Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Sağlık Çalışanlarında Şefkat Yorgunluğu Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 584 - 612, 29.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1325100

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sağlık çalışanlarında şefkat yorgunluğu ve alt boyutlarını kişisel ve mesleki bilgiler temelinde incelemektir. Tarama modelinin kullanıldığı araştırmada hemşireler, hekimler ve ebeler başta olmak üzere farklı meslek grubundaki 697 sağlık personeli yer almıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Merhamet Yorgunluğu-Kısa Ölçek ve araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, dijital olarak oluşturulmuş anket formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Veri analizi için IBM SPSS 25.0 kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada öne sürülen problemleri cevaplamak için bağımsız gruplar t-testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve Kruskal Wallis H Testi kullanılmıştır. Şefkat yorgunluğu ve alt boyut puanlarının cinsiyet, öğrenim düzeyi, meslek, çalışma durumu (nöbetli-gündüz), işten ayrılma düşüncesi, iş yükü algısı ve iş stresine göre anlamlı farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan medeni durum ve görev süresinin şefkat yorgunluğu ve alt boyut puanlarında anlamlı bir farklılaşmaya yol açmadığı görülmüştür. Bulgular var olan araştırma sonuçlarına dayanarak tartışılmış ve son bölümde sonuçlar çerçevesinde öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Abendroth, M., & Flannery, J. (2006). Predicting the risk of compassion fatigue: A study of hospice nurses. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 8(6), 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129191-200611000-00007
  • Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A. & Figley, C. R. (2006). Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: A validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.103
  • Aycock, N., & Boyle, D. (2009). Interventions to manage compassion fatigue in oncology nursing. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2) 183-191. https://doi.org/ 10.1188/09.CJON.183-191
  • Baird, S., & Jenkins, S. R. (2003). Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in sexual assault and domestic violence agency staff. Violence and Victims, 18, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.1.71
  • Bellolio, M. F., Cabrera, D., Sadosty, A. T., Hess, E. P., Campbell, R. L., Lohse, C. M., & Sunga, K. L. (2014). Compassion fatigue is similar in emergency medicine residents compared to other medical and surgical specialties. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15(6), 629. https://doi.org/ 10.5811/westjem.2014.5.21624
  • Bao, S., & Taliaferro, D. (2015). Compassion fatigue and psychological capital in nurses working in acute care settings. International Journal of Human Caring, 19(2), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710.19.2.35
  • Bolivar, M. P., Cruz, J. P., & Rodríguez, L. A. (2007). Psychosocial risk in the nursing personnel of a health care provider. https://proceedings.systemdynamics.org/2017/proceed/papers/P1402.pdf
  • Bride, B. E., Radey, M., & Figley, C. R. (2007). Measuring compassion fatigue. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(3), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0091-7
  • Büyükbodur, A. Ç. (2018). Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarında psikolojik dayanıklılık ve ikincil travmatik stresin incelenmesi. [Examining of psychological resilience and secondary traumatic stress on social workers] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi.
  • Coetzee, S. K., & Klopper, H. C. (2010). Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis. Nursing & health sciences, 12(2), 235-243.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00526.x
  • Craig, C. D., & Sprang, G. (2010). Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in a national sample of trauma treatment therapists. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903085818
  • Dalgalı, B., & Gürses, İ. (2018). Merhametin sağlık hizmetlerindeki yeri ve önemi. [Nature and importance of compassıon in health care] Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 181-204. https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.426996
  • Dinç, S., & Ekinci, M. (2019) Merhamet Yorgunluğu Kısa Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması, geçerlilik ve güvenirliği. [Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of compassion fatigue short scale] Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11, 192-202. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.590616
  • Feldman, C., & Kuyken, W. (2011). Compassion in the landscape of suffering. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1),143-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564831
  • Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (p. 3–28). The Sidran Press.
  • Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433-1441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10090
  • Fulk, B. L. A. (2014). Compassion fatigue in clinical psychologists. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville.
  • Howard, A. R. H., Parris, S., Hall, J. S., Call, C. D., Razuri, E. B., Purvis, K. B., & Cross, D. R. (2015). An examination of the relationships between professional quality of life, adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and work environment in a sample of human service providers. Children and Youth Services Review, 57, 141-148.
  • Huggard, P. (2004). Compassion fatigue: how much can I give?. In communication, relationships and care (pp. 204-207). Routledge.
  • Jenkins, B., & Warren, N. A., (2012). Concept analysis: compassion fatigue and effects upon critical care nurses, critical care nursing quarterly, 35: 388- 395. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/CNQ.0b013e318268fe09.
  • Jung, H., Jung, S. Y., Lee, M. H., & Kim, M. S. (2020). Assessing the presence of post- traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses post–Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak: the importance of supervisor support. Workplace health & safety, 68(7), 337-345. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/2165079919897693
  • Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi, [Scientific research method] Nobel Yayınları.
  • Kariuki, J. N., Chege, K., Adeli, S., & James, M. K. (2017). The predictive role of age and gender in the development of compassion fatigue among health care professions in Moi teaching and referral hospital Eldoret–Kenya. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 4(1), 187-194.
  • Kret, D. D. (2011). The qualities of a compassionate nurse according to the perceptions of medical-surgical patients. Medsurg Nursing, 20(1).
  • Leka, S., Griffiths, A., & Cox, T. (2003). Work organisation and stress: systematic problem approaches for employers, managers and trade union representatives. World Health Organization.
  • Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., … Yang, C. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
  • Lombardo, B., & Eyre, C. (2011). Compassion fatigue: A nurse’s primer. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol16No01Man03
  • Maiden, J., Georges, J. M., & Connelly, C. D. (2011). Moral distress, compassion fatigue, and perceptions about medication errors in certified critical care nurses. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 30(6), 339-345. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0b013e31822fab2a.
  • Meadors, P., & Lamson, A. (2008). Compassion fatigue and secondary traumatization: Provider self care on intensive care units for children. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22(1), 24-34.
  • Murphy, B. S. (2014). Exploring holistic foundations for alleviating and understanding compassion fatigue. Beginnings, 34(4), 6-9.
  • Oktay D., (2018). Hemşirelerde merhamet yorgunluğu, etkileyen etmenler ve baş etme stratejilerin saptanması. [Identification of compassion fatigue in nurses, affecting factors and coping strategies] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Lefkoşa Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi.
  • Petleski, T. A. (2013). Compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses (Capstone Project). Retrieved from Nursing Theses and Capstone Projects. Paper, 82.
  • Robinson, B. C. (2005). Exploring career satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue as indicators of the quality of career engagement of public school educators. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. West Virginia University.
  • Ruiz-Fernández, M. D., Pérez-García, E., & Ortega-Galán, Á. M. (2020). Quality of life in nursing professionals: Burnout, fatigue, and compassion satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041253
  • Sabo, B. M. (2006). Compassion fatigue and nursing work: Can we accurately capture the consequences of caring work?. International journal of nursing practice, 12(3), 136-142.
  • Severn, M. S., Searchfield, G. D., & Huggard, P. (2012). Occupational stress amongst audiologists: Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout. International Journal of Audiology, 51(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2011.602366
  • Slattery, S. M., & Goodman, L. A. (2009). Secondary traumatic stress among domestic violence advocates: Workplace risk and protective factors. Violence Against Women, 15(11), 1358–1379.
  • Sprang, G., Clark, J. J., & Whitt-Woosley, A. (2007). Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional's quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12(3), 259-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020701238093
  • Stamm, B. (2010). The concise manual for the professional quality of life scale. https://proqol.org/proqol-manual.
  • Sung, K., Seo, Y., & Kim, J. H. (2012). Relationships between compassion fatigue, burnout, and turnover intention in Korean hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 42(7), 1087-1094. https://10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.1087
  • TDK, (2020). Türk Dil Kurumu. Şefkat. https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Thomas, R. B., & Wilson, J. P. (2004). Issues and controversies in the understanding and diagnosis of compassion fatigue, vicarious traumatization, and secondary traumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Emergency Mental 6(2), 81-92.
  • Uslu, Y., & Korkmaz, F. D. (2020) Kalp damar cerrahisi yoğun bakım hemşirelerinde şefkat yorgunluğu ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. [Compassion fatigue in cardiovascular surgery intensive care nurses and determination of affecting factors] Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(2), 192-197. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.665597
  • Volpe, U., Luciano, M., Palumbo, C., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., & Fiorillo, A. (2014). Risk of burnout among early career mental health professionals. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21, 774-781. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.1213
  • Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8

A Study on Compassion Fatigue in Health Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 584 - 612, 29.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1325100

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine compassion fatigue and its sub-dimensions in healthcare professionals on the basis of personal and professional information. The study designed as survey research involved 697 health professionals from a range of professions, mainly nurses, doctors, and midwives. The Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale and Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers were used as data collection instruments. The research data were collected through a digitally created questionnaire form. IBM SPSS 25.0 was used for data analysis. Independent groups t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Kruskal-Wallis H-test were used to answer the problems put forward in the research questions. It was found that compassion fatigue and its subscale scores differed significantly according to gender, education level, occupation, working time (night shift - day shift), intention to leave the job, perceived workload, and job stress. On the other hand, marital status and length of service did not lead to a significant difference in compassion fatigue and subscale scores. The results were discussed in light of the existing research, and recommendations were presented in the final section as part of the findings.

References

  • Abendroth, M., & Flannery, J. (2006). Predicting the risk of compassion fatigue: A study of hospice nurses. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 8(6), 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129191-200611000-00007
  • Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A. & Figley, C. R. (2006). Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: A validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.103
  • Aycock, N., & Boyle, D. (2009). Interventions to manage compassion fatigue in oncology nursing. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2) 183-191. https://doi.org/ 10.1188/09.CJON.183-191
  • Baird, S., & Jenkins, S. R. (2003). Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in sexual assault and domestic violence agency staff. Violence and Victims, 18, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.1.71
  • Bellolio, M. F., Cabrera, D., Sadosty, A. T., Hess, E. P., Campbell, R. L., Lohse, C. M., & Sunga, K. L. (2014). Compassion fatigue is similar in emergency medicine residents compared to other medical and surgical specialties. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15(6), 629. https://doi.org/ 10.5811/westjem.2014.5.21624
  • Bao, S., & Taliaferro, D. (2015). Compassion fatigue and psychological capital in nurses working in acute care settings. International Journal of Human Caring, 19(2), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710.19.2.35
  • Bolivar, M. P., Cruz, J. P., & Rodríguez, L. A. (2007). Psychosocial risk in the nursing personnel of a health care provider. https://proceedings.systemdynamics.org/2017/proceed/papers/P1402.pdf
  • Bride, B. E., Radey, M., & Figley, C. R. (2007). Measuring compassion fatigue. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(3), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0091-7
  • Büyükbodur, A. Ç. (2018). Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarında psikolojik dayanıklılık ve ikincil travmatik stresin incelenmesi. [Examining of psychological resilience and secondary traumatic stress on social workers] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi.
  • Coetzee, S. K., & Klopper, H. C. (2010). Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis. Nursing & health sciences, 12(2), 235-243.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00526.x
  • Craig, C. D., & Sprang, G. (2010). Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in a national sample of trauma treatment therapists. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903085818
  • Dalgalı, B., & Gürses, İ. (2018). Merhametin sağlık hizmetlerindeki yeri ve önemi. [Nature and importance of compassıon in health care] Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 181-204. https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.426996
  • Dinç, S., & Ekinci, M. (2019) Merhamet Yorgunluğu Kısa Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması, geçerlilik ve güvenirliği. [Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of compassion fatigue short scale] Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11, 192-202. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.590616
  • Feldman, C., & Kuyken, W. (2011). Compassion in the landscape of suffering. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1),143-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564831
  • Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Secondary traumatic stress: self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators (p. 3–28). The Sidran Press.
  • Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433-1441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10090
  • Fulk, B. L. A. (2014). Compassion fatigue in clinical psychologists. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville.
  • Howard, A. R. H., Parris, S., Hall, J. S., Call, C. D., Razuri, E. B., Purvis, K. B., & Cross, D. R. (2015). An examination of the relationships between professional quality of life, adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and work environment in a sample of human service providers. Children and Youth Services Review, 57, 141-148.
  • Huggard, P. (2004). Compassion fatigue: how much can I give?. In communication, relationships and care (pp. 204-207). Routledge.
  • Jenkins, B., & Warren, N. A., (2012). Concept analysis: compassion fatigue and effects upon critical care nurses, critical care nursing quarterly, 35: 388- 395. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/CNQ.0b013e318268fe09.
  • Jung, H., Jung, S. Y., Lee, M. H., & Kim, M. S. (2020). Assessing the presence of post- traumatic stress and turnover intention among nurses post–Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak: the importance of supervisor support. Workplace health & safety, 68(7), 337-345. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/2165079919897693
  • Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi, [Scientific research method] Nobel Yayınları.
  • Kariuki, J. N., Chege, K., Adeli, S., & James, M. K. (2017). The predictive role of age and gender in the development of compassion fatigue among health care professions in Moi teaching and referral hospital Eldoret–Kenya. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 4(1), 187-194.
  • Kret, D. D. (2011). The qualities of a compassionate nurse according to the perceptions of medical-surgical patients. Medsurg Nursing, 20(1).
  • Leka, S., Griffiths, A., & Cox, T. (2003). Work organisation and stress: systematic problem approaches for employers, managers and trade union representatives. World Health Organization.
  • Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R., … Yang, C. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
  • Lombardo, B., & Eyre, C. (2011). Compassion fatigue: A nurse’s primer. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol16No01Man03
  • Maiden, J., Georges, J. M., & Connelly, C. D. (2011). Moral distress, compassion fatigue, and perceptions about medication errors in certified critical care nurses. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 30(6), 339-345. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0b013e31822fab2a.
  • Meadors, P., & Lamson, A. (2008). Compassion fatigue and secondary traumatization: Provider self care on intensive care units for children. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22(1), 24-34.
  • Murphy, B. S. (2014). Exploring holistic foundations for alleviating and understanding compassion fatigue. Beginnings, 34(4), 6-9.
  • Oktay D., (2018). Hemşirelerde merhamet yorgunluğu, etkileyen etmenler ve baş etme stratejilerin saptanması. [Identification of compassion fatigue in nurses, affecting factors and coping strategies] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Lefkoşa Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi.
  • Petleski, T. A. (2013). Compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses (Capstone Project). Retrieved from Nursing Theses and Capstone Projects. Paper, 82.
  • Robinson, B. C. (2005). Exploring career satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue as indicators of the quality of career engagement of public school educators. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. West Virginia University.
  • Ruiz-Fernández, M. D., Pérez-García, E., & Ortega-Galán, Á. M. (2020). Quality of life in nursing professionals: Burnout, fatigue, and compassion satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041253
  • Sabo, B. M. (2006). Compassion fatigue and nursing work: Can we accurately capture the consequences of caring work?. International journal of nursing practice, 12(3), 136-142.
  • Severn, M. S., Searchfield, G. D., & Huggard, P. (2012). Occupational stress amongst audiologists: Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout. International Journal of Audiology, 51(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2011.602366
  • Slattery, S. M., & Goodman, L. A. (2009). Secondary traumatic stress among domestic violence advocates: Workplace risk and protective factors. Violence Against Women, 15(11), 1358–1379.
  • Sprang, G., Clark, J. J., & Whitt-Woosley, A. (2007). Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional's quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12(3), 259-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020701238093
  • Stamm, B. (2010). The concise manual for the professional quality of life scale. https://proqol.org/proqol-manual.
  • Sung, K., Seo, Y., & Kim, J. H. (2012). Relationships between compassion fatigue, burnout, and turnover intention in Korean hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 42(7), 1087-1094. https://10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.1087
  • TDK, (2020). Türk Dil Kurumu. Şefkat. https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Thomas, R. B., & Wilson, J. P. (2004). Issues and controversies in the understanding and diagnosis of compassion fatigue, vicarious traumatization, and secondary traumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Emergency Mental 6(2), 81-92.
  • Uslu, Y., & Korkmaz, F. D. (2020) Kalp damar cerrahisi yoğun bakım hemşirelerinde şefkat yorgunluğu ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. [Compassion fatigue in cardiovascular surgery intensive care nurses and determination of affecting factors] Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(2), 192-197. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.665597
  • Volpe, U., Luciano, M., Palumbo, C., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., & Fiorillo, A. (2014). Risk of burnout among early career mental health professionals. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21, 774-781. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.1213
  • Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Akif Çakmak 0000-0002-4011-2774

Tahsin İlhan 0000-0002-5007-5022

Publication Date July 29, 2024
Submission Date July 10, 2023
Acceptance Date February 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çakmak, M. A., & İlhan, T. (2024). A Study on Compassion Fatigue in Health Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 584-612. https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1325100