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Digital Economy: Taxation, Social Welfare and Sustainability

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 308 - 330, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1494363

Abstract

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly transformed the global economy. Digitalization is considered one of the most substantial developments in the economy since the industrial revolution. The proliferation of the internet, mobile devices, artificial intelligence, and other digital technologies has profoundly changed business models, consumption habits, and economic activities. This study examines the impacts of the digital economy on taxation, social welfare and sustainability. The rise of the digital economy has challenged traditional economic concepts, questioned tax systems, and raised critical questions about its effects on social welfare. Opportunities presented by the digital economy include global access, innovation, optimization of business processes through data analytics, and artificial intelligence. However, the growth of the digital economy also brings several threats. Taxation challenges, cybersecurity threats, unemployment, and inequality are among the issues highlighting the negative aspects of the digital economy. Tax evasion and abuse risks complicate taxation policies and lead to the erosion of the tax base. Cybersecurity threats increase the risk of data breaches and misuse of personal and commercial data. Unemployment and inequality are related to the changes in the labor market caused by digitalization. The growth of the digital economy may lead to monopolistic power for large tech companies, reducing competition and potentially excluding small businesses from the market. The data-driven nature of the digital economy raises new issues concerning privacy and ethics. Cultural and social structures are also affected, necessitating a balanced digital transformation strategy for the digital economy to contribute to social progress. Economic imbalances increase due to inequalities in access to digital technologies, complicating the integration of developing countries into the digital economy. The rapid development of the digital economy necessitates new legal frameworks and the updating of existing regulations. The impacts on social welfare systems include the erosion of tax revenues and changes in the labor market due to digitalization, leading to the weakening of social welfare systems. For the sustainability of the digital economy, it is essential to develop environmentally friendly technologies and increase energy efficiency. The OECD and the EU have been working on solutions to these issues at international and European levels. Comprehensive and flexible policies must be developed to best utilize the opportunities offered by the digital economy and effectively address emerging challenges.

References

  • Akatkin, Y. M., Karpov, O. E., Konyavskiy, V. A., ve Yasinovskaya, E. D. (2017). Digital economy: Conceptual architecture of a digital economic sector ecosystem. Бизнес-информатика, (4 (42) eng), 17-28.
  • Aliyev, A. G., ve Shahverdiyeva, R. O. (2022). Scientific and Methodological bases of Complex Assessment of Threats and Damage to Information Systems of the Digital Economy. International Journal of Information Engineering ve Electronic Business, 14(2).
  • Amuso, V., Poletti, G., ve Montibello, D. (2019). The digital economy: opportunities and challenges. Global Policy, 11(1), 124-127.
  • Andrae, A. S. G., ve Edler, T. (2015). On global electricity usage of communication technology: trends to 2030. Challenges, 6(1), 117-157. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe6010117
  • Audretsch, D. B., ve Belitski, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: establishing the framework conditions. Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(5), 1030-1051.
  • Bakaeva, O. Y., Belikov, E. G., Pokachalova, E. V., Popov, V. V., ve Razgildieva, M. B. (2018). Implementing the principles of the social state in tax law within the context of the digital economy. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 61-66
  • Bencsik, A. (2020). Challenges of management in the digital economy. International Journal of Technology, 11(6), 1275-1285.
  • Bertoldi, P., ve Atanasiu, B. (2010). Energy efficiency trends in the EU-27. European Commission.
  • Brynjolfsson, E. ve McAfee, A. (2014) The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W.W. Norton.
  • Collin, P., ve Colin, N. (2013). Task force on taxation of the digital economy. Report to the Minister for the Economy and Finance, the Minister for Industrial Recovery, the Minister Delegate for the Budget and the Minister Delegate for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Innovation and the Digital Economy.
  • Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., ve Bel, G. (2020). The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, flows, and the circular economy potential. United Nations University/United Nations Institute for Training and Research.
  • Frey, C. B., ve Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
  • Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., ve Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
  • Graetz, G., ve Dushi, G. (2019). New technologies and the labor market. Journal of Monetary Economics, 97, 1-20.
  • Greve, B. (2019). The digital economy and the future of European welfare states. International Social Security Review, 72(3), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12214
  • Harpaz, A. (2021). Taxation of the digital economy: Adapting a twentieth-century tax system to a twenty-first-century economy. Yale J. Int’l L., 46, 57.
  • Hilty, L. M. (2015). Information Technology and Sustainability: Essays on the Relationship between IT and Sustainable Development. Springer.
  • ILO. (2018). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2018. International Labour Office.
  • Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40-50.
  • Jones, N. (2018). How to stop data centres from gobbling up the world’s electricity. Nature, 561(7722), 163-166.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-06610-y. PMID: 30209383.
  • Jurayevich, M. B., ve Bulturbayevich, M. B (2020). The impact of the digital economy on economic growth. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 1(1), 4-7.
  • Kevük , S. (2006). Bilgi Ekonomisi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi , 1 (4) , 319-350 . doi:10.19168/jyu.42613
  • Kolesnikov, A. V., Zernova, L. E., Degtyareva, V. V., Panko, I. V., ve Sigidov, Y. I. (2020). Global trends of the digital economy development. Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, (26), 523-540.
  • Leslie, D. (2019). Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.05684.
  • Li, Z., Li, N., ve Wen, H. (2021). Digital economy and environmental quality: Evidence from 217 cities in China. Sustainability, 13(14), 8058.
  • Lowry, S. (2019). Digital services taxes (DSTs): Policy and economic analysis. CRS Report, 45532.
  • Masanet, E., Shehabi, A., Lei, N., Smith, S., ve Koomey, J. (2020). Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates. Science, 367(6481), 984-986.
  • Metin, B. (2022). Dijitalleşen Dünyada Değişen İstihdam Modelleri: Dijital Emek Platformlarında Çalışanlar Açısından Tehditler ve Fırsatlar . Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 24 (3) , 917-950. http://doi: 10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1162269
  • Nambiar, D. (2020). Digital education in India: Emerging trends and challenges. Journal of Educational Technology, 17(3), 14-27.
  • Nambisan, S. (2017). Digital entrepreneurship: Toward a digital technology perspective of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 1029-1055.
  • Nellen, A. (2015). Taxation and Today’s Digital Economy. Journal of Tax Practice ve Procedure, 17, 27-37.
  • OECD.(2013). Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, OECD Publishing
  • OECD.(2015). OECD Employment Outlook 2015. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2015-en
  • OECD.(2019). OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9ee00155-en
  • Olbert, M., ve Spengel, C. (2017). International taxation in the digital economy: Challenge accepted? World Tax J., 3.
  • Öncel, M., Çağan, N. ve Kumrulu, A. (1985). Vergi Hukuku, 2. Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Öztürk, L. (2002). Dijital Uçurumun Küresel Boyutları. Ege Academic Review, 2(1), 1-10.
  • Picciotto, S., Gallardo, A., Kadet, J., Henn, M., ve Villanueva, M. (2017). The G20 and the “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project” (No. 18/2017). Discussion Paper.
  • Schor, J. B. (2014). Debating the Sharing Economy. Great Transition Initiative.
  • Scholz, T. (2016). Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers Are Disrupting the Digital Economy. Polity
  • Tapscott, D. (1996) The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Taymaz, E. (2018). Dijital Teknolojiler ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Dijital Teknoloji Sektörlerinde Türkiye'nin Konumu, Fırsatları ve Seçenekleri. TÜSİAD , 1-161.
  • UNEP. (2020). Global waste management outlook 2020. Nairobi: UNEP.
  • UNCTAD. (2019). Digital Economy Report 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2020). The Digital Divide. Polity Press.
  • Zheng, M., ve Wong, C. Y. (2024). The impact of digital economy on renewable energy development in China. Innovation and Green Development, 3(1), 100094.
  • WCED. (1987). Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/139811?v=pdf
  • World Bank. (2016). World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank. (2019). World Development Report: The Changing Nature of Work. Washington, DC: World Bank.

DİJİTAL EKONOMİ: VERGİLENDİRME, SOSYAL REFAH VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 308 - 330, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1494363

Abstract

Dijital teknolojilerin hızla gelişmesi, dünya ekonomisinde köklü bir dönüşümü getirmiştir. Dijitalleşme, sanayi devriminden sonra ekonomideki en büyük gelişmelerden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. İnternet, mobil cihazlar, yapay zekâ ve diğer dijital teknolojilerin yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte iş modelleri, tüketim alışkanlıkları ve ekonomik faaliyetler önemli ölçüde değişmiştir. Bu çalışma, dijital ekonominin vergilendirme, sosyal refah ve sürdürülebilirlik üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Dijital ekonominin yükselişi, geleneksel ekonomi anlayışlarını zorlamış, vergilendirme sistemlerini sorgulatmış ve sosyal refaha olan etkileriyle ilgili kritik soruları gündeme getirmiştir. Dijital ekonominin sunduğu fırsatlar arasında küresel erişim, inovasyon, veri analitiği ve yapay zekâ ile iş süreçlerini optimize etme bulunmaktadır. Ancak, dijital ekonominin büyümesi aynı zamanda bazı tehditleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Vergilendirme zorlukları, siber güvenlik tehditleri, işsizlik ve eşitsizlik gibi sorunlar, dijital ekonominin olumsuz yanlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Vergi kaçakçılığı ve istismar riski, dijital ekonominin vergilendirme politikalarını zorlaştırmakta ve vergi tabanının aşınmasına yol açmaktadır. Siber güvenlik tehditleri, kişisel ve ticari verilerin sızma veya kötüye kullanma riskini artırırken; dijitalleşmenin iş gücü piyasasında oluşturduğu değişimlerle ilişkili olarak işsizlik ve eşitsizlik de artmaktadır. Dijital ekonominin büyümesi, büyük teknoloji şirketlerinin piyasa üzerinde monopol gücü elde etmesine yol açarak rekabeti azaltabilir ve küçük işletmelerin piyasadan dışlanmasına neden olabilir. Dijital ekonominin veri odaklı yapısı, gizlilik ve etik açısından da yeni sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Kültürel ve sosyal yapılar üzerindeki etkiler, dijitalleşmenin toplumsal ilerlemeye katkıda bulunabilmesi için dengeli bir dijital dönüşüm stratejisi gerektirmektedir. Ekonomik dengesizlikler, dijital teknolojilere erişimdeki eşitsizlikler nedeniyle artmakta ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin dijital ekonomiye entegrasyonunu zorlaştırmaktadır. Dijital ekonominin hızlı gelişimi, mevcut hukuki düzenlemelerin yetersiz kalmasına ve yeni yasal çerçeveler oluşturulması gerekliliğine yol açmaktadır. Dijital ekonominin sosyal refah sistemlerine etkileri, vergi gelirlerindeki azalma ve dijitalleşmenin iş gücü piyasasında oluşturduğu değişimler nedeniyle sosyal refah sistemlerinin aşınmasına yol açmaktadır. Dijital ekonominin sürdürülebilirliği için çevre dostu teknolojilerin geliştirilmesi ve enerji verimliliğinin artırılması gerekmektedir. Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü (OECD) ve Avrupa Birliği (AB), bu sorunlara çözüm bulmak amacıyla uluslararası ve Avrupa düzeyinde çalışmalar yürütmektedir. Dijital ekonominin sunduğu fırsatları en iyi şekilde değerlendirmek ve ortaya çıkan zorluklara karşı etkili çözümler geliştirmek için kapsamlı ve esnek politikalar oluşturulmalıdır.

References

  • Akatkin, Y. M., Karpov, O. E., Konyavskiy, V. A., ve Yasinovskaya, E. D. (2017). Digital economy: Conceptual architecture of a digital economic sector ecosystem. Бизнес-информатика, (4 (42) eng), 17-28.
  • Aliyev, A. G., ve Shahverdiyeva, R. O. (2022). Scientific and Methodological bases of Complex Assessment of Threats and Damage to Information Systems of the Digital Economy. International Journal of Information Engineering ve Electronic Business, 14(2).
  • Amuso, V., Poletti, G., ve Montibello, D. (2019). The digital economy: opportunities and challenges. Global Policy, 11(1), 124-127.
  • Andrae, A. S. G., ve Edler, T. (2015). On global electricity usage of communication technology: trends to 2030. Challenges, 6(1), 117-157. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe6010117
  • Audretsch, D. B., ve Belitski, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: establishing the framework conditions. Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(5), 1030-1051.
  • Bakaeva, O. Y., Belikov, E. G., Pokachalova, E. V., Popov, V. V., ve Razgildieva, M. B. (2018). Implementing the principles of the social state in tax law within the context of the digital economy. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 61-66
  • Bencsik, A. (2020). Challenges of management in the digital economy. International Journal of Technology, 11(6), 1275-1285.
  • Bertoldi, P., ve Atanasiu, B. (2010). Energy efficiency trends in the EU-27. European Commission.
  • Brynjolfsson, E. ve McAfee, A. (2014) The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W.W. Norton.
  • Collin, P., ve Colin, N. (2013). Task force on taxation of the digital economy. Report to the Minister for the Economy and Finance, the Minister for Industrial Recovery, the Minister Delegate for the Budget and the Minister Delegate for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Innovation and the Digital Economy.
  • Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., ve Bel, G. (2020). The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, flows, and the circular economy potential. United Nations University/United Nations Institute for Training and Research.
  • Frey, C. B., ve Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
  • Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P., ve Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
  • Graetz, G., ve Dushi, G. (2019). New technologies and the labor market. Journal of Monetary Economics, 97, 1-20.
  • Greve, B. (2019). The digital economy and the future of European welfare states. International Social Security Review, 72(3), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12214
  • Harpaz, A. (2021). Taxation of the digital economy: Adapting a twentieth-century tax system to a twenty-first-century economy. Yale J. Int’l L., 46, 57.
  • Hilty, L. M. (2015). Information Technology and Sustainability: Essays on the Relationship between IT and Sustainable Development. Springer.
  • ILO. (2018). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2018. International Labour Office.
  • Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40-50.
  • Jones, N. (2018). How to stop data centres from gobbling up the world’s electricity. Nature, 561(7722), 163-166.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-06610-y. PMID: 30209383.
  • Jurayevich, M. B., ve Bulturbayevich, M. B (2020). The impact of the digital economy on economic growth. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 1(1), 4-7.
  • Kevük , S. (2006). Bilgi Ekonomisi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi , 1 (4) , 319-350 . doi:10.19168/jyu.42613
  • Kolesnikov, A. V., Zernova, L. E., Degtyareva, V. V., Panko, I. V., ve Sigidov, Y. I. (2020). Global trends of the digital economy development. Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, (26), 523-540.
  • Leslie, D. (2019). Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.05684.
  • Li, Z., Li, N., ve Wen, H. (2021). Digital economy and environmental quality: Evidence from 217 cities in China. Sustainability, 13(14), 8058.
  • Lowry, S. (2019). Digital services taxes (DSTs): Policy and economic analysis. CRS Report, 45532.
  • Masanet, E., Shehabi, A., Lei, N., Smith, S., ve Koomey, J. (2020). Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates. Science, 367(6481), 984-986.
  • Metin, B. (2022). Dijitalleşen Dünyada Değişen İstihdam Modelleri: Dijital Emek Platformlarında Çalışanlar Açısından Tehditler ve Fırsatlar . Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 24 (3) , 917-950. http://doi: 10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1162269
  • Nambiar, D. (2020). Digital education in India: Emerging trends and challenges. Journal of Educational Technology, 17(3), 14-27.
  • Nambisan, S. (2017). Digital entrepreneurship: Toward a digital technology perspective of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 1029-1055.
  • Nellen, A. (2015). Taxation and Today’s Digital Economy. Journal of Tax Practice ve Procedure, 17, 27-37.
  • OECD.(2013). Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, OECD Publishing
  • OECD.(2015). OECD Employment Outlook 2015. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2015-en
  • OECD.(2019). OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9ee00155-en
  • Olbert, M., ve Spengel, C. (2017). International taxation in the digital economy: Challenge accepted? World Tax J., 3.
  • Öncel, M., Çağan, N. ve Kumrulu, A. (1985). Vergi Hukuku, 2. Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Öztürk, L. (2002). Dijital Uçurumun Küresel Boyutları. Ege Academic Review, 2(1), 1-10.
  • Picciotto, S., Gallardo, A., Kadet, J., Henn, M., ve Villanueva, M. (2017). The G20 and the “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project” (No. 18/2017). Discussion Paper.
  • Schor, J. B. (2014). Debating the Sharing Economy. Great Transition Initiative.
  • Scholz, T. (2016). Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers Are Disrupting the Digital Economy. Polity
  • Tapscott, D. (1996) The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Taymaz, E. (2018). Dijital Teknolojiler ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Dijital Teknoloji Sektörlerinde Türkiye'nin Konumu, Fırsatları ve Seçenekleri. TÜSİAD , 1-161.
  • UNEP. (2020). Global waste management outlook 2020. Nairobi: UNEP.
  • UNCTAD. (2019). Digital Economy Report 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2020). The Digital Divide. Polity Press.
  • Zheng, M., ve Wong, C. Y. (2024). The impact of digital economy on renewable energy development in China. Innovation and Green Development, 3(1), 100094.
  • WCED. (1987). Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/139811?v=pdf
  • World Bank. (2016). World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank. (2019). World Development Report: The Changing Nature of Work. Washington, DC: World Bank.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İsmail Samet Mutlu 0000-0002-4843-0910

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date June 2, 2024
Acceptance Date September 19, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mutlu, İ. S. (2024). DİJİTAL EKONOMİ: VERGİLENDİRME, SOSYAL REFAH VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 308-330. https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1494363
  • Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences