<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2548-0162</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Aydın KARAPINAR</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30855/gjeb.2025.11.1.003</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Growth</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Büyüme</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Does state fragility affect economic growth? An empirical study on Fragile Eight Countries</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Devlet kırılganlığı ekonomik büyümeyi etkiler mi? Kırılgan Sekizli ülkeler üzerine ampirik bir çalışma</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1278-7309</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bayar</surname>
                                    <given-names>İlyas</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>MARDİN ARTUKLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250228">
                    <day>02</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>11</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>47</fpage>
                                        <lpage>64</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240901">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250219">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Economic growth is vital for raising living standards and increasing welfare. In addition to economic factors, institutional factors are also determinant elements of economic growth. In the current study, the impact of state fragility, gross fixed investments and foreign direct investment inflows on economic growth is examined with annual data for the period 2006-2022 for the Fragile Eight (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Russia, South Africa and Turkey) country group. In the study, first of all, the cross-sectional dependency of both the model and the series was checked. Then, the unit root test of the series was examined with the CADF unit root test developed by Pesaran (2007). The cointegration relationship between the series was investigated with the Panel ARDL-PMG method. Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse Causality test was used to determine the direction of the relationships between the series. Empirical results from the study show that a 1% increase in state fragility reduces economic growth by approximately 0.15%. In this period, gross fixed investment affects economic growth positively, while foreign direct investment income affects economic growth negatively. The study also found a bidirectional causality relationship between vulnerability and economic growth and between vulnerability and gross fixed investments. Since fragility directly affects the investment and economic growth environment, policymakers must build strong institutional structures that regulate the political, social and economic environment.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Ekonomik büyüme, yaşam standartlarını yükseltmek ve refah düzeyini artırmak için hayati bir öneme sahiptir. İktisadi faktörlerin yanı sıra kurumsal faktörler de ekonomik büyümenin belirleyici unsurlarındandır. Mevcut çalışmada devlet kırılganlığının, gayri safi sabit yatırımların ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım girişinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi Kırılgan Sekizli (Arjantin, Brezilya, Şili, Hindistan, Endonezya, Rusya, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye) ülke grubu için 2006-2022 dönemi yıllık verileri ile incelenmektedir. Çalışmada öncelikle hem modelin hem de serilerin yatay kesit bağımlılığı kontrol edilmiştir. Daha sonra serilerin birim kök sınaması Pesaran (2007) tarafından geliştirilen CADF birim kök testi ile incelenmiştir. Panel ARDL-PMG yöntemi ile seriler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Emirmahmutoğlu-Köse Nedensellik testiyle seriler arasındaki ilişkilerin yönünü belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen ampirik sonuçlar, devlet kırılganlığındaki %1’lik bir artışın ekonomik büyümeyi yaklaşık %0,15 oranında azalttığını göstermektedir. Söz konusu dönemde gayri safi sabit yatırım ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif, doğrudan yabancı yatırım geliri ekonomik büyümeyi negatif etkilemektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca kırılganlık ile ekonomik büyüme; kırılganlık ve gayri safi sabit yatırımlar arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Kırılganlık, yatırım ve ekonomik büyüme ortamını doğrudan etkilediğinden politika yapıcılar politik, sosyal ve ekonomik ortamı düzenleyici güçlü kurumsal yapılar inşa etmelidir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Ekonomik büyüme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  devlet kırılganlığı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  panel ARDL</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  nedensellik analizi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Economic growth</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  state fragility</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  panel ARDL</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  causality analysis.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acemoglu, D. (2009). Introduction to modern economic growth. New Jersey: Princeton University Press,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acet, H., ve Erkoçak, H. E. (2022). Fiziki, beşerî ve doğrudan yabancı sermayenin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: G20 ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama (panel veri analizi). Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 25(1), 141-155. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1059290</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adedeji, A. A., ve Adeniyi, O. (2023). Effect of fragility on growth and poverty in Nigeria: a disaggregate state-level analysis. The Journal of Developing Areas, 57(1), 69-86. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2023.0004</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adegboye, F. B., Osabohien, R., Olokoyo, F. O., Matthew, O., &amp; Adediran, O. (2020). Institutional quality, foreign direct investment, and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), 1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0529-x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Agu, C. (2024). Moderating effect of state fragility on the globalisation: economic growth nexus in Sub-saharan Africa. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 16(2), 239-264. Erişim adresi: http://www.jare-sh.com/downloads/jul_2024/agu.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aktop, V. S. (2024). Üst-orta ve yüksek gelir grubundaki ülkelerde dış ticaret-gelir eşitsizliği ilişkisi: panel Ardl analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 455-472. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1407388</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Armstrong, H. W. ve Read, R. (2002). The phantom of liberty? economic growth and the vulnerability of small states. Journal Of International Development, 14(4), 435-458. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.886</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barugahara, F., ve Munyambonera, E. (2024). Economic growth and foreign direct investment in Africa: the mediating role of state fragility and natural resources. Kabale University Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 2(3), 4-18. Erişim Adresi: http://196.43.162.73/index.php/1/article/view/135/71</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Batuo, M., Mlambo, K., ve Asongu, S. (2018). Linkages between financial development, financial instability, financial liberalisation and economic growth in Africa. Research in International Business and Finance, 45, 168-179. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.148</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baumol, W. J., &amp; Blinder, A. S. (2004). Economics: principles and policy. Boston, US: Cengage Learning.
Baylan, M. (2020). Makroekonomik kırılganlık ve ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: Çin örneği. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35(4), 697-712. Doi: https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202035403</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chuku, C., ve Onye, K. (2019). Macroeconomic consequences of state fragility in sub‐Saharan Africa. Review of Development Economics, 23(3), 1101-1140. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12570</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cordina, G. (2004). Economic vulnerability and economic growth: some results from a neo-classical growth modelling approach. Journal of Economic Development, 29(2), 21-39. Erişim adresi: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6294615.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çoban, M. N. (2020). Romer hipotezi kapsamında ticari dışa açıklık ve enflasyon ilişkisi: next 11 ülkeleri için panel Ardl analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 651-660. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.647844</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Davies, G. (2014). The EM’s ‘fragile 8′ must save themselves. Erişim, 16 Ağustos 2024, https://www.ft.com/content/5a31c17e-0cb6-327b-b096-e500a65b1932</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Duman, Y. K. (2023). Türkiye&#039;de makroekonomik kırılganlığın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: genişletilmiş Ardl uygulaması. Sakarya Journal of Economics/Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi, 12(4),479-498.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Easterly, W., ve Levine, R. (1997). Africa&#039;s growth tragedy: policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112(4), 1203- 1250. Doi:  https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555466</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eğilmez, M. (2015). Kırılgan ekonomilerin en kırılganları. Erişim, 1 Ağustos 2024, https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2015/09/krlgan-ekonomilerin-en-krlganlar.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Emirmahmutoglu, F., ve Kose, N. (2011). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.018</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ferreira, I.A. (2017). Measuring state fragility: a review of the theoretical groundings of existing approaches. Third World Quarterly, 38(6), 1291–1309. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1257907</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ferreira, I. A. (2018). An empirical analysis of state fragility and growth: The impact of state ineffectiveness and political violence (No. 2018/29). WIDER Working Paper.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fowowe, B., ve Folarin, E. O. (2019). The effects of fragility and financial inequalities on inclusive growth in African countries. Review of Development Economics, 23(3), 1141-1176. Doi:  https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12594</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">FSI (2023). Fragile States Index annual report 2023. Erişim, 1 Ağustos 2024, https://fragilestatesindex.org/2023/06/14/fragile-states-index-2023-annual-report/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gounder, R., ve Saha, S. (2007). Economic volatility, economic vulnerability and foreign aid: empirical results for the South Pacific island nations (Discussion Paper No. 0702). Department of Applied and International Economics, New Zealand: Massey University.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güngör, B. (2021). Post-Sosyalist ülkelerde pro-demokratik dönüşüm ve ekonomik kalkınma: panel Ardl yaklaşımı. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 188-206. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/aeuiibfd/issue/67403/932577</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hagan, E., ve Amoah, A. (2020). Foreign direct investment and economic growth nexus in Africa: New evidence from the new financial fragility measure. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(1), 1-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-05-2019-0180</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hayat, A. (2017). Foreign direct ınvestments, institutional framework and economic growth, IES Working Paper, No. 09/2017, Charles University in Prague, Institute of Economic Studies (IES), Prague</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hoeffler, A. (2019). Fragility and development in Africa: an introduction. Review of Development Economics, 23(3), 1067-1072. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12616</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İşcan, İ. H., ve Demirel, T. (2021). Göçün gelişmiş ülkelerde büyüme ve istihdam piyasası üzerine etkileri: bir panel Ardl analizi. EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (35), 181-203. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2021.35.1014765</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jimborean, R. (2018). What drives non-financial sector borrowing in emerging market economies? Economie et Statistique /Economics and Statistics, 503-504, 143–161. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.24187/ecostat.2018.503d.1962</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jung, J. (2020). Institutional quality, FDI, and productivity: a theoretical analysis. Sustainability, 12(17), 7057. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177057</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kara, M. E. (2021). Devlet inşasında güç kullanımı korunu: akıllı güç ve Kosova örneği (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kılınç, E. C. (2021). Yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde ekonomik kırılganlık-ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (69), 20-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.837520</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Knack, S., ve Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: cross‐country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics &amp; politics, 7(3), 207-227. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kundak, S., ve Aktop, V. S. (2023). Yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: seçilmiş OECD ülkelerinde panel veri analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 19(3), 445-470. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1226938</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Laniran, T. J. (2018). Impact of state fragility on capital flows and economic growth in Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation). University of Bradford, UK.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lensink, R., ve Morrissey, O. (2006). Foreign direct investment: flows, volatility, and the impact on growth. Review of International Economics, 14(3), 478-493.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Loayza, N. V., ve Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1051-1076. Doi:  https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mcb.2006.0060</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">LSE‐Oxford Commission on State Fragility, Growth and Development. (2018). Escaping the fragility trap. LSE and Oxford University. Erişim, 1 Ağustos 2024, https://www.theigc.org/research-themes/state/fragility-commission/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mazorodze, B. T. (2021). Exchange rate misalignment, state fragility, and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Cogent Economics &amp; Finance, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1898113</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Misati, R. N., ve Nyamongo, E. M. (2012). Financial liberalization, financial fragility and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Financial Stability, 8(3), 150-160. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2011.02.001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moallemi, M. (2018). The effect of economic vulnerability on the development of MENA countries. Economic Growth and Development Research, 9(33), 141-156. Doi: https://doi.org/10.30473/egdr.2018.5075</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mobarak, A. ve Karshenasan, A. (2012). The impact of institutional quality on relation between resource abudance and economic growth. Iranian Economic Review, 16(32), 95-110. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/ier.2012.32740</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Narayan, S. ve Narayan, PK. (2004). Determinants of demand for Fiji’s exports: an empirical investigation. Dev Econ, 42(1):95–112. Doi:  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2004.tb01017.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nawaz, S., Iqbal ve N., Khan, M. (2014). The impact of institutional quality on economic growth: panel evidence. The Pakistan Development Review, 55(1), 15-31. Erişim adresi: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2014/Volume1/15-31.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1): 97–112. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.1.97</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">North, D. C. (1994). Economic performance through time. The American Economic Review, 84(3), 359–368.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Okoh, J. O. (2024). Institutional quality, foreign direct investment and sustainable economic growth in emerging African economies. International Journal of Developing and Emerging Economies, 12(11), 41-66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.37745/ijdee.13/vol12n14166</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sekunmade, J.O. ve Doğan, B. Ö. (2023). Revisiting the impact of fragility on economic growth: New ınsights from Sub-Saharan Africa. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics &amp; Administrative Sciences/Hacettepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(4), 700-714. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1243397</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pata, U. K., Kartal, M. T., Dam, M. M., &amp; Kaya, F. (2023). Navigating the impact of renewable energy, trade openness, income, and globalization on load capacity factor: the case of Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. International Journal of Energy Research, 2023(1), 6828781. Doi:  https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6828781</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. Doi:  https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (1999), Poled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94, 621–634. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., ve Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rahman, A. (2015). Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(2), 178-185.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saba, C. S. ve Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality &amp; Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00905-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sarkar, P. (2007). Does foreign direct investment promote growth? Panel data and time series evidence from less developed countries. MPRA Paper, (5176), 1970-2002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sekhar, C. S. C. (2010). Fragile states: the role of social, political, and economic factors. Journal of Developing Societies, 26(3), 263-293. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X1002600301</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sengupta, J. (2011). Understanding economic growth: Modern theory and experience. Springer Science &amp; Business Media.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seyoum, B. (2021). State fragility and human development: a study with special emphasis on social cohesion. International Journal of Social Economics, 48(1), 39-61. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44776-1_1</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seyoum, B., ve Camargo, A. (2021). State fragility and foreign direct investment: the mediating roles of human flight and economic decline. Thunderbird International Business Review, 63(2), 159-174. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22135</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Siddique, H., Nawaz, A., Majeed, M. (2016). The impact of institutional governance on economic growth: a panel data analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 5(4), 210-219.  Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22135</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Snowdon, B. ve Vane, H. (2005). Modern macroeconomics its origins, development and current state. Cornwall: Edward Elgar Publishing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şimşek, N., Hazar, A. ve Babuşçu, Ş. (2019). Türkiye’nin finansal kırılganlığına etki eden makro ekonomik faktörler. Ekonomi ve Finansal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1-2), 48-74. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jefr/issue/65935/1029312</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Toda, H. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Econometrica, 66(1-2), 225–250.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations (2023). Times of crisis, times of change: science for accelerating transformations to sustainable development. Erişim, 15 Ağustos 2024, https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/FINAL%20GSDR%202023-Digital%20-110923_1.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vieira, F. V. ve da Silva, C. G. (2022). The role of international reserves on real exchange rate: a panel data analysis. Economia Aplicada, 26(2), 221-238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11606/1980-5330/ea180445</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wandeda, D. O., Masai, W. ve Nyandemo, S. M. (2021). Institutional quality and economic growth: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa countries. African Journal of Economic Review, 9(4), 106-125. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.315816</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wang, M. L., Sarkodie Ntim, V., Yang, J., Zheng, Q., &amp; Geng, L. (2022). Effect of institutional quality and foreign direct investment on economic growth and environmental quality: Evidence from African countries. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 35(1), 4065-4091.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World Bank (2011). Conflict, security, and development. Erişim, 1 Ağustos 2024, https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/806531468161369474/world-development-report-2011-conflict-security-and-development-overview</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yeboua, K. (2020). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Africa: new empirical approach on the role of institutional development. Journal of African Business, 22(3), 361–378. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2020.1770040</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
