<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Gazi University Journal of Science</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-1762</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Gazi University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35378/gujs.1357317</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Image Processing</subject>
                                                            <subject>Multimodal Analysis and Synthesis</subject>
                                                            <subject>Audio Processing</subject>
                                                            <subject>Deep Learning</subject>
                                                            <subject>Machine Learning (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Görüntü İşleme</subject>
                                                            <subject>Multimodal Analiz ve Sentez</subject>
                                                            <subject>Ses İşleme</subject>
                                                            <subject>Derin Öğrenme</subject>
                                                            <subject>Makine Öğrenme (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>A Deep Learning Approach based on Ensemble Classification Pipeline and Interpretable Logical Rules for Bilingual Fake Speech Recognition</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-5759</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Boztepe</surname>
                                    <given-names>Emre Beray</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wroclaw University</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8524-874X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karasulu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Bahadir</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCES</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250301">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>38</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>75</fpage>
                                        <lpage>97</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230908">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20241112">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1988, Gazi University Journal of Science</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1988</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Gazi University Journal of Science</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>The essential steps of our study are to quantify and classify the differences between real and fake speech signals. In this scope, the main aim is to use the salient feature learning ability of deep learning in our study. With the use of ensemble classification pipeline, the interpretable logical rules were used for generalized reasoning with the class activation maps to discriminate the different speech classes as correctly. Fake audio samples were generated by using Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Neural Network. Our experiments were conducted on three different language dataset such as Turkish, English languages and Bilingual. As a result of higher classification and recognition accuracy with the use of classification pipeline as compiled into a majority voting-based ensemble classifier, the experimental results were obtained for each individual language performance approximately as 90% for training and as 80.33% for testing stages for pipeline, and it reached as 73% for majority voting results considered together with the appropriate test cases as well. To extract semantically rich rules, an interpretable logical rules infrastructure was used to infer the correct fake speech from class activations of deep learning’s generative model. Discussion and conclusion based on scientific findings are included in our study.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Ensemble classifier</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Machine learning</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Deep learning</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Speech recognition</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Speech analysis</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[1]	Imran, M., Ali, Z., Bakhsh, S. T., Akram, S., &quot;Blind Detection of Copy-Move Forgery in Digital Audio Forensics&quot;, IEEE Access, 5: 12843-12855, (2017).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[2]	Mannepalli, K., SubbaRamaiah, V., Raghu, K., &quot;Speech Forgery Detection of Framed Sentences In Audio Recordings Using DTW&quot;, European Journal of Molecular &amp; Clinical Medicine, 7(8): 2269-2274, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[3]	Baskoro, A. B., Cahyani, N., Putrada, A. G., &quot;Analysis of Voice Changes in Anti Forensic Activities Case Study: Voice Changer with Telephone Effect&quot;, International Journal on Information and Communication Technology (IJoICT), 6(2):64-77, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[4]	Shi, Y., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Cai, M., Xu, W., &quot;Theory and application of audio-based assessment of cough&quot;, Journal of Sensors, Article ID: 9845321, 1–7, (2018).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[5]	Maher, R. C., &quot;Audio forensic examination&quot;, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 26(2):84-94, (2009).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[6]	Ally, M., Alotaibi, M. S., &quot;A novel deep learning model to detect COVID-19 based on wavelet features extracted from Mel-scale spectrogram of patients’ cough and breathing sounds&quot;, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 32:(101049), 1-11, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[7]	Lia, L., Ouyang, W., Wang, X., Fieguth, P., Chen, J., Liu, X., Pietikäinen, M., &quot;Deep Learning for Generic Object Detection: A Survey&quot;, International Journal of Computer Vision, 128, 261-218, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[8]	Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., Bengio, Y., &quot;Generative Adversarial Networks&quot;, Communications of the ACM, 63(11):139-144, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[9]	Radford, A., Metz, L., Chintala, S., &quot;Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks&quot;, arXiv preprint, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), arXiv:1511.06434, 1-16, (2015).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[10]	Beguš, G., &quot;CiwGAN and fiwGAN: Encoding information in acoustic data to model lexical learning with Generative Adversarial Networks&quot;, Neural Networks, 139:305-325, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[11]	Donahue, C., McAuley, J., Puckette, M. S., &quot;Adversarial audio synthesis&quot;, 7th International conference on learning representations (ICLR2019), New Orleans LA, USA, May 6-9, OpenReview.net, 1–16, (2019). Online: https://openreview.net/forum?id=ByMVTsR5KQ.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[12]	Rodionov, S., &quot;Info-wgan-gp&quot;, (2018). Online: https://github.com/singnet/semantic-vision/tree/master/experiments/concept_learning/gans/info-wgan-gp. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[13]	Kumar, K., Kumar, R., de Boissiere, T., Gestin, L., Teoh, W.Z., Sotelo, J., de Brébisson, A., Bengio, Y., Courville, A.C., &quot;MelGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Conditional Waveform Synthesis&quot;, ArXiv Preprint, Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS), Computation and Language (cs.CL), Machine Learning (cs.LG), Sound (cs.SD), 1-14, arXiv:1910.06711, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[14]	Kong, J., Kim, J., Bae, J., &quot;HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesis&quot;, ArXiv Preprint, Sound (cs.SD); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS), 1-14, arXiv:2010.05646, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[15]	Kocaoğlu, D., Turgut, K., Konyar, M. Z., &quot;Sector-Based Stock Price Prediction with Machine Learning Models&quot;, Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences, 5(3): 415-426, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[16]	Bhateja, V., Taquee, A., Sharma, D. K. Pre-Processing and Classification of Cough Sounds in Noisy Environment using SVM. 4th International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Networks (ISCON), Mathruda, India, November 21-22, 822-826, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[17]	Rasmussen, C.E., Williams, C.K.I., &quot;Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning&quot;, the MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (2006). ISBN 026218253X.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[18]	Gao, W., Bao, W., Zhou, X., &quot;Analysis of cough detection index based on decision tree and support vector machine&quot;, Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 37: 375–384, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[19]	Karasulu, B., &quot;Sound Scene and Events Detection using Deep Learning in the Scope of Cyber Security for Multimedia Systems&quot;, Acta Infologica, 3(2): 60-82, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[20]	Virtanen, T., Plumbley, M.D., Ellis, D. (Eds.)., &quot;Computational analysis of sound scenes and events&quot;, Book Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. (2018).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[21]	Bäckström, T., Räsänen, O., Zewoudie, A., Zarazaga, P.P., Koivusalo, L., Das, S., Mellado, E.G., Mansali, M.B., Ramos, D., Kadiri, S., Alku, P., &quot;Introduction to Speech Processing&quot;, 2nd Edition, (2022). Online: https://speechprocessingbook.aalto.fi. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[22]	Çakır, E., &quot;Deep neural networks for sound event detection&quot;, (Doctoral Dissertation, Tampere University, Finland), (2019).  Online: https://tutcris.tut.fi/portal/files/17626487/cakir_12.pdf. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[23]	Juillerat N., Hirsbrunner, B., &quot;Low latency audio pitch shifting in the frequency domain&quot;, International  Conference on Audio Language and Image Processing (ICALIP), Shanghai, China, November 23-25, 16-24, (2010).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[24]	Damskägg, E.-P., Välimäki, V., &quot;Audio Time Stretching Using Fuzzy Classification of Spectral Bins&quot;, Applied Sciences, 7(12): 1293, (2017).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[25]	Govender, D., &quot;Investigating Audio Classification to Automate the Trimming of Recorded Lectures&quot;, University of Cape Town, February, (2018). Online: https://pubs.cs.uct.ac.za/id/eprint/1260/1/Thesis-final.pdf . Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[26]	McFee, B., Raffel, C., Liang, D., Ellis, D., Mcvicar, M., Battenberg, E., Nieto, O., &quot;Librosa: Audio and Music Signal Analysis in Python&quot;, Proceedings of the Python in Science Conference, Austin, Texas, USA,  6 - 12 July, 18-24, (2015).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[27]	Griffin, D., Lim, J., &quot;Signal estimation from modified short-time Fourier transform&quot;, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 32(2): 236-243, (1984).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[28]	Laroche, J., Dolson, M., &quot;Improved phase vocoder time-scale modification of audio&quot;, IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, 7(3): 323-332, (1999).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[29]	Zhang, Z., Xu, S., Zhang, S., Qiao, T., Cao, S., &quot;Learning Attentive Representations for Environmental Sound Classification&quot;, IEEE Access, 7: 130327-130339, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[30]	Boztepe, E.B., Karakaya, B., Karasulu, B., Ünlü, I., &quot;An Approach for Audio-Visual Content Understanding of Video using Multimodal Deep Learning Methodology&quot;, Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences (SAUCIS), 5(2): 181-207, (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[31]	Kıvrak, E.A., Karasulu, B., Sözbir, C., Türkay, A., &quot;A Deep Learning Based Software Tool for Audio Mood Classification Using Audio Attributes&quot;, Veri Bilimi Dergisi, 4(3): 14-27, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[32]	Korzeniowski, F., Widmer, G., &quot;Feature learning for chord recognition: The deep chroma extractor&quot;, Proceedings of the 17th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR), New York, USA, arXiv preprint, arXiv:1612.05065, August 7-11, 1-7, (2016).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[33]	Ganchev, T.D., &quot;Speaker recognition&quot;, University of Patras, Wire Communications Laboratory, Dept. of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Gree e, Dissetation for Doctor of Philosophy, (2005). https://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/13812#page/1/mode/2up. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[34]	Müller, M., Ewert S., &quot;Chroma Toolbox: MATLAB implementations for extracting variants of chroma-based audio features&quot;, Proceedings of the 12th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR2011), Miami, Florida, USA, October 24-28, 215-220, (2011). http://ismir2011.ismir.net/papers/PS2-8.pdf. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[35]	Panayotov, V., Chen, G., Povey, D., Khudanpur, S., &quot;Librispeech: An ASR corpus based on public domain audio books&quot;, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), South Brisbane, QLD, Australia, April 19-24, 5206-5210, (2015).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[36]	Tensorflow Library Documentation, (2023). Online: https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[37]	Keras Library Documentation, (2023). Online: https://keras.io/api/. Accessed on May 25, 2023.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[38]	Xu, B., Wang, N., Chen, T., Li, M., &quot;Empirical Evaluation of Rectified Activations in Convolutional Network&quot;, arXiv preprint, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), Machine Learning (stat.ML), arXiv:1505.00853v2, 1-5, (2015).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[39]	Buduma, N., Lacascio, N., &quot;Fundamentals of Deep Learning: Designing Next-Generation Machine Intelligence Algorithms&quot;, O’Reilly Media UK Ltd., (2017). ISBN: 978–1–491–92561–4.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[40]	Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E., &quot;ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks&quot;, Communications of the ACM, Research Highlights, 60(6): 84-90, (2017).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[41]	Pratiwi, H., Windarto, A.P., Susliansyah, S., Aria, R.R., Susilowati, S., Rahayu, L.K., Fitriani, Y., Merdekawati, A., Rahadjeng, I.R., &quot;Sigmoid Activation Function in Selecting the Best Model of Artificial Neural Networks&quot;, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1471, 012010, 1st Bukittinggi International Conference on Education, West Sumatera, Indonesia, October 17-18, 1-8, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[42]	Kingma, D.P., Ba, J., &quot;Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization&quot;, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2015), San Diego, USA, May 7-9, 1-13, (2015).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[43]	Suh, S., Lee, H., Jo, J., Lukowicz, P., Lee, Y.O., &quot;Generative Oversampling Method for Imbalanced Data on Bearing Fault Detection and Diagnosis&quot;, Applied Science, 9(4:746): 1-16, (2019).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[44]	Selvaraju, R.R., Cogswell, M., Das, A., Vedantam, R., Parikh, D., Batra, D., &quot;Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-Based Localization&quot;, International Journal of Computer Vision, 128(2): 336–359, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[45]	Esener, I.I., Ergin, S., Yüksel, T., &quot;A Genuine GLCM-based Feature Extraction for Breast Tissue Classification on Mammograms&quot;, International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering (IJISAE), 4 (Special Issue), 124-129, (2016).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[46]	Özkan, K., &quot;Comparing Shannon entropy with Deng entropy and improved Deng entropy for measuring biodiversity when a priori data is not clear&quot;, Forestist, 68(2): 136-140, (2018).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[47]	Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M., Duchesnay, E., &quot;Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research&quot;, arXiv preprint, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Mathematical Software (cs.MS), 12(85): 2825-2830, (2011).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[48]	Cunningham, P., Delany, S.J., &quot;k-Nearest neighbour classifiers&quot;, ACM Computing Surveys, Article No: 128, 54(6): 1-25, (2007).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[49]	Manning, C.D., Raghavan, P., Schütze, H., &quot;Introduction to Information Retrieval&quot;, Cambridge University Press. (2008). ISBN:978-0-521-86571-5</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[50]	Evgeniou, T., Pontil, M., &quot;Support Vector Machines: Theory and Applications&quot;, In: Paliouras, G., Karkaletsis, V., Spyropoulos, C.D. (Eds.), &quot;Machine Learning and Its Applications&quot;, ACAI 1999, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2049, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 249-257, (2001).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[51]	Bors, A.G., &quot;Introduction of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) Networks&quot;, Online Symposium for Electronics Engineers, DSP Algorithms: Multimedia, 1:1-7, (2001).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[52]	Ebden, M., &quot;Gaussian Processes: A Quick Introduction&quot;, arXiv preprint, Statistics Theory (math.ST), arXiv:1505.02965, 1-13, (2015).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[53]	Fei, Y., Rong, G., Wang, B., Wang, W., &quot;Parallel L-BFGS-B algorithm on GPU&quot;, Computers &amp; Graphics, 40: 1-9, (2014).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[54]	Rokach, L., Maimon, O., &quot;Decision Trees&quot;, In: Maimon, O., Rokach, L. (Eds.), &quot;Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook&quot;, Springer, Boston, MA, 165-192, (2005).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[55]	Suryakanthi, T. &quot;Evaluating the Impact of GINI Index and Information Gain on Classification using Decision Tree Classifier Algorithm&quot;, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(2): 612-619, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[56]	Anagnostopoulos, T.T., Skourlas, C., &quot;Ensemble Majority Voting Classifier for Speech Emotion Recognition and Prediction&quot;, Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 16(3): 222-232, (2014).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[57]	Gardin, F., Gautier, R., Jaffre, R.,  Goix, N., Ndiaye, B., Schertzer, J.-M., &quot;GitHub - scikit-learn-contrib/skope-rules: machine learning with logical rules in Python&quot;, v1.0.1, (2020). Online: https://github.com/scikit-learn-contrib/skope-rules. https://2018.ds3-datascience-polytechnique.fr/ wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DS3-309.pdf. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[58]	Lal, G.R., Chen, X., Mithal, V., &quot;TE2Rules: Extracting Rule Lists from Tree Ensembles&quot;, arXiv preprint, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), arXiv:2206.14359, 1-17, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[59]	Friedman, J.H., Popescu, B.E., &quot;Predictive learning via rule ensembles&quot;. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 2(3): 916-954, (2008).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[60]	Google Colab Website, (2023). Online: https://colab.research.google.com. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[61]	Python Doc Website, (2023). Online: https://www.python.org/doc/.  Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[62]	OpenSLR Dataset, (2023). Online: https://www.openslr.org. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[63]	Piispaanen, P. Blažek, V., &quot;Altaic Languages – History of research, survey, classification, and a sketch of comparative grammar in collaboration with M. Schwarz and O. Srba&quot;, Journal of Old Turkic Studies, 4(1):266-274, (2020).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[64]	Johanson, L., &quot;Turkic languages - Old Turkic, Uyghur, Qarakhanid, Ottoman&quot;, Encyclopædia Britannica website, (2023). Online: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Turkic-languages/Linguistic-structure. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[65]	Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., C. D. Fennig, C. D. (Eds.), &quot;Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-sixth edition&quot;, Dallas, Texas: SIL International, Turkish Language Ethnologue, (2023). Online: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tur/. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[66]	Kolobov, R., Okhapkina, O., Omelchishina, O., Platunov, Bedyakin, A.R., Moshkin, V., Menshikov, D., Mikhaylovskiy, N., &quot;MediaSpeech: Multilanguage ASR Benchmark and Dataset&quot;, arXiv preprint, Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS), Sound (cs.SD), arXiv:2103.16193, 1-4, (2021).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[67]	Youtube Website, (2023). Online: https://www.youtube.com. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[68]	Cowgill, W., Jasanoff, J.H., &quot;Indo-European languages&quot;, Encyclopædia Britannica website, (2023). Online:  https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indo-European-languages. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[69]	Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., C. D. Fennig, C. D. (Eds.), &quot;Ethnologue: Languages of the World&quot;, Twenty-sixth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International, English Language Ethnologue, (2023). Online: https://www.ethnologue.com/language/eng/. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[70]	Librivox free public domain audiobooks, LibriVox, (2023). Online: https://librivox.org. Access date: 25.05.2023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[71]	Fawcett, T., &quot;Introduction to ROC analysis&quot;, Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8): 861- 874, (2006).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[72]	Powers, D.M.W., &quot;The Problem of Area Under the Curve&quot;, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information Science and Technology (ICIST2012), Wuhan, China, March 23-25, 567-573, (2012).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
