Research Article
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Modelling AI in Architectural Education

Year 2022, Volume: 35 Issue: 4, 1260 - 1278, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.967981

Abstract

This work displays an outlook on major questions concerning the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Architectural education. Gradually, part of the domain knowledge and hard skills become either irrelevant or insufficient by the time the students graduate. This paper suggests that integrating AI in the architectural design curriculum is beneficial for raising designers’ awareness of all areas of architectural design, in the form of input, process, and output. The study views consecutive learning experiences in a continuum and explores the potentials of integrating AI applications and techniques in architectural education, and how architectural design practice may benefit from it. Consequently, it provides insights into how architectural design education may transform itself considering the future impact of AI on the Architecture Engineering Construction (AEC) industry. 

Supporting Institution

Izmir University of Economics

References

  • [1] Ra, S., Shrestha, U., Khatiwada, S., Seung, W. Y., Kwon, K., “The rise of technology and impact on skills”, International Journal of Training Research, 17: 26-40, (2019).
  • [2] Gerber, B. B., Gerber, D. J., Ku, K., “The pace of technological innovation in architecture, engineering, and construction education: integrating recent trends into the curricula”, Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 16: 411-432, (2011).
  • [3] Woo, J. H., “BIM (Building Information Modeling) and Pedagogical Challenges”, Proceedings of the 43rd ASC National Annual Conference Flagstaff, AZ, April 12-14, (2006).
  • [4] Boeykens, S., De Somer, P., Klein, R. Saey, R., “Experiencing BIM collaboration in education Computation and Performance”, Proceedings of the 31st Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe Conference (eCAADe), Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 505-513, (2013).
  • [5] Sacks, R., Girolami, M., Brilakis, I., “Building Information Modelling, Artificial Intelligence and Construction Tech”, Developments in the Built Environment, 4, (2020). [6] Tepavčević, B., “Design thinking models for architectural education”, The Journal of Public Space, 2(3): 67-72, (2017).
  • [7] Ghonim, M., Eweda, N., “Investigating elective courses in architectural education”, Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7: 235-256, (2018).
  • [8] Polanyi, M. and Sen, A., “The tacit dimension”, University of Chicago Press, (1966, 2009).
  • [9] Koçyiğit, R.G. Bilgi Kuramı Bağlamında Mimarlık Bilgisi Ve Mimarlıkta Bilimsellik Sorunu. Mimarlık, Planlama ve Tasarım Araştırmaları, 25-41, (2018).
  • [10] Glick, E., “Two Methodologies for Evaluating Intellectualism”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 83(2): 398-34, (2011).
  • [11] Yan, D., O’Brien, W., Hong, T. Z., Feng, X. H., Gunay, H. B., Tahmasebi, F., Mahdavi, A., “Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges”, Energy and Buildings, 107: 264–278, (2015).
  • [12] Ornetzeder, M., Wicher, M., Suschek-Berger, J., “User satisfaction and well-being in energy-efficient office buildings: Evidence from cutting-edge projects in Austria, Energy and Building”, 118: 18–26, (2016).
  • [13] Friedman, Y., “Toward a Scientific Architecture”, MIT Press, (1980).
  • [14] Burry, M., “Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming”, Wiley, Chichester, UK, (2011).
  • [15] Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., “A pattern language”, New York: Oxford University Press, (1977).
  • [16] Başarır, L., Erol, K., “Briefing AI: From Architectural Design Brief Texts to Architectural Design Sketches”, The 9th ASCAAD International Conference, 1: 23-31, (2021).
  • [17] Gero, J. S., “Special Issue: Artificial intelligence in computer-aided design: Progress and prognosis”, Computer-Aided Design, 26(3): 153-154, (1996).
  • [18] Bier, H., Cheng, A. L., Mostafavi, S., Anton, A., Bodea, S., “Robotic Building as Integration of Design-to-Robotic-Production and –Operation”, In H. Bier, Robotic Building, Springer International Publishing, 97-119, (2018). [19] Eastman, C. M., “Automated space planning”, Artificial Intelligence, 4(1): 41–64, (1973).
  • [20] Liggett, R. S., “Automated facilities layout: past, present, and future”, Automation in Construction: 197–215, (2000).
  • [21] Muther, R., Hales, L., “Systematic Layout Planning”, Marietta: Management & Industrial Research Publications, (2015).
  • [22] Calixto, V., Celani, G., “A literature review for space planning optimization using an evolutionary algorithm approach: 1992-2014”, Generative Systems: 662-671, SIGRADI, (2015).
  • [23] Mitchell, W. J., “A Computer-Aided Approach to Complex Building Layout Problems”, Proceedings of EDRA2 Conference, (1970).
  • [24] Gero, J. S., “Special Issue: Artificial intelligence in computer-aided design: Progress and prognosis”, Computer-Aided Design, 26(3): 153-154, (1996).
  • [25] Burry, M., “Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming”, Wiley, Chichester, UK, (2011).
  • [26] Leach, N., “Design in the Age of Artificial Intelligence”, Landscape Architecture Frontiers/papers, APRIL 2018, 6 (2): 9-19, (2018).
  • [27] Marks, M., “Construction: The next great tech transformation”, Voices June, (2017).
  • [28] Basarir, L., “What if AI Apprentices Outperform Their Human Counterparts?”, Journal of Computational Design, 1 (3): 153-166, (2020).
  • [29] Tamke, M., Nicholas, P., Zwierzyck, M., “Machine learning for architectural design: Practices and infrastructure”, International Journal of Architectural Computing, 16(2): 123–143, (2018).
  • [30] Huang, W., Zheng, H., “Architectural Drawings Recognition and Generation through Machine Learning”, The38th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture, Mexico City: ACADIA2018: 156-165, (2018).
  • [31] Chaillou, S., “Architecture & Style: A New Frontier for AI in Architecture”, Towards Data Science, (2019).
  • [32] Negroponte, N., “The Architecture Machine”, Computer Aided Design, 7(3): 190 – 195, (1975).
  • [33] Stiny, G., Gips J., “Shape grammars and the generative specification of painting and sculpture”, in Information Processing 71 (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 1: 1460-1465, (1972).
  • [34] Stiny, G., “Introduction to shape and shape grammars”, Environment and Planning B, 7: 343-351, (1980).
  • [35] Mitchell, W.J., “The Logic of Architecture: Design, Computation, and Cognition”, (1st. ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, (1990).
  • [36] Coyne, R. D., Rosenman M. A., Radford, A.D., Balachandran, M., Gero, J.S., “Knowledge-based design systems”, Addison Wesley, 567, (1990).
  • [37] Mustoe, Julian, E. H., “Artificial Intelligence and Its Application in Architectural Design”, Dissertation, Department of Architecture and Building Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, (1990).
  • [38] Silva, N.F., Bridges, A.H., “Human-Computer Interaction and Neural Networks in Architectural Design”, In: Junge R. (eds) CAAD futures 1997, Springer, Dordrecht, 267-284, (1997).
  • [39] Belém, C., Santos, L.M., Leitão, A., “On the Impact of Machine Learning: Architecture without Architects?”, (2019).
  • [40] Cudzik, J., Radziszewski, K., “Artificial Intelligence Aided Architectural Design”, Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference, 1: 77-84, (2018).
  • [41] Huang, W., Zheng, H., “Architectural Drawings Recognition and Generation through Machine Learning”, The 38th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture, Mexico City: ACADIA2018, 156-165, (2018).
  • [42] Chaillou, S., “Architecture & Style: A New Frontier for AI in Architecture”, Towards Data Science, (2019).
  • [43] Isola, P., Zhu J.Y., Zhou, T., Efros, A.A., “Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks”, Arxiv, (2016).
  • [44] Kulcke, M., “Design-Bot - Using Half-Automated Qualitative Interviews as Part of Self Communication within the Design Process”, Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference , 1: 103-108, (2018).
  • [45] Başarır, L., Erol, K., “Briefing AI: From Architectural Design Brief Texts to Architectural Design Sketches”, The 9th ASCAAD International Conference, 1: 23-31, (2021).
  • [46] Ramesh, A., Pavlov, M., Goh, G., Gray, S., Voss, C., Radford, A., Chen, M., Sutskever, I., “Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation”, ArXiv, abs/2102.12092, (2021).
  • [47] Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., “A pattern language”, New York: Oxford University Press, (1977).
  • [48] Mitchell, M., “Artificial Intelligence Hits the Barrier of Meaning”, Information, 10(2): 51, (2019).
  • [49] Sagar, M., Seymour, M., Henderson, A., “Creating Connection with Autonomous Facial Animation”, Communications of the ACM, 59(12): 82–91, (2016).
  • [50] Susskind, D., Susskind, R., “The Future of the Professions”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Oxford: American Philosophical Society, 162: 125-138, (2018).
  • [51] Wrigley, C., Straker, K., “Design thinking pedagogy: The educational design ladder”, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 54(4), 374- 385, (2017).
  • [52] Teymur, N., "Learning Housing Designing", in Bulos, M. and Teymur, N. (eds): Housing: Design Research Education, Aldershot, Avebury, 3-27, (1993).
  • [53] University, Y., “Arch 4450- Artificial Intelligence in Architecture (Elective Course)” 2018-2019-Academic-Year-Curriculum: https://arch.yasar.edu.tr/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2018-2019-Akademik-Y%C4%B1l%C4%B1-M%C3%BCfredat%C4%B1.pdf (2018). Retrieved on September 22, 2019
  • [54] Biggs, J., Tang, C., “Teaching for quality learning at university”, (3rd ed.), Maidenhead: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press, (2007).
  • [55] Bruce, M., Cooper, R., “Creative product design: a practical guide to requirements capture management”, Chichester, New York: Wiley, (2000).
  • [56] Allan, N., Godfrey, P. “CRISP (2001) Issues on the early stages of construction projects”, CRISP Commission-00/8. London: University of Bristol and Halcrow Group Lim-ited, (2001).
  • [57] Cross, N., “Expertise in design: an overview”, Design Studies, 25(5): 427–441, (2004).
  • [58] AI Forces Shaping Work & Learning in 2030, Report on Expert Convenings for a New Work & Learn Future, Lumina Foundation, 42, (2018).
  • [59] McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., Shannon, C., “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence”, 0-13, (1955).
  • [60] Chollet, F., “Deep Learning with Python”, New York, NY: Manning Publications, (2018).
  • [61] Cross, N., “Can a Machine Design?” Design Issues, 17(4), 44-50, (2001).
  • [62] Ting, D. H., Lee, C. K., “Understanding students’ choice of electives and its implications”, Studies in Higher Education, 37(3): 309-325, (2012).
Year 2022, Volume: 35 Issue: 4, 1260 - 1278, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.967981

Abstract

References

  • [1] Ra, S., Shrestha, U., Khatiwada, S., Seung, W. Y., Kwon, K., “The rise of technology and impact on skills”, International Journal of Training Research, 17: 26-40, (2019).
  • [2] Gerber, B. B., Gerber, D. J., Ku, K., “The pace of technological innovation in architecture, engineering, and construction education: integrating recent trends into the curricula”, Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 16: 411-432, (2011).
  • [3] Woo, J. H., “BIM (Building Information Modeling) and Pedagogical Challenges”, Proceedings of the 43rd ASC National Annual Conference Flagstaff, AZ, April 12-14, (2006).
  • [4] Boeykens, S., De Somer, P., Klein, R. Saey, R., “Experiencing BIM collaboration in education Computation and Performance”, Proceedings of the 31st Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe Conference (eCAADe), Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 505-513, (2013).
  • [5] Sacks, R., Girolami, M., Brilakis, I., “Building Information Modelling, Artificial Intelligence and Construction Tech”, Developments in the Built Environment, 4, (2020). [6] Tepavčević, B., “Design thinking models for architectural education”, The Journal of Public Space, 2(3): 67-72, (2017).
  • [7] Ghonim, M., Eweda, N., “Investigating elective courses in architectural education”, Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7: 235-256, (2018).
  • [8] Polanyi, M. and Sen, A., “The tacit dimension”, University of Chicago Press, (1966, 2009).
  • [9] Koçyiğit, R.G. Bilgi Kuramı Bağlamında Mimarlık Bilgisi Ve Mimarlıkta Bilimsellik Sorunu. Mimarlık, Planlama ve Tasarım Araştırmaları, 25-41, (2018).
  • [10] Glick, E., “Two Methodologies for Evaluating Intellectualism”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 83(2): 398-34, (2011).
  • [11] Yan, D., O’Brien, W., Hong, T. Z., Feng, X. H., Gunay, H. B., Tahmasebi, F., Mahdavi, A., “Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges”, Energy and Buildings, 107: 264–278, (2015).
  • [12] Ornetzeder, M., Wicher, M., Suschek-Berger, J., “User satisfaction and well-being in energy-efficient office buildings: Evidence from cutting-edge projects in Austria, Energy and Building”, 118: 18–26, (2016).
  • [13] Friedman, Y., “Toward a Scientific Architecture”, MIT Press, (1980).
  • [14] Burry, M., “Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming”, Wiley, Chichester, UK, (2011).
  • [15] Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., “A pattern language”, New York: Oxford University Press, (1977).
  • [16] Başarır, L., Erol, K., “Briefing AI: From Architectural Design Brief Texts to Architectural Design Sketches”, The 9th ASCAAD International Conference, 1: 23-31, (2021).
  • [17] Gero, J. S., “Special Issue: Artificial intelligence in computer-aided design: Progress and prognosis”, Computer-Aided Design, 26(3): 153-154, (1996).
  • [18] Bier, H., Cheng, A. L., Mostafavi, S., Anton, A., Bodea, S., “Robotic Building as Integration of Design-to-Robotic-Production and –Operation”, In H. Bier, Robotic Building, Springer International Publishing, 97-119, (2018). [19] Eastman, C. M., “Automated space planning”, Artificial Intelligence, 4(1): 41–64, (1973).
  • [20] Liggett, R. S., “Automated facilities layout: past, present, and future”, Automation in Construction: 197–215, (2000).
  • [21] Muther, R., Hales, L., “Systematic Layout Planning”, Marietta: Management & Industrial Research Publications, (2015).
  • [22] Calixto, V., Celani, G., “A literature review for space planning optimization using an evolutionary algorithm approach: 1992-2014”, Generative Systems: 662-671, SIGRADI, (2015).
  • [23] Mitchell, W. J., “A Computer-Aided Approach to Complex Building Layout Problems”, Proceedings of EDRA2 Conference, (1970).
  • [24] Gero, J. S., “Special Issue: Artificial intelligence in computer-aided design: Progress and prognosis”, Computer-Aided Design, 26(3): 153-154, (1996).
  • [25] Burry, M., “Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming”, Wiley, Chichester, UK, (2011).
  • [26] Leach, N., “Design in the Age of Artificial Intelligence”, Landscape Architecture Frontiers/papers, APRIL 2018, 6 (2): 9-19, (2018).
  • [27] Marks, M., “Construction: The next great tech transformation”, Voices June, (2017).
  • [28] Basarir, L., “What if AI Apprentices Outperform Their Human Counterparts?”, Journal of Computational Design, 1 (3): 153-166, (2020).
  • [29] Tamke, M., Nicholas, P., Zwierzyck, M., “Machine learning for architectural design: Practices and infrastructure”, International Journal of Architectural Computing, 16(2): 123–143, (2018).
  • [30] Huang, W., Zheng, H., “Architectural Drawings Recognition and Generation through Machine Learning”, The38th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture, Mexico City: ACADIA2018: 156-165, (2018).
  • [31] Chaillou, S., “Architecture & Style: A New Frontier for AI in Architecture”, Towards Data Science, (2019).
  • [32] Negroponte, N., “The Architecture Machine”, Computer Aided Design, 7(3): 190 – 195, (1975).
  • [33] Stiny, G., Gips J., “Shape grammars and the generative specification of painting and sculpture”, in Information Processing 71 (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 1: 1460-1465, (1972).
  • [34] Stiny, G., “Introduction to shape and shape grammars”, Environment and Planning B, 7: 343-351, (1980).
  • [35] Mitchell, W.J., “The Logic of Architecture: Design, Computation, and Cognition”, (1st. ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, (1990).
  • [36] Coyne, R. D., Rosenman M. A., Radford, A.D., Balachandran, M., Gero, J.S., “Knowledge-based design systems”, Addison Wesley, 567, (1990).
  • [37] Mustoe, Julian, E. H., “Artificial Intelligence and Its Application in Architectural Design”, Dissertation, Department of Architecture and Building Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, (1990).
  • [38] Silva, N.F., Bridges, A.H., “Human-Computer Interaction and Neural Networks in Architectural Design”, In: Junge R. (eds) CAAD futures 1997, Springer, Dordrecht, 267-284, (1997).
  • [39] Belém, C., Santos, L.M., Leitão, A., “On the Impact of Machine Learning: Architecture without Architects?”, (2019).
  • [40] Cudzik, J., Radziszewski, K., “Artificial Intelligence Aided Architectural Design”, Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference, 1: 77-84, (2018).
  • [41] Huang, W., Zheng, H., “Architectural Drawings Recognition and Generation through Machine Learning”, The 38th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture, Mexico City: ACADIA2018, 156-165, (2018).
  • [42] Chaillou, S., “Architecture & Style: A New Frontier for AI in Architecture”, Towards Data Science, (2019).
  • [43] Isola, P., Zhu J.Y., Zhou, T., Efros, A.A., “Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks”, Arxiv, (2016).
  • [44] Kulcke, M., “Design-Bot - Using Half-Automated Qualitative Interviews as Part of Self Communication within the Design Process”, Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference , 1: 103-108, (2018).
  • [45] Başarır, L., Erol, K., “Briefing AI: From Architectural Design Brief Texts to Architectural Design Sketches”, The 9th ASCAAD International Conference, 1: 23-31, (2021).
  • [46] Ramesh, A., Pavlov, M., Goh, G., Gray, S., Voss, C., Radford, A., Chen, M., Sutskever, I., “Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation”, ArXiv, abs/2102.12092, (2021).
  • [47] Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., “A pattern language”, New York: Oxford University Press, (1977).
  • [48] Mitchell, M., “Artificial Intelligence Hits the Barrier of Meaning”, Information, 10(2): 51, (2019).
  • [49] Sagar, M., Seymour, M., Henderson, A., “Creating Connection with Autonomous Facial Animation”, Communications of the ACM, 59(12): 82–91, (2016).
  • [50] Susskind, D., Susskind, R., “The Future of the Professions”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Oxford: American Philosophical Society, 162: 125-138, (2018).
  • [51] Wrigley, C., Straker, K., “Design thinking pedagogy: The educational design ladder”, Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 54(4), 374- 385, (2017).
  • [52] Teymur, N., "Learning Housing Designing", in Bulos, M. and Teymur, N. (eds): Housing: Design Research Education, Aldershot, Avebury, 3-27, (1993).
  • [53] University, Y., “Arch 4450- Artificial Intelligence in Architecture (Elective Course)” 2018-2019-Academic-Year-Curriculum: https://arch.yasar.edu.tr/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2018-2019-Akademik-Y%C4%B1l%C4%B1-M%C3%BCfredat%C4%B1.pdf (2018). Retrieved on September 22, 2019
  • [54] Biggs, J., Tang, C., “Teaching for quality learning at university”, (3rd ed.), Maidenhead: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press, (2007).
  • [55] Bruce, M., Cooper, R., “Creative product design: a practical guide to requirements capture management”, Chichester, New York: Wiley, (2000).
  • [56] Allan, N., Godfrey, P. “CRISP (2001) Issues on the early stages of construction projects”, CRISP Commission-00/8. London: University of Bristol and Halcrow Group Lim-ited, (2001).
  • [57] Cross, N., “Expertise in design: an overview”, Design Studies, 25(5): 427–441, (2004).
  • [58] AI Forces Shaping Work & Learning in 2030, Report on Expert Convenings for a New Work & Learn Future, Lumina Foundation, 42, (2018).
  • [59] McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., Shannon, C., “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence”, 0-13, (1955).
  • [60] Chollet, F., “Deep Learning with Python”, New York, NY: Manning Publications, (2018).
  • [61] Cross, N., “Can a Machine Design?” Design Issues, 17(4), 44-50, (2001).
  • [62] Ting, D. H., Lee, C. K., “Understanding students’ choice of electives and its implications”, Studies in Higher Education, 37(3): 309-325, (2012).
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Architecture & City and Urban Planning
Authors

Lale Başarır 0000-0001-8620-6429

Publication Date December 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 35 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Başarır, L. (2022). Modelling AI in Architectural Education. Gazi University Journal of Science, 35(4), 1260-1278. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.967981
AMA Başarır L. Modelling AI in Architectural Education. Gazi University Journal of Science. December 2022;35(4):1260-1278. doi:10.35378/gujs.967981
Chicago Başarır, Lale. “Modelling AI in Architectural Education”. Gazi University Journal of Science 35, no. 4 (December 2022): 1260-78. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.967981.
EndNote Başarır L (December 1, 2022) Modelling AI in Architectural Education. Gazi University Journal of Science 35 4 1260–1278.
IEEE L. Başarır, “Modelling AI in Architectural Education”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1260–1278, 2022, doi: 10.35378/gujs.967981.
ISNAD Başarır, Lale. “Modelling AI in Architectural Education”. Gazi University Journal of Science 35/4 (December 2022), 1260-1278. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.967981.
JAMA Başarır L. Modelling AI in Architectural Education. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2022;35:1260–1278.
MLA Başarır, Lale. “Modelling AI in Architectural Education”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 35, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1260-78, doi:10.35378/gujs.967981.
Vancouver Başarır L. Modelling AI in Architectural Education. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2022;35(4):1260-78.

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