<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2548-0162</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Aydın KARAPINAR</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.2.003</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Economics</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ekonomi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>The role of economic freedom in international trade: A structural equation modeling</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Uluslararası ticarette ekonomik özgürlüğün rolü: Bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-377X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Elverdi</surname>
                                    <given-names>Sevgi</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ERZİNCAN BİNALİ YILDIRIM ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20240628">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>10</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>230</fpage>
                                        <lpage>242</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230210">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20240603">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>03</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>International trade is an important instrument in the economic growth and development of countries. Therefore, it is also important to examine the factors which affect international trade. In this study, the role of economic freedom which is considered as an important indicator of welfare for countries, on international trade is examined. The aim of the study is to measure the effect of economic freedom variable on international trade. For this purpose, the research model was constructed and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze it. The analysis was carried out on 123 world countries that are included in the calculation of the economic freedom index and have data. The time period consists of a single year and covers the data for 2021. According to the results of SEM analysis; model fit test results are between the threshold values. The theoretical model has been validated by the dataset. In terms of the analysis of the relations in the model, the effect of economic freedom on international trade was positive (α=0.58) and significant (p&amp;lt;0.05). The findings are that economic freedom positively affects international trade. According to this result, countries&#039; expanding the area of economic freedom by taking decisions to increase international economic activities will also increase their international trade earnings.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Uluslararası ticaret, ülkelerin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmalarında önemli bir araçtır. Bundan dolayı, uluslararası ticareti etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi de ayrıca önem taşımaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmada, ülkeler için önemli bir refah göstergesi olarak değerlendirilen ekonomik özgürlüğün, uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki rolü incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, ekonomik özgürlük değişkeninin, uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki etkisini ölçmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırma modeli kurgulanmış ve analiz etmek üzere Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) tekniği kullanılmıştır. Analiz, ekonomik özgürlük endeksi hesaplamasında yer alan ve verisi olan 123 dünya ülkesi üzerinde yapılmıştır. Zaman aralığı tek bir yıldan oluşmakta ve 2021 yılı verilerini kapsamaktadır. YEM analizi sonuçlarına göre; model uyum testi sonuçları eşik değerler arasındadır. Kuramsal model, veri seti tarafından doğrulanmıştır. Modeldeki ilişkilerin analizi açısından, ekonomik özgürlüğün, uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki etkisi pozitif (α=0.58) ve anlamlı (p&amp;lt;0.05) çıkmıştır. Bulgular, ekonomik özgürlüğün, uluslararası ticareti olumlu etkilediği yönündedir. Bu sonuca göre, ülkelerin, uluslararası ekonomik faaliyetleri artırıcı kararları almak suretiyle, ekonomik özgürlük alanını genişletmeleri, uluslararası ticaret kazançlarını da artıracaktır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Uluslararası Ticaret</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomik Özgürlük</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM)</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>International Trade</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economic Freedom</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acar, M. (2010). Serbest ticaret, ekonomik özgürlükler ve refah. Bilig, 53, 1-28.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akıncı, M. (2014). Ekonomik özgürlükler ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Bursa: Dora Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bolat B. A. (2014). Path to development via gender equality: A structural equation modeling of female human capital    factors. İ. Ü. İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi,77, 99-120.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş, AMOS uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berggren, N. (2003). The benefits of economic freedom. The Independent Review, 8(2), 193-211.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. New York: Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: A Wiley-Interscience Publication Wiley.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Coromina, L. (2014). Introduction to structural equation modeling with AMOS. Erişim, 9 Şubat 2023, https://fdocuments.in/document/introduction-to-structural-equation-modeling-with-amos-equation-modeling-with.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Depken, C. A. ve Sonora, R. J. (2005). Asymmetric effects of economic freedom on international trade flows.  International Journal of Business and Economics, 4(2), 141-155.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H. ve Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation  modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review. Ecological Processes, 5(19), 1-12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fraser Institute (2022). Economic freedom of the world 2022 annual report. Erişim,  https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2022.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güneş, H. (2020). Ekonomik özgürlüklerin dış ticarete etkisi: 34 OECD ülkesi için bir panel veri analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22 (4), 919-933.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gürbüz, S. (2019). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gwartney, J. ve Lawson, R. (2003). The concept and measurement of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 405–430.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haan, J. de. ve Sturm, J-E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European  Journal of Political Economy, 16, 215–241.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M.  R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model  fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria  versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kamacı, A. (2019). Ekonomik özgürlüklerin dış ticaret ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara etkisi. BMIJ, 7(2), 1097-1116.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaplan, D. (2009). Structural equation modeling foundations and extension. ABD: SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Ankara:  Nobel Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kimura, F. ve Lee, H-H. (2008). How does economic freedom affect international trade in services? Journal of Korea  Trade, 12(3), 1-28.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kimura, F. ve Lee, H-H. (2006). The gravity equation in services trade. Review of World Economics, 142(1), 92-121.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kukla-Gryz, A. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling to examine the relationships between growth, trade and  the environment in developing countries. Sustainable Development, 14, 327-342.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Naanwaab, C. ve Diarrassouba, M. (2013). The impact of economic freedom on bilateral trade: A cross-country  analysis. IJBMER, 4(1), 668-672.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nachtigall, C., Kroehne, U., Fukne, F.  ve Steyer, R. (2003). Why should we use SEM? Pros and cons of structural equation modeling. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 24(22), 1-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Okşak, Y. ve Dağılgan, G. (2020). Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde dış ticaret, büyüme ve ekonomik özgürlük  ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir analiz. BNEJSS, 06(03),79-89.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özdemir, A. (2018). Dış ticarette ülke rekabet gücüne ekonomik özgürlüklerin etkisi: OECD ülkelerinde uygulama.  International Journal of Economics Politics Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 86-119.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A first course in structural equation modeling. London: Lawrence Erlbaum  Associates.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests  of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2010). Structural equation modeling. London: Routledge Taylor&amp;Francis  Group.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seyoum, R. ve Ramirez, J. (2019). Economic freedom and trade flows: A moderated mediation model of inward  foreign direct investment (FDI) and government stability. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(4), 985-1006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shevlin, M., Miles, J. N. V. ve Lewis, C. A. (2000). Reassessing the fit of the confirmatory factor analysis of the  multidimensional students life satisfaction scale: comments on`confirmatory factor analysis of the  multidimensional Students&#039; Life Satisfaction Scale. PERGAMON, Personality and Individual Differences, 28,181-185.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Simon, D., Kriston, L., Loh, A., Spies, C., Scheibler, F., Wills, C. ve Härter, M. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the autonomy-preference-index (API). An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 13(3), 221-330.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sonora, R. J. (2008). On the impact of economic freedom on international trade flows: Asymmetries and freedom components. EFZG Working Paper Series, 1-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Suleymanov, E., Alirzayev, E. ve Talibli, M. (2019). Role of economic freedom in attracting investments in the  context of Azerbaijan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9(1), 87-95.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Steenkamp, J-B ve Baumgartner, H.  (2000). On The Use of Structural Equation Models for Marketing Modeling. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17, 195–202.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2011). 2011 Index of economic freedom. Erişim,  https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2011/index2011_full.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2012). 2012 Index of economic freedom. Erişim, https://www.heritage.org/index/download#</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2022). 2022 Index of economic freedom. Erişim,https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2022/book/2022_IndexOfEconomicFreedom_FINAL.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2022, 7 Ekim). 2022 Data of index of economic freedom. Erişim adresi:  https://www.heritage.org/index/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Üre, S., Yapıcı, Ç., Tümer, K. H. ve Karaköy, Ç. (2021). Geçiş ekonomilerinde siyasal ve ekonomik özgürlüklerin ithalat ve ihracata etkisi. IV. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimlerde Kritik Tartışmalar Kongresi, 22-24 Ekim 2021, 50-61. Aydın, Kuşadası.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World Bank. (2022, 7 Ekim). Open data. Erişim adresi: www.worldbank.org</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zaman, K., Saleem, M. Q., Ahmad, M. ve Khan, A. (2003). Economic freedom indicators and higher education reforms: Evaluation and planning internationalization process. International Journal of Economics and Financial  Issues, 7(3), 152-160.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
