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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNATURE OF EASTERN EUROPEAN TURKISH HISTORY: BONE TRANSFORMATION AND DEFORMATION

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 12, 311 - 330, 20.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1484857

Abstract

Bones and skeletons are important in archaeological studies in terms of providing information about society and the individual. Deformations on bones are caused by various reasons such as accidents, diseases, congenital anomalies, traumatic injuries, treatments, deliberate shaping, and ritualistic actions. Regardless of their purpose or the cause of the deformation, they provide clues about the lifestyle and culture of the society. In this context, they have an important place in archaeological excavations. Deformations on bone are evaluated under two main headings as unintentional and intentional deformations. Unintentional bone deformations are the deformations caused by physical activities in daily life, injuries or various diseases. These types of deformations are not specific to any particular society or geography and can be seen in every community. They are important in providing information about the parts of the skeleton where these deformations are present and their frequency of occurrence. Intentional deformations are deformations made for certain purposes. One of the most distinctive features between these deformations and unintentional deformations is that they occur as a result of medical treatment or during rituals. In this deliberate shaping process, some applications have been carried out to ensure the permanence of the deformation. Intentional bone deformations are deformations made especially on the skull. The shaping of the skull using objects such as bandages, wood and cloth refers to the tradition of cranial shaping. Another example of intentional skull deformation is trepanation. This is not only a therapeutic surgical procedure, but also a symbolic ritualistic one. The tradition of intentional cranial deformation and trepanation has been practiced by many societies for different purposes throughout history. This tradition, which is known to have existed in Turkestan, was also practiced by the Turkish kaganates living in Eastern Europe.

Although pathological analyses on bone cannot provide a clear view of the types and patterns of deformations on bone, they allow for predictions. In this context, this situation, which allows us to comment on the conditions of the period centuries before today, is also valid for the Turks who dominated the Eastern European geography. In our study, we aim to provide information about the deformations present on the bone, whether intentional or unintentional. In addition, we will try to give examples of what these deformations are, for what reasons they may have been made, and with which practices they may have been realized, through archaeological finds in the Turkish kaganates in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, taking into account the regions where unintentional deformations are concentrated on the bones, the daily lives, physical behaviors, diseases and traumatic conditions of the Eastern European Turks are the basis of our study. In the case of intentional deformations, the examples and cultural traces of the tradition of skull shaping and trepanations in Eastern European Turkish history will be given through archaeological finds. In this context, it is important to consider the presence of unintentional or intentional deformations on bone as an archaeological signature in the Turks as a whole.

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DOĞU AVRUPA TÜRK TARİHİNİN ARKEOLOJİK İMZASI: KEMİK DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE DEFORMASYONU

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 12, 311 - 330, 20.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1484857

Abstract

Kemik ve iskeletler arkeolojik çalışmalarda toplum ve birey açısından birtakım bilgilere ulaşma noktasında önem arz etmektedirler. Kemik üzerindeki deformasyonlar ve dönüşümler kazalar, hastalıklar, doğuştan gelen anomaliler, travmatik yaralanmalar, tedaviler, kasıtlı yapılan şekillendirmeler, ritüel amacı taşıyan eylemler gibi çeşitli sebepler dolayısıyla oluşmaktadır. Yapılma amacı ya da deformasyonun sebebi ne olursa olsun toplumun yaşam tarzı ve kültürüne dair ipucu niteliğindedirler. Bu bağlamda kemikler yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda da önemli bir yere sahiptirler. Kemik üzerindeki değişimler kasıtlı ve kasıtlı olmayan değişimler olarak iki ana başlık altında değerlendirilmektedir. Kasıtlı olmayan kemik deformasyonları kemik üzerinde kişinin günlük yaşamındaki fiziksel aktivitelerinin, yaralanmaların ya da çeşitli hastalıkların yarattığı deformasyonları oluşturmaktadır. Bu tür deformasyonlar herhangi bir topluma ya da coğrafyaya özgü olmayan her toplulukta farklı türlerinin görülebileceği deformasyonlardır. Bu deformasyonlar iskelet üzerinde mevcut olduğu kısımlar ve görülme sıklığı açısından bilgi verme noktasında önemlidirler. Kasıtlı deformasyonlar ya da dönüşümler ise birtakım amaçlarla yapılan uygulamalardır. Bu tür uygulamaların tıbbi tedavi amacıyla ya da ritüeller sırasında yapılan uygulamalar sonucunda oluşması kasıtlı olmayan deformasyonlar ile aralarındaki en belirgin özelliklerdendir. Bilinçli olarak yapılan şekillendirme işleminde deformasyonun kalıcılığını sağlamak için bazı uygulamalar gerçekleştirilir. Kafatası üzerinde yapılan uygulamalar kasıtlı kemik değişiminin büyük bir kısmını oluştururlar. Kasıtlı kemik değişiminin ilk türü kafatasının şekillendirilmesi usulüne dayanır. Bu uygulamada kafatasının bandaj, tahta, bez gibi nesneler kullanılarak geri döndürülemez şekilde şekillendirmesi esastır. Kasıtlı kafatası deformasyonun bir diğer örneği ise trepanasyondur. Bu uygulama tedavi amacıyla yapılan cerrahi işlem olmasının yanı sıra ritüel amacı taşıyan sembolik bir işlem de olduğu kabul edilir. Kasıtlı kafatası (cranial) şekillendirme geleneği ve trepanasyon tarihi süreç içerisinde birçok toplum tarafından değişik amaçlarla uygulanmış bir gelenektir. Türkistan sahasında da varlığını bildiğimiz bu gelenek Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasında yaşayan Türk kağanlıkları tarafından da uygulanmıştır.

Kemik üzerinde yapılan patolojik analizler kemik üzerindeki deformasyonların türlerine ve oluş şekillerine dair net bir görüş sağlayamasa da öngörü yapmaya olanak tanımaktadır. Bu bağlamda günümüzden yüzyıllar öncesi dönemin koşullarına dair yorum yapmayı sağlayan bu durum yüzyıllar boyu Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasına hâkimiyet kurmuş Türkler için de geçerlidir. Çalışmamızda kasıtlı ya da kasıtsız fark etmeksizin kemik üzerinde mevcut olan deformasyonlara ve değişimlere dair bilgi vermeyi amaçlamaktayız. Ayrıca bu deformasyonların ve değişimlerin neler olduğu, hangi sebeplerle yapılmış olduğu, hangi uygulamalarla gerçekleştirilmiş olabileceğini Doğu Avrupa’daki Türk kağanlıklarındaki örneklerini arkeolojik buluntular üzerinden vermeye çalışacağız. Öte yandan kasıtlı olmayan deformasyonların kemikler üzerinde yoğunlaştığı bölgeleri dikkate alarak Doğu Avrupa Türklerinin gündelik yaşamları, fizikî davranışları, sahip oldukları hastalıkları, travmatik durumlarının tespiti de çalışmamızın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Kasıtlı dönüşüm ve deformasyonlarda ise özellikle kafatası şekillendirme geleneği ve trepanasyonların Doğu Avrupa Türk tarihindeki örnekleri, kültürel izleri de arkeolojik buluntular üzerinden verilecektir. Bu bağlamda kemik üzerindeki kasıtlı olmayan ya da kasıtlı deformasyonların/dönüşümlerin arkeolojik imza olarak Türklerdeki varlığının bir bütün halinde ele alınması önem arz etmektedir.

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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Pre-Islamic Turkish History
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülay Hoştaş 0000-0001-8951-1998

Publication Date July 20, 2024
Submission Date May 15, 2024
Acceptance Date June 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 12

Cite

Chicago Hoştaş, Gülay. “DOĞU AVRUPA TÜRK TARİHİNİN ARKEOLOJİK İMZASI: KEMİK DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE DEFORMASYONU”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, no. 12 (July 2024): 311-30. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1484857.

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