity. J Dairy Sci88: 1654-1660.
  • Horrobin DF. 2000. Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema. Am J Clin Nutri 71: 367-372.
  • Miranda G, Mahe MF, Leroux C, Martin P. 2004. Proteomic tools to characterize the protein fractions of Equidae milk. Proteomics 4: 2496-2509. 20. Herrouin M, Molle D, Fauquant J, Ballestra F, Maubois JL, Leonil J. 2000. New genetic variants identified in donkey’s milk whey proteins. J Protein Chem19, 105-115.
  • Salimei E, Fantuz F, Coppola R, Chiofalo B, Polidori P, Varisco G. 2004. Composition and characteristics of ass’s milk. Anim Res 53, 67-78.
  • Monti G, Bertino E, Muratore MC, Coscia A, Cresi F, Silvestro L, Fabris C, Fortunato D, Giuffrida MG, Conti A. 2007. Efficiacy of donkey’s milk in treating highly problematic cow’s milk allergic children: An in vivo and in vitro study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol18: 258-264
  • Hambling SG, McAlpine AS, Sawyer L. 1992. Beta-lactoglobulin. In F.P. Fox (Ed.). Adv Dairy Chem(Vol.1, pp.141-190). London: Elsevier Applied Science.
  • Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Mariani P, Cammertoni N, Fantuz F, Vita A. 2008. Donkey’s milk protein fractions characterization. Food Chem 106: 640-649.
  • Chatterton, DEW, Rasmussen JT, Heegaard CW, Sorensen ES, Petersen TE. 2004. In vitro digestion of novel milk protein ingredients for use in infant Formula: Research on biological functions. Food Sci. and Technol., 15, 373-383.
  • Tidona F, Sekse C, Criscione A, Jacobsen M, Bordonaro S, Marlette D, Vegarud GE. 2011. Antimicrobial effect of donkeys’ milk digested in vitro with human gastrointestinal enzymes. Int Dairy J 21: 158-165.
  • Civardi G, Curadi MC, Orlandi M, Cattaneo TMP, Giangiacomo R, Egito AS, Haertlé T. 2002. Composition of mare and donkey milk fatty acids and protein. Milchwiss. 57:515-517.
  • Fantuz F, Ferraro S, Todini L, Piloni R, Mariani P, Salimei E. 2012. Donkey milk concentration of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium. Int Dairy J 24: 143-145.
  • Halasz A, Barath A, Simon-Sarkadi L, Holzapfel W. 1994. Biogenic amines and their production by microorganisms in food. Trends in Food Sci Technol5(2): 42-49.
  • Santos WC, MR Souza, MMOP Cerquieira, MBA Gloria. 2003. Bioactive amines formation in milk by Lactococcus in the presence or not of rennet and NaCl at 20 and 32 °C. Food Chem 81: 595-606. 31. Lavizzari T, Veciana-Nogues MT, Bover-Cid S, Marine-Font A, Vidal-Carou MC. 2006. Improved method for the determination of biogenic amines and polyamines in vegetable products by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A1129: 67-72.
  • Hernandez-Ledesma B, Quiros A, Amigo L, Recio I. 2007. Identification of bioactive peptides after digestion of human milk and infant formula with pepsin and pancreatin. Int Dairy J 17: 42-49. 33. Polidiri P, Vincenzetti S. 2010. Differences of protein fractions among fresh, frozen and powdered donkey milk. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agr 2: 56-60.
  • Awan MA, Fleet I, Thomas CLP. 2008. Determination of biogenic diamines with a vaporisation derivatisation approach using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography –mass spectrometry. Food Chem 111: 462-469.
  • Motyl T, Ploszaj T, Wojtasik A, Kukulska W, Podgurniak M. 1995. Polyamines in cow's and sow's milk. Comp Biochem Physiol 111B: 427-433. 36. La Torre GL, Saitta M, Potorti AG, Di Bella G, Dugo G. 2010. High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for sensitive determination of bioactive amines in donkey milk. J Chromatogr A 1217: 5215-5224.
  • Cunsulo V, Saletti R, Muccilli V, Foti S. 2007. Characterization of the protein profile of donkey’s milk whey fraction. J Mass Spectrom 42, 1162-1174.
  • Carroccio A, Cavataio F, Montaldo G, D’Amico D, Alabrese L, Iacono G. 2000. Intolerance to hydrolysed cow's milk proteins in infants: clinical characteristics and dietary treatment. Clin Exp Design30: 1597-1603.
  • Carrocio, A, Cavatio, F, Montalto, G, D’amico, D, Alabrese, L. 2007. Intolerance to hydrolysated cow’s milk proteins in infants: Characteristics and dietary treatment. Clin Exp Allergy 18: 1597-1603. 40. Criscione A, Cunsolo V, Bordonaro V, Guastella AM, Saletti R, Zuccaro A, D’Urso G, Marleta D. 2009. Donkeys’ milk protein fraction investigated by electrophoretic methods and mass spectrometric analysis. Int Dairy J 19: 190-197.
  • Alessandri C, Mari A.2007. Efficiancy of donkey’s milk in treating cow’s milk allergic children: major concerns. Pediatr Allergy Immu 18: 625-626.
  • Tafaro A, Magrone T, Jirillo F, Martemucci G, D’Alessandro AG, Amati L, Jirillo E. 2007. Immunological properties of donkey's milk: its potential use in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Curr Pharmaceut Design13: 3711-3717.
  • Mao X, Gu J, Sun Y, Xu S, Zhang X, Yang H, Ren F. 2009. Anti-proliferative and anti-tumour effect of active components in donkey milk on A549 human lung cancer cells. Int Dairy J 19: 703-708.
  • Ellinger S, Linscheid KP, Jahnecke S, Goerlich R, Endbergs H. 2002. The effect of mare’s milk consumption on functional elements of phagocytosis of human neutrophils granulocytes from healthy volunteers. Food Agr Immunol 14: 191-200.
  • Jirillo F, Jirillo E, Magrone T. 2010. Donkeys’ and goat’s milk consumption and benefit to human health with special references to the inflammatory status. Curr Pharmaceut Design 16: 859-863.
  • Coppola R, Salimei E, Succi M, Sorrentino E, Nanni M, Ranieri et al. 2002. Behaviour of Lactobacillus rhamnosusstrains in ass’ milk. Ann Microbiol52: 55-60.
  • Simos Y, Metsios A, Verginadis I, D’alessandro AG, Louidice P, Jirillo E, Charalampidis P, Kouimanis V, BoulakaA, Martemucci G, Karkabounas S. 2011. Antioxidant and anti-platelet properties of milk from goat, donkey, and cow: An in-vitro, ex vivo and in vivo study. Int Dairy J 21: 901-906.
  • Salimei E, Fantuz F. 2012. Equid milk for human consumption. International Dairy Journal 24: 130-142
  • Blasi F, Montesano D, De Angelis M, Maurizi A, Ventura F, Cossignani L, Simonetti MS, Damiani P. 2008. Results of stereospecific analyis of triacylglycerol fraction from donkey, cow, ewe, goat and buffalo milk. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis21:1-7
  • Scafizzari M, Giannico F, Potere O, Trani A, Colonna MA, Zezza L. 2009. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in mare and ass milk: a preliminary investigation. Ital J Anim Sci 8(2): 737-742.
  • Amati L, Marzulli G, Marzulli M, Tafaro A, Jirillo F, Pugliese V. 2010. Donkey and goat milk intake and modulation of the human aged immune response. Curr Pharm Design 16: 864-869.
  • Muraro MA, Giampietro PG, Galli E. 2002. Soy formulas and nonbovine milk. Ann Allerg Asthma Im89(1): 97-101.
  • Baldi A, Politis I, Pecorini C, Fusi E, Roubini C, Dell’Orto V. 2005. Biological effects of milk proteins and their peptides with emphasis on those related to the gastrointestinal ecosystem. J Dairy Res72: 66-72.
  • Guo HY,Pang K, Zhang XY, Zhao L, Chen SW, Dong ML, Ren FZ. 2007. Composition, physicochemical properties, nitrogen fraction distribution, aminoacid profile of donkey milk. J Dairy Sci90(4): 1635-1643.
  • Zhang XY, Zhao L, Jiang L, Dong ML, Ren FZ. 2008. The antimicrobial activity of donkey milk and its microflora changes during storage. Food Control19: 1191-1195

Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü

Year 2012, Volume: 37 Issue: 4, 243 - 250, 01.08.2012

Abstract

Son yıllarda, eşek sütüne karşı artan bir ilgi gösterilmektedir. Bu durum, besleyici ve işlevsel niteliklerinin yanı sıra, özellikle inek sütü proteini alerjisi bulunan bireylerin beslenmesinde alternatif bir kaynak olmasından ileri gelmektedir. Anne sütüne, özellikle lipit ve protein kompozisyonu bakımından benzerlik göstermektedir. Düşük düzeydeki protein ve inorganik madde içeriği eşek sütünün, böbrekleri fazla zorlamadan, yüksek düzeyde sindirilebilmesini sağlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, emzirmenin yetersiz olduğu durumlarda, yeni doğan bebeklerin veya sütten kesilen çocukların beslenmesi açısından alternatif bir gıda olarak düşünülmektedir. Bileşiminde yüksek oranda çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri ile A, B ve C vitaminleri bulunması, kolesterol içeriğinin düşük olması, eşek sütüne farklı biyolojik fonksiyonel özellikler kazandırmaktadır. Kazein ve serum proteinlerinin dengeli oranda bulunması, esansiyel bileşenlerinin zengin bir düzey göstermesi ve lezzetli tat-aroması bu sütü çocukların, yaşlıların ve iyileşmekte olan hastaların beslenmesi için uygun hale getirmektedir. Ayrıca, yüksek düzeyde lizozim ve laktoferrin içermesi nedeniyle doğal antimikrobiyel özelliğe sahiptir. İmmün-kökenli hastalıkların tedavisinde ve damar sertliğinin önlenmesinde yardımcı olduğu bilinmektedir.

References

  • Sampson HA, 2004. Update on food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immun113: 805-819.
  • D’Auria E, Agostoni C, Gıovanni M. 2008. Proteomic evaluation of milk from different mammalian species as a substitute for breast milk. Acta Pediatr 94: 1708-1713
  • Uniacke-Lowe T, Huppertz T, Fox PF. 2010. Equine milk proteins: chemistry, structure and nutritional significance. Int. Dairy J 20, 609-629. 4. Businco, L, Gianpietro, PG, Lucenti, P, Lucaroni, F, Pini, C, Di Felice, G. 2000. Allergenicity of mare’s milk in children with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol105:1031-1034.
  • Barlowska J, Szwajkowska M, Litwinczuk Z, Krol J. 2011. Nutritional value and technological suitability of milk from various animal species used for dairy production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Safety10: 291-302
  • Doreau M, Martin-Rosset W. 2002. Dairy animals: horse. In H Roginski, JW Fuguay, PF Fox (eds.) Encyclopedia of Dairy Science. pp. 630-637. Academic Pres, London, UK.
  • Chiavari C, Coloretti F, Nanni M, Sorrentino E Grazia L. 2005. Use of donkey’s milk for a fermented beverage with lactoctabacilli. Lait, 85: 481-490.
  • Faye B, Konuspayeva G. 2012. The sustainability challenge to the dairy sector - The growing importance of non-cattle milk production worldwide. Int Dairy J. 24: 50-56
  • http://www.amoils.com/health-blog/a-healthy -and-innovative-alternative-for-babies-with-milk- allergies/ Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012.
  • http://www.latte.gr/ Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012. 11. http://www.haberler.gen-al. Namibya çareyi eflek sütünde buldu. Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012.
  • http://www.corlu.org/http://www.internethaber. com/sut-esek-ilk-turkiye-ciftlik- Eriflim tarihi: 25.05.2012.
  • Bidasolo IB., Ramos M, Gomez-Ruiz JA. 2012. In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of donkeys’ milk. Peptide characterization by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Int Dairy J. 24: 146-152.
  • Schaafsma, G. 2003. Nutritional significance of lactose and lactose derivatives. In H Roginski, JW Fuquay, & PF Fox (eds) Encyclopedia of Dairy Science. pp.1529-1533. Academic Pres. London, UK.
  • Gastaldi D, Bertino E, Monti G, Baro C, Fabris C, Lezo A, Medana C, Baiocchi C, Musap M, Galvano F, Conti A. 2010. Donkey’s milk detailed lipid composition. Frontiers in Bioscience E2: 537-546. 16. Malacarne M, Martuzzi F, Summer A, Mariani P. 2002. Protein and fat composition of mare’s milk: Some nutritional remarks with reference to human and cow’s milk. Int Dairy J 12: 869-877.
  • Lara-Villoslada F, Olivares M, Xaus J. 2005. The balance between caseins and whey proteins in cow’s milk determines its allergenicity. J Dairy Sci88: 1654-1660.
  • Horrobin DF. 2000. Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema. Am J Clin Nutri 71: 367-372.
  • Miranda G, Mahe MF, Leroux C, Martin P. 2004. Proteomic tools to characterize the protein fractions of Equidae milk. Proteomics 4: 2496-2509. 20. Herrouin M, Molle D, Fauquant J, Ballestra F, Maubois JL, Leonil J. 2000. New genetic variants identified in donkey’s milk whey proteins. J Protein Chem19, 105-115.
  • Salimei E, Fantuz F, Coppola R, Chiofalo B, Polidori P, Varisco G. 2004. Composition and characteristics of ass’s milk. Anim Res 53, 67-78.
  • Monti G, Bertino E, Muratore MC, Coscia A, Cresi F, Silvestro L, Fabris C, Fortunato D, Giuffrida MG, Conti A. 2007. Efficiacy of donkey’s milk in treating highly problematic cow’s milk allergic children: An in vivo and in vitro study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol18: 258-264
  • Hambling SG, McAlpine AS, Sawyer L. 1992. Beta-lactoglobulin. In F.P. Fox (Ed.). Adv Dairy Chem(Vol.1, pp.141-190). London: Elsevier Applied Science.
  • Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Mariani P, Cammertoni N, Fantuz F, Vita A. 2008. Donkey’s milk protein fractions characterization. Food Chem 106: 640-649.
  • Chatterton, DEW, Rasmussen JT, Heegaard CW, Sorensen ES, Petersen TE. 2004. In vitro digestion of novel milk protein ingredients for use in infant Formula: Research on biological functions. Food Sci. and Technol., 15, 373-383.
  • Tidona F, Sekse C, Criscione A, Jacobsen M, Bordonaro S, Marlette D, Vegarud GE. 2011. Antimicrobial effect of donkeys’ milk digested in vitro with human gastrointestinal enzymes. Int Dairy J 21: 158-165.
  • Civardi G, Curadi MC, Orlandi M, Cattaneo TMP, Giangiacomo R, Egito AS, Haertlé T. 2002. Composition of mare and donkey milk fatty acids and protein. Milchwiss. 57:515-517.
  • Fantuz F, Ferraro S, Todini L, Piloni R, Mariani P, Salimei E. 2012. Donkey milk concentration of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium. Int Dairy J 24: 143-145.
  • Halasz A, Barath A, Simon-Sarkadi L, Holzapfel W. 1994. Biogenic amines and their production by microorganisms in food. Trends in Food Sci Technol5(2): 42-49.
  • Santos WC, MR Souza, MMOP Cerquieira, MBA Gloria. 2003. Bioactive amines formation in milk by Lactococcus in the presence or not of rennet and NaCl at 20 and 32 °C. Food Chem 81: 595-606. 31. Lavizzari T, Veciana-Nogues MT, Bover-Cid S, Marine-Font A, Vidal-Carou MC. 2006. Improved method for the determination of biogenic amines and polyamines in vegetable products by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A1129: 67-72.
  • Hernandez-Ledesma B, Quiros A, Amigo L, Recio I. 2007. Identification of bioactive peptides after digestion of human milk and infant formula with pepsin and pancreatin. Int Dairy J 17: 42-49. 33. Polidiri P, Vincenzetti S. 2010. Differences of protein fractions among fresh, frozen and powdered donkey milk. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agr 2: 56-60.
  • Awan MA, Fleet I, Thomas CLP. 2008. Determination of biogenic diamines with a vaporisation derivatisation approach using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography –mass spectrometry. Food Chem 111: 462-469.
  • Motyl T, Ploszaj T, Wojtasik A, Kukulska W, Podgurniak M. 1995. Polyamines in cow's and sow's milk. Comp Biochem Physiol 111B: 427-433. 36. La Torre GL, Saitta M, Potorti AG, Di Bella G, Dugo G. 2010. High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for sensitive determination of bioactive amines in donkey milk. J Chromatogr A 1217: 5215-5224.
  • Cunsulo V, Saletti R, Muccilli V, Foti S. 2007. Characterization of the protein profile of donkey’s milk whey fraction. J Mass Spectrom 42, 1162-1174.
  • Carroccio A, Cavataio F, Montaldo G, D’Amico D, Alabrese L, Iacono G. 2000. Intolerance to hydrolysed cow's milk proteins in infants: clinical characteristics and dietary treatment. Clin Exp Design30: 1597-1603.
  • Carrocio, A, Cavatio, F, Montalto, G, D’amico, D, Alabrese, L. 2007. Intolerance to hydrolysated cow’s milk proteins in infants: Characteristics and dietary treatment. Clin Exp Allergy 18: 1597-1603. 40. Criscione A, Cunsolo V, Bordonaro V, Guastella AM, Saletti R, Zuccaro A, D’Urso G, Marleta D. 2009. Donkeys’ milk protein fraction investigated by electrophoretic methods and mass spectrometric analysis. Int Dairy J 19: 190-197.
  • Alessandri C, Mari A.2007. Efficiancy of donkey’s milk in treating cow’s milk allergic children: major concerns. Pediatr Allergy Immu 18: 625-626.
  • Tafaro A, Magrone T, Jirillo F, Martemucci G, D’Alessandro AG, Amati L, Jirillo E. 2007. Immunological properties of donkey's milk: its potential use in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Curr Pharmaceut Design13: 3711-3717.
  • Mao X, Gu J, Sun Y, Xu S, Zhang X, Yang H, Ren F. 2009. Anti-proliferative and anti-tumour effect of active components in donkey milk on A549 human lung cancer cells. Int Dairy J 19: 703-708.
  • Ellinger S, Linscheid KP, Jahnecke S, Goerlich R, Endbergs H. 2002. The effect of mare’s milk consumption on functional elements of phagocytosis of human neutrophils granulocytes from healthy volunteers. Food Agr Immunol 14: 191-200.
  • Jirillo F, Jirillo E, Magrone T. 2010. Donkeys’ and goat’s milk consumption and benefit to human health with special references to the inflammatory status. Curr Pharmaceut Design 16: 859-863.
  • Coppola R, Salimei E, Succi M, Sorrentino E, Nanni M, Ranieri et al. 2002. Behaviour of Lactobacillus rhamnosusstrains in ass’ milk. Ann Microbiol52: 55-60.
  • Simos Y, Metsios A, Verginadis I, D’alessandro AG, Louidice P, Jirillo E, Charalampidis P, Kouimanis V, BoulakaA, Martemucci G, Karkabounas S. 2011. Antioxidant and anti-platelet properties of milk from goat, donkey, and cow: An in-vitro, ex vivo and in vivo study. Int Dairy J 21: 901-906.
  • Salimei E, Fantuz F. 2012. Equid milk for human consumption. International Dairy Journal 24: 130-142
  • Blasi F, Montesano D, De Angelis M, Maurizi A, Ventura F, Cossignani L, Simonetti MS, Damiani P. 2008. Results of stereospecific analyis of triacylglycerol fraction from donkey, cow, ewe, goat and buffalo milk. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis21:1-7
  • Scafizzari M, Giannico F, Potere O, Trani A, Colonna MA, Zezza L. 2009. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in mare and ass milk: a preliminary investigation. Ital J Anim Sci 8(2): 737-742.
  • Amati L, Marzulli G, Marzulli M, Tafaro A, Jirillo F, Pugliese V. 2010. Donkey and goat milk intake and modulation of the human aged immune response. Curr Pharm Design 16: 864-869.
  • Muraro MA, Giampietro PG, Galli E. 2002. Soy formulas and nonbovine milk. Ann Allerg Asthma Im89(1): 97-101.
  • Baldi A, Politis I, Pecorini C, Fusi E, Roubini C, Dell’Orto V. 2005. Biological effects of milk proteins and their peptides with emphasis on those related to the gastrointestinal ecosystem. J Dairy Res72: 66-72.
  • Guo HY,Pang K, Zhang XY, Zhao L, Chen SW, Dong ML, Ren FZ. 2007. Composition, physicochemical properties, nitrogen fraction distribution, aminoacid profile of donkey milk. J Dairy Sci90(4): 1635-1643.
  • Zhang XY, Zhao L, Jiang L, Dong ML, Ren FZ. 2008. The antimicrobial activity of donkey milk and its microflora changes during storage. Food Control19: 1191-1195
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şebnem Öztürkoğlu Budak This is me

Asuman Gürsel This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 37 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Budak, Ş. Ö. ., & Gürsel, A. . (2012). Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü. Gıda, 37(4), 243-250.
AMA Budak ŞÖ, Gürsel A. Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü. The Journal of Food. August 2012;37(4):243-250.
Chicago Budak, Şebnem Öztürkoğlu, and Asuman Gürsel. “Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü”. Gıda 37, no. 4 (August 2012): 243-50.
EndNote Budak ŞÖ, Gürsel A (August 1, 2012) Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü. Gıda 37 4 243–250.
IEEE Ş. Ö. . Budak and A. . Gürsel, “Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü”, The Journal of Food, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 243–250, 2012.
ISNAD Budak, Şebnem Öztürkoğlu - Gürsel, Asuman. “Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü”. Gıda 37/4 (August 2012), 243-250.
JAMA Budak ŞÖ, Gürsel A. Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü. The Journal of Food. 2012;37:243–250.
MLA Budak, Şebnem Öztürkoğlu and Asuman Gürsel. “Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü”. Gıda, vol. 37, no. 4, 2012, pp. 243-50.
Vancouver Budak ŞÖ, Gürsel A. Alternatif Bir Süt: Eşek Sütü. The Journal of Food. 2012;37(4):243-50.

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