<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2548-0162</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Aydın KARAPINAR</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30855/gjeb.2021.7.3.006</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Business Administration</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>İşletme </subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Algılanan yönetici desteği ve işten ayrılma niyeti ilişkisinde lider üye etkileşiminin düzenleyici rolü</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>The relationship between supervisor support and turnover intention: The moderator effect of leader-member exchange</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8950-0006</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Mete</surname>
                                    <given-names>Edip Sabahattin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Delta Electronics Trading and Industry Company Ltd.-General Manager</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-839X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Sökmen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Alev</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Başkent Üniversitesi, Büro Yönetimi ve Yönetici Asistanlığı-Dr. Öğretim Üyesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-0918</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Sökmen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Alptekin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Kastamonu University-Turizim Fakültesi-Dekan</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20211018">
                    <day>10</day>
                    <month>18</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>7</volume>
                                        <issue>3</issue>
                                        <fpage>257</fpage>
                                        <lpage>274</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20210602">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20210914">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Gazi Journal of Economics and Business</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu çalışmanın temel amacı algılanan yönetici desteği ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide lider-üye etkileşiminin düzenleyicilik etkisini incelemektir. Araştırma verileri anket yöntemiyle Ankara’da savunma sanayiinde faaliyet gösteren üç kamu işletmesinin mühendis, yönetici ve teknikerlerinden elde edilmiştir. 411 çalışanın katılımıyla veri toplama süreci tamamlanmıştır. Toplanan veriler SPSS 26 paket programı aracılığıyla korelasyon ve regresyon analizlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Analiz sonuçları algılanan yönetici desteği ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu ve lider-üye etkileşiminin bu ilişkide düzenleyici bir değişken olarak rol oynadığını ortaya koymuştur. Diğer taraftan algılanan yönetici desteği ile lider-üye etkileşimi arasında pozitif yönlü ve lider-üye etkileşimi ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında ise negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu elde edilen diğer sonuçlardır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>The aim of this study is to examine the moderator effect of leader-member exchange in the relationship between perceived supervisor support and turnover intention. The research data was obtained from the employees (managers, engineers and technicians) of three public defense industry organizations operating in the Ankara region. 411 employees participated in this research. Correlation and regression analysis were applied by SPSS 26 program. The results of the analysis revealed that there is a negative relationship between perceived supervisor support and turnover intention, and leader-member exchange has a moderator effect in this relationship. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship between perceived supervisor support and leader-member exchange and a negative relationship between leader-member exchange and turnover intention.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Turnover Intention (TI)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Defense Employees</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Algılanan Yönetici Desteği (AYD)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Lider-Üye Etkileşimi (LÜE)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İşten Ayrılma Niyeti (İAN)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Savunma Çalışanları</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abu Elanain, H. (2014). Leader-member exchange and intent to turnover: Testing a mediated effects model in a high turnover work environment.  Management Research Review,  37(2), 110-129.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adil, M.S. and Awais, A. (2016). Effect of leader-member exchange, interpersonal relationship, individual feeling of energy and creative work involvement towards turnover intention: A path analysis using structural equation modelling. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 99-133.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aiken, L.S. and West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Allen, D.G., Shore, L.M. and Griffeth, R.W. (2003). The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process. Journal of Management, 29(1), 99-118.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Angle, H.L. and Perry, J.L. (1981). An empirical assessment of organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1), 1-14.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arici, H.E. (2018).Perceived supervisor support and turnover intention: Moderating effect of authentic leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 39(7), 899-913.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ballinger, G.A., Lehman, D.W. and Schoorman, F.D. (2010). Leader–member exchange and turnover before and after succession events. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 113(1), 25-36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bauer, T.N. and Green, S.G. (1996). Development of leader–member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1538–1567.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Becker, T.E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 232-244.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Giles, W. F., &amp; Walker, H. J. (2007). Leader-member social exchange (LMXS): Development and validation of a scale. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 979–1003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blau, P.M. (1964). Justice in social exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34, 193-206.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bodenheimer, T. and Sinsky, C. (2014). From triple to quadruple aim: Care of the patient requires care of the provider. Annals of Family Medicine, 12(6), 573–576.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Burke, M. J., Borucki, C. C. and Hurley, A.E. (1992). Reconceptualizing psychological climate in a retail service environment: A multiple-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 717–729.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Campbell J., Dussault, G., Buchan, J., Pozo-Martin, F., Guerra Arias, M., Leone, C., Siyam, A., Cometto, G.A., (2014). Universal truth: No health without a workforce: Third global forum on human resources for health report. Geneva: Global Health Workforce Alliance and World Health Organization.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chen, Y., Wen, Z., Peng, J. and Liu, X. (2016). Leader-follower congruence in loneliness, LMX and turnover intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 864-879.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clugston, M., Howell, J.P. and Dorfman, P.W. (2000). Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26(1), 5–30.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cohen, J., (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Colwill, J. M., Cultice, J. M. and Kruse, R. L. (2008). Will generalist physician supply meet demands of an increasing and aging population? Health Affairs, 27(3), 232-241.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Coyle-Shapiro, J. A-M. and Conway, N (2004). The employment relationship through the lens of social exchange. In J. Coyle-Shapiro, L.Shore, S.Taylor &amp; L. Tetrick (Eds.), The employment relationship: Examining psychological and contextual perspectives (pp.5-28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dansereau, F., Graen, G. and Haga, W.J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior &amp; Human Performance, 13(1), 46–78.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dawley, D., Houghton, J.D. and Bucklew, N.S. (2010). Perceived organizational support and turnover intention: The mediating effects of personal sacrifice and job fit. Journal of Social Psychology, 150(3), 238-257.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dienesch, R. M., &amp; Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader–member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618–634.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dirks, K.T. and Ferrin, D.L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dubin, S. S. (1990). Maintaining competence through updating. In S.S. Dubin (Ed.), Maintaining professional competence (pp. 9–45). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dulebohn, J.H., Bommer, W.H., Liden, R.C., Brouer, R.L. and Ferris, G.R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38, 1715-1759.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dupre, K.E. and Day, A.L.(2007). The effects of supportive management and job quality on the turnover intentions and health of military personnel. Human Resource Management, 46, 185-201.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eby, L.T., Burk, H. and Maher, C.P. (2010). How serious of a problem is staff turnover in substance abuse treatment? A longitudinal study of actual turnover. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 39, 264-271.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. and Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500– 507.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eisenberger, R., Shoss, M.K., Karagonlar, G., Gonzalez-Morales, M.G., Wickham, R. and Buffardi, L.C. (2014). The supervisor POS–LMX–subordinate POS chain: Moderation by reciprocation wariness and supervisor’s organizational embodiment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 635-656.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L. and Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565–573.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elangovan, A.R. (2001). Causal ordering of stress, satisfaction and commitment and intention to quit: a structural equations analysis. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(4), 159-165.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Farr, J. L. and Middlebrooks, C. L. (1990). Enhancing motivation to participate in professional development. In S.L. Willis &amp; S.S. Dubin (Eds.), Maintaining professional competence (pp.195-213). San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gable, S., Rothrauff, T.C., Thornburg, K.R. and Mauzy, D. (2007). Cash incentives and turnover in center-based child care staff. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22, 363-378.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gentry, J.W., Putrevu, S. and Shultz, C.J. (2006). The effects of counterfeiting on consumer search. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 5(3), 245-256.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gouldner, A. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-179.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Graen, G. B. (1976). Role making processes within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1201-1245). Chicago, IL: Rand-McNally.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Graen, G.B. and Scandura, T.A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. In Staw, B.M., &amp; Cummings, L.C. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 175-209).  New York, NY: JAI Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Graen, G.B. and Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219-247.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W. and Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463–488.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Guzzo, R.A., Noonan, K.A. and Elron, E. (1994). Expatriate managers and the psychological contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 617–626.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güzel, B., Perçin, N.Ş. and Tükeltürk, Ş.A. (2011). The relationship of perceived organizational support with organizational cynism and its effects on turnover intent: A research on 4 and 5 star hotels. Young Economists Journal/Revista Tinerilor Economisti, 9(17), 198-215.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haines, V.Y. III, Jalette, P. and Larose, K. (2010). The influence of human resource management practices on employee voluntary turnover rates in the Canadian non-governmental sector. ILR Review, 63, 228-246.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harris, K.J., Harris, R.B. and Brouer, R.L. (2009). LMX and subordinate political skill: Direct and interactive effects on turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(10), 2373-2395.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harris, K.J., Kacmar, K.M. and Witt, L.A. (2005). An examination of the curvilinear relationship between leader-member exchange and intent to turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26 (4), 363-378.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harris, K.J., Wheeler, A.R. and Kacmar, K.M. (2011). The mediating role of organizational job embeddedness in the LMX-outcomes relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 271-281.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harris, T.B., Li, N. and Kirkman, B.L. (2014). Leader-member exchange (LMX) in context: How LMX differentiation and LMX relational separation alternate LMX’s influence of OCB and turnover intentions. The Leadership Quarterly 25(2), 312–328.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hofmann, D.A. and Morgeson, F.P. (1999). Safety-related behavior as a social exchange: The role of perceived organizational support and leader–member exchange.  Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(2), 286–296.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Janssen, O. and Van Yperen, N.W. (2004). Employees&#039; goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368–384.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jing-zhou, P. and Wen-xia, Z. (2011). Under dual perspective of work exchange and social exchange: The study of impact of LMX on affective commitment. Nankai Business Review International, 2(4), 402-417.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Joo, B. and McLean, G.N. (2006). Best employer studies: A conceptual model from a literature review and a case study. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 228-257.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jung, H.S., Namkung, Y. and Yoon, H.H. (2010). The effects of employees’ business ethical value on person-organization fit and turnover intent in the food service industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 538-546.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalidass, A. and Bahron, A. (2015). The relationship between perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and employee turnover intention. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(5), 82.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karatepe, O. M. and Uludag, O. (2008). Affectivity, conflicts in the work-family interface, and hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(1), 30–41.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kim, S., Tam, L., Kim, J.N. and Rhee, Y. (2017). Determinants of employee turnover intention: Understanding the roles of organizational justice, supervisory justice, authoritian organizational culture and organization –employee relationship quality. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 22(3), 308-328.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kottke, J.L. and Sharafinski, C.E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4), 1075–1079.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozlowski, S.W. and Hults, B.M. (1987). An exploration of climates for technical updating and performance. Personnel psychology, 40(3), 539-563.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lambert, E.G., Hogan, N.L. and Barton, S.M. (2001). The impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: a test of a structural measurement model using a national sample of workers. Social Science Journal, 38(2), 233–250.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liden, R.C. &amp; Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24, 43-72.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lu, L., Cooper, C.L. and Lin, H.Y. (2013). A cross-cultural examination of presenteeism and supervisory support. Career Development International, 18(5), 440-456.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maertz, C.P. and Griffeth, R.W. (2004). Eight motivational forces and voluntary turnover: A theoretical synthesis with implications for research. Journal of Management, 30, 667–683.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maertz, C.P., Griffeth, R.W., Campbell, N.S. and Allen, D.G. (2007). The effects of perceived organizational support and perceived supervisor support on employee turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(8), 1059-1075.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maertz, C.P., Jr., Mosley, D.C., Jr. and Alford, B.L. (2002). Does organizational commitment fully mediate constituent commitment effects? A reassessment and clarification. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(6), 1300–1313.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maertz, C.P., Stevens, M.J. and Campion, M.A. (2003). A turnover model for the Mexican maquiladoras. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(1), 111–135.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">March, J.G. and Simon, H.A. (1958). Organizations. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Memon, M.A., Salleh, R., Baharom, M.N.R. and Harun, H. (June 3-5, 2014). Person-organization fit and turnover intention: The mediating role of employee engagement. Paper presented at the International Conference on Leadership and Management (ICLM2014), Kuala Lumpur.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mitchell, T.R., Holtom, B.C. and Lee, T.W. (2001). Why people stay: using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1102-1121.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mobley, W.H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237–240.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mobley, W.H. (1982). Employee turnover: Causes, consequences, and control. New York, NY: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
Mobley, W.H., Griffeth, R., Hand, H. and Meglino, B. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493–522.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moss, S.E., Juan I. Sanchez, J.I., Brumbaugh, A.M. and Borkowski, N. (2009). The mediating role of feedback avoidance behavior in the LMX–performance relationship. Group &amp; Organization Management, 34(6), 645– 664.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M.(1978). The measurement of organizational commitment: A progress report, Graduate School of Management, University of Oregon.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Newman, A., Thanacoody, R. and Hui, W. (2012). The effects of perceived organizational support, perceived supervisor support and intra-organizational network resources on turnover intentions: a study of Chinese employees in multinational enterprises. Personnel Review, 41(1), 56–72.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Payne, S.C. and Huffman, A.H. (2005). A longitudinal examination of the influence of mentoring on organizational commitment and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 158–168.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pfeffer, J.(2005). Changing mental models: HR&#039;s most important task. Human Resource Management, 44(2), 123-128.
Preacher, K.J., Rucker, D.D. and Hayes, A.F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Price, J.L. and Mueller, C.W. (1981). A causal model for turnover for nurses. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 543–565.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Qaisar, D.R., Shahid ,F., Bano, S., Fawad, A.H and Afzal, H.A. (2019). Supervision support and turnover intension: Impact of employee’s training in banking sector of Pakistan. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 8(1), 121-32.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reichers, A.E. (1985). A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 465-476.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reichers, A.E. (1986). Conflict and organizational commitments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 508–514.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Richard, O.C., Boncoeur, O.D., Chen, H. and Ford, D.L. (2018). Supervisor abuse effects on subordinate turnover intentions and subsequent interpersonal aggression: The role of power-distance orientation and perceived human resource support climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 1(64), 1–15.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rosen, C.C., Harris, K.J. and Kacmar, K.M. (2011). LMX, context perceptions, and performance: An uncertainty management perspective. Journal of Management, 37(3), 819-838.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sargen, M., Hooker, R.S. and Cooper, R.A. (2011). Gaps in the supply of physicians, advance practice nurses, and physician assistants. The Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 212(6), 991-999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Settoon R.P., Bennett, N. and Liden, R.C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 219–227.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sherman, K.E., Kennedy, D.M., Woodard, M.S. and McComb, S.A. (2012). Examining the “Exchange” in leader-member exchange. Journal of Leadership &amp; Organizational Studies, 19(4), 407-423.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stanz, K. and Greyling, J. (2010). Turnover of nursing employees in a Gauteng hospital group. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(1), 1-11.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sulu, S., Ceylan, A. and Kaynak, R. (2010). Work alienation as a mediator of the relationship between organizational injustice and organizational commitment: Implications for healthcare professionals. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), 27.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tavares, S.M., van Knippenberg, D. and van Dick, R. (2016). Organizational identification and “currencies of exchange”: Integrating social identity and social exchange perspectives. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46(1), 34–45.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tekleab, A.G., Takeuchi, R. and Taylor, M.S. (2005). Extending the chain of relationships among organizational justice, social exchange and employee reactions: the role of contract violations. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 146–157.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref88">
                        <label>88</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tett, R.P. and Meyer, J.P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259–293.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref89">
                        <label>89</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tharenou, P. (2001). The relationship of training motivation to participation in training and development. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(5), 599-621.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref90">
                        <label>90</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Thomas, J.L., Bliese, P.D. and Jex, S.M.(2005). Interpersonal conflict and organizational commitment: Examining two levels of supervisory support as multilevel moderators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(11), 2375–2398.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref91">
                        <label>91</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Thomas, L.T. and Ganster, D.C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: a control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1), 6–15.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref92">
                        <label>92</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tourigny, L., Baba, V.V. and Lituchy, T.R. (2005). Job burnout among airline employees in Japan: A study of the buffering effects of absence and supervisory support. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5, 67-85.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref93">
                        <label>93</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tse, H.H.M., Huang, X. and Lam, W. (2013). Why does transformational leadership matter for employee turnover? A multi-foci social exchange perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), 763-776.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref94">
                        <label>94</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tuzun, I.K. and Kalemci, R.A. (2011). Organizational and supervisory support in relation to employee turnover intentions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(5), 518-534.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref95">
                        <label>95</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. Leadership Quarterly, 17, 654-676.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref96">
                        <label>96</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wang, Y., Chen, C.-C., Lu, L., Eisenberger, R. and Fosh, P. (2018). Effects of leader–member exchange and workload on presenteeism. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(7), 511-523.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref97">
                        <label>97</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., Bommer, W. and Tetrick, L. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader–member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 590-598.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref98">
                        <label>98</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M. and Liden, R.C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader–member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82–111.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref99">
                        <label>99</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang, X., Li, N. and Harris, T.B. (2015). Putting non-work ties to work: The case of Guanxi in supervisor-subordinate relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 26, 37-54.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
