Protective Effect of Vitamins C and E on Malathion-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats
Year 2011,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 193 - 201, 05.04.2011
Fatma Uzun
Yusuf Kalender
Abstract
The male Wistar rats were given malathion and/or vitamin C+vitamin E daily via gavage for 4 weeks. When malathion-, vitamins C+E plus malathion-treated groups were compared to control, body and kidney weights decreased; serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels increased significantly. Vitamins C+E plus malathion-treated group was compared to malathion-treated group there were statistically decrease in the serum urea level, while no significant changes were observed in other parameters. Light microscopic investigations revealed that both the malathion- and vitamins C+E plus malathion-treated groups exhibited histopathological changes in kidney. It appears that vitamins C and E didn’t ameliorate malathion-induce nephrotoxicity.
Keywords: Organophosphate insecticide, Malathion, Nephrotoxicity, Vitamin C, Vitamin E.
References
- [1] Verma, R.S., Mehta, A., Srivastava, N., “Comparative studies on chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion induced oxidative tres in different parts of rat brain: Attenuation by antioxidant vitamins”, Pestic. Biochem.Phys., 95: 152-158, (2009).
- [2] Acker, C.I., Luchese, C., Prigol, M., Nogueira, C.W., “Antidepressant-like effect of diphenyl diselenide on rats exposed to malathion: Involvement of Na+ K+ ATPase activity”, Neurosci.Lett., 455, 168-172, (2009).
- [3] Casas, E., Bonilla, E., Ducolomb, Y., Betancourt, M., “Differential effects of herbicides atrazine and fenoxaprop-ethyl, and insecticides diazinon and malathion, on viability and maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro”, Toxicology in vitro, 24: 224- 230 (2010).
- [4] Cemek, M., Büyükben, A., Büyükokuroğlu, M.E., Aymelek, F., Tür, L., “Protective roles of vitamin E (α tocopherol), selenium and vitamin E plus selenium in organophosphate toxicity in vivo: A comparative study”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 96, 113-118 (2010).
- [5] Lasram, M.M., Annabi, A.B., Rezg, R., Elj, N., Slimen, S., Kamoun, A., El-Fazza, S., Gharbi, N., “Effect of short-time malathion administration on glucose homeostasis in Wistar rat”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 92, 114-119, (2008).
- [6] Ahmed, T., Tripathi, A.K., Suke, S.G., Kumar, V., Ahmed, R.S., Das, S., Banerjee, B.D., “Role of HSP27 and reduced glutathione in modulating malathion-induced apoptosis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Ameliorating effect of Nacetylcysteine and curcumin”, Toxicology in Vitro, 23: 1319-1325, (2009).
- [7] Jensen, I.M., Whatling, P., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Malathion: A Review of Toxicology, Chapter 21, 1517-1542, (2010).
- [8] Rezg, R., Mornagui, B., El-Fazaa, S., Gharbi, N., “Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: Effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE”, C. R. Biologies, 331: 655-662, (2008).
- [9] Kalender, S., Uzun, F.G., Durak, D., Demir, F., Kalender, Y., “Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: The effects of vitamins C and E”, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48: 633–63, (2010).
- [10] Uzun, F.G., Kalender, S., Durak, D., Demir, F., Kalender Y., “Malathion-induced testicular toxicity in male rats and the protective effect of vitamins C and E”, Food. Chem. Toxicol., 47: 1903–1908, (2009).
- [11] Vasough-Ghanbari, S., Sayar, P., Pournourmohammadi, S., Aliahmadi, A., Ostad, S.N., Abdollahi, M., “Stimulation of insulin and glucagon synthesis in rat Langerhans islets by malathion in vitro: Evidence for mitochondrial interaction and involvement of subcellular noncholinergic mechanizms”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 89: 130-136, (2007).
- [12] Silva, A.P., Meotti, F.C., Santos, A.R.S., Farina, M., “Lactational exposure to malathion inhibits brain acetylcholinesterase in mice”, NeuroToxicology, 27: 1101-1105, (2006).
- [13] Durak, D., Uzun, F.G., Kalender, S., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Kalender, Y., Malathioninduced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitro, Environ. Toxicol., 24(3): 235–242, (2009).
- [14] Azadbar, M., Ranjbar, A., Hosseini-Tabatabaei, A., Golestani, A., Baeeri, M., Sharifzadeh, M., Abdollahi, M., “Interaction of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor with malathion on rat brain mitochondrial-bound hexokinase activity”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 95: 121-125, (2009).
- [15] Parron, T., Hernandez, A.F., Villanueca, E., “Increased risk of suicide with exposure to pesticides in an intensive agricultural area. A 12- year retrospective study”, Forensic. Sci. Int., 79: 53-63, (1996).
- [16] Videira, R.A., Antunes-Maderia, M.C., Lopes, V.I.C.F., Madeira, V.M.C., “Changes induced by malathion, methylparathion and parathion on membrane lipid physicochemical properties corralate with their toxicity”, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1511: 360-368, (2001).
- [17] Ogutcu, A., Suludere, Z., Kalender, Y., “Dichlorvos-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and the protective effects of vitamins C and E”, Environ. Toxicol. Pharm., 26: 355–361, (2008).
- [18] Kalender, Y., Uzunhisarcikli M., Ogutcu A., Acikgoz, F., Kalender, S., “Effects of diazinon on pseudocholinesterase activity and haematological indices in rats: the protective role of vitamin E”, Environ. Toxicol. Pharm., 22: 46–51, (2006).
- [19] Kalender, S., Kalender, Y., Durak, D., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Cevrimli, B.S., Yildirim, M., “Methyl parathion induced nephrotoxicity in male rats and protective role of vitamins C and E”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 88: 213–218, (2007).
- [20] Uzunhisarcikli, M., Kalender, Y., Dirican, K., Kalender, S., Ogutcu, A., Buyukkomurcu, F., “Acute, subacute and subchronic administration of methyl parathion-induced testicular damage in male rats and protective role of vitamins C and E”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 87, 115–122, (2007).
- [21] Ozden, S., Catalgol, B., Gezginci-Oktayoglu, S., Arda-Princci, P., Bolkent, S. and Alpertunga, B., “Methiocarb-induced oxidative damage following subacute exposure and the protective effects of vitamin E and taurine in rats”, Food Chem. Toxicol., 47: 1676-1684, (2009).
- [22] Kalender, S., Kalender, Y., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Durak, D., Acikgoz, F., “Endosulfan-induced cardiotoxicity and free radical metabolism in rats: The protective effect of vitamin E”, Toxicology, 202: 227-235, (2004).
- [23] Traber, M.G., Atkinson, J., “Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more”, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 43: 4-15, (2007).
- [24] El-Gendy, K.S., Aly, N.M., Mahmoud, F.H., Kenawy, A., El-Sebae, A. K., “The role of vitamin C as antioxidant in prodection of oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid”, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48: 215-221, (2010).
- [25] Giri, S., Prasad, S.B., Giri, A., Sharma, G.D., “Genotoxic effects of malathion an organophosphorous insecticide, using three mammalian bioassays in vivo”, Mutat.Res., 514: 223-231 (2002).
- [26] Lasram, M.M., Annabi, A.B., Elj, N.E., Kamoun, A., El-Fazaa, S., Gharbi, N., “Metabolic disorders of acute exposure to malathion in adult Wistar rats”, J. Hazard. Mater., 163: 1052-1055, (2009).
- [27] Possamai, F.P., Fortunato, J.J., Feier, G., Agostinho, F.R., Quevedo, J., Wilhelm Filho, D., Dal-Pizzol, F., “Oxidative stress after acute and sub-chronic malathion intoxication in Wistar rats”, Environ.Toxicol. Pharm., 23: 198-204, (2007).
- [28] Brocardo, P.S., Pandolfo, P., Takahashi, R.N., Rodrigues, A.L.S., Dafre, A., “Antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following acute exposure to malathion and/or zinc chloride”, Toxicology, 207: 283-29, (2005).
- [29] Hazarika, A., Sarkar, S.N., Hajare, S., Kataria, M., Malik, J.K., “Influence of malathion pretreatment on the toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical interaction study”, Toxicology, 185: 1-8, (2003).
- [30] John, S., Kale, M., Rathore, N., Bhatnagar, D., “Protective effect of vitamin E in dimethoate and malathion induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes”, J. Nutr. Biochem. 12: 500–504 (2001).
- [31] Naraharisetti, S.B., Aggarwal, M., Ranganathan, V., Sarkar, S.N., Kataria, M., Malik, J.K., “Effects of simultaneous repeated exposure at high levels of arsenic and malathion on hepatic drugbiotransforming enzymes in broiler chickens”, Environ. Toxicol. Pharm., 28: 213-218 (2009).
- [32] Mansour, S.A., Mossa, A.H., “Oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and the antioxidant role of zinc”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 96: 14-23 (2010).
- [33] Husain, K., Whitworth, C., Rybak, L.P., “Time response of carboplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats”, Pharmacol. Res., 50: 291-300 (2004).
- [34] Elhalwagy, M.E.A., Darwish, N.S., Zaher, E.M., “Prophylactic effect of geen tea polyphenols against liver and kidney injury induced by fenitrothion insecticide”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 91: 81-89 (2008).
- [35] Sivapiriya, V., Jayanthisakthisekaran, J. and Venkatraman, S., “Effects of dimethoate (o,odimethyl S-methyl carbamoyl methyl phosphorodithioate) and ethanol in antioxidant status of liver and kidney of experimental mice”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 85: 115-121 (2006).
- [36] Yeh, Y.H., Lee, Y.T., Hsieh, H.S., Hwang, D.F., “Effect of taurine on toxicity of vitamin A in rats”, Food Chem., 106: 260-268 (2008).
- [37] Yearout, R., Game, X., Krumpe, K., McKenzie, C., “Impacts of DBCP on participants in the agricultural industry in a third world nation (an industrial health, safety case study of a village at risk)”, Int. J. Ind. Ergonom., 38: 127-134, (2008).
- [38] Yousef, M.I., Awad, T.I., Mohamed, E.H., “Deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage and biochemical alterations in rat and its attenuation by vitamin E”, Toxicology, 227: 240-247, (2006).
- [39] Elmas, O., Aslan, M., Caglar, S., Derin, N., Agar, A., Alıcıguzel, Y., Yargıcoglu, P., “The prooxidant effect of sodium metabolite in rat liver and kidney”, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 42: 77- 82, (2005).
- [40] George, J., Chandrakasan, G., 2000. Biochemical abnormalities during the progression of hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine. Clin. Biochem., 33, 563-570.
- [41] Deepa, P.R., Varalakshmi, P., “The cytoprotective role of a low-molecular-weight heparin fragment studied in an experimental model of glomerulotoxicity”, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 478: 199-205, (2003).
- [42] Eraslan, G., Kanbur, M., Silici, S., “Evaluation of propolis effects on some biochemical parameters in rats treated with sodium fluoride”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 88: 273-283, (2007).
- [43] Karahan, I., Atessahin, A., Yilmaz, S., Ceribasi, A.O., Sakin, F., “Protective effect of lycopene on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats”, Toxicology, 215: 198-204, (2005).
- [44] Mohnsen, M.,” Biochemical and histopathological changes in serum creatinine and kidney induced by inhalation of thimet (phorate) in male swiss albino Mouse, Mus musculus”, Environ. Res., 87: 31-36 (2001).
- [45] Mora, L.O., Antunes, L.M.G., Francescato, H.D.C., Bianchi, M.L.P., “The effects of oral glutamine on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats”, Pharmacol. Res., 47: 517-522, (2003).
- [46] El-Demerdash, F.M., “Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aluminium”, J. Trace Elem. Med. Bio., 18: 113-121, (2004).
- [47] Sulak, O., Altuntas, I., Karahan, N., Yildirim, B., Akturk, O., Yilmaz, H.R. and Delibas, N., “Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by organophosphate insecticide methidathion and ameliorating effects of vitamins E and C”, Pestic. Biochem, Phys., 82: 21-28, (2005)
Year 2011,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 193 - 201, 05.04.2011
Fatma Uzun
Yusuf Kalender
References
- [1] Verma, R.S., Mehta, A., Srivastava, N., “Comparative studies on chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion induced oxidative tres in different parts of rat brain: Attenuation by antioxidant vitamins”, Pestic. Biochem.Phys., 95: 152-158, (2009).
- [2] Acker, C.I., Luchese, C., Prigol, M., Nogueira, C.W., “Antidepressant-like effect of diphenyl diselenide on rats exposed to malathion: Involvement of Na+ K+ ATPase activity”, Neurosci.Lett., 455, 168-172, (2009).
- [3] Casas, E., Bonilla, E., Ducolomb, Y., Betancourt, M., “Differential effects of herbicides atrazine and fenoxaprop-ethyl, and insecticides diazinon and malathion, on viability and maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro”, Toxicology in vitro, 24: 224- 230 (2010).
- [4] Cemek, M., Büyükben, A., Büyükokuroğlu, M.E., Aymelek, F., Tür, L., “Protective roles of vitamin E (α tocopherol), selenium and vitamin E plus selenium in organophosphate toxicity in vivo: A comparative study”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 96, 113-118 (2010).
- [5] Lasram, M.M., Annabi, A.B., Rezg, R., Elj, N., Slimen, S., Kamoun, A., El-Fazza, S., Gharbi, N., “Effect of short-time malathion administration on glucose homeostasis in Wistar rat”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 92, 114-119, (2008).
- [6] Ahmed, T., Tripathi, A.K., Suke, S.G., Kumar, V., Ahmed, R.S., Das, S., Banerjee, B.D., “Role of HSP27 and reduced glutathione in modulating malathion-induced apoptosis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Ameliorating effect of Nacetylcysteine and curcumin”, Toxicology in Vitro, 23: 1319-1325, (2009).
- [7] Jensen, I.M., Whatling, P., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Malathion: A Review of Toxicology, Chapter 21, 1517-1542, (2010).
- [8] Rezg, R., Mornagui, B., El-Fazaa, S., Gharbi, N., “Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: Effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE”, C. R. Biologies, 331: 655-662, (2008).
- [9] Kalender, S., Uzun, F.G., Durak, D., Demir, F., Kalender, Y., “Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: The effects of vitamins C and E”, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48: 633–63, (2010).
- [10] Uzun, F.G., Kalender, S., Durak, D., Demir, F., Kalender Y., “Malathion-induced testicular toxicity in male rats and the protective effect of vitamins C and E”, Food. Chem. Toxicol., 47: 1903–1908, (2009).
- [11] Vasough-Ghanbari, S., Sayar, P., Pournourmohammadi, S., Aliahmadi, A., Ostad, S.N., Abdollahi, M., “Stimulation of insulin and glucagon synthesis in rat Langerhans islets by malathion in vitro: Evidence for mitochondrial interaction and involvement of subcellular noncholinergic mechanizms”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 89: 130-136, (2007).
- [12] Silva, A.P., Meotti, F.C., Santos, A.R.S., Farina, M., “Lactational exposure to malathion inhibits brain acetylcholinesterase in mice”, NeuroToxicology, 27: 1101-1105, (2006).
- [13] Durak, D., Uzun, F.G., Kalender, S., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Kalender, Y., Malathioninduced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitro, Environ. Toxicol., 24(3): 235–242, (2009).
- [14] Azadbar, M., Ranjbar, A., Hosseini-Tabatabaei, A., Golestani, A., Baeeri, M., Sharifzadeh, M., Abdollahi, M., “Interaction of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor with malathion on rat brain mitochondrial-bound hexokinase activity”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 95: 121-125, (2009).
- [15] Parron, T., Hernandez, A.F., Villanueca, E., “Increased risk of suicide with exposure to pesticides in an intensive agricultural area. A 12- year retrospective study”, Forensic. Sci. Int., 79: 53-63, (1996).
- [16] Videira, R.A., Antunes-Maderia, M.C., Lopes, V.I.C.F., Madeira, V.M.C., “Changes induced by malathion, methylparathion and parathion on membrane lipid physicochemical properties corralate with their toxicity”, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1511: 360-368, (2001).
- [17] Ogutcu, A., Suludere, Z., Kalender, Y., “Dichlorvos-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and the protective effects of vitamins C and E”, Environ. Toxicol. Pharm., 26: 355–361, (2008).
- [18] Kalender, Y., Uzunhisarcikli M., Ogutcu A., Acikgoz, F., Kalender, S., “Effects of diazinon on pseudocholinesterase activity and haematological indices in rats: the protective role of vitamin E”, Environ. Toxicol. Pharm., 22: 46–51, (2006).
- [19] Kalender, S., Kalender, Y., Durak, D., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Cevrimli, B.S., Yildirim, M., “Methyl parathion induced nephrotoxicity in male rats and protective role of vitamins C and E”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 88: 213–218, (2007).
- [20] Uzunhisarcikli, M., Kalender, Y., Dirican, K., Kalender, S., Ogutcu, A., Buyukkomurcu, F., “Acute, subacute and subchronic administration of methyl parathion-induced testicular damage in male rats and protective role of vitamins C and E”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 87, 115–122, (2007).
- [21] Ozden, S., Catalgol, B., Gezginci-Oktayoglu, S., Arda-Princci, P., Bolkent, S. and Alpertunga, B., “Methiocarb-induced oxidative damage following subacute exposure and the protective effects of vitamin E and taurine in rats”, Food Chem. Toxicol., 47: 1676-1684, (2009).
- [22] Kalender, S., Kalender, Y., Ogutcu, A., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Durak, D., Acikgoz, F., “Endosulfan-induced cardiotoxicity and free radical metabolism in rats: The protective effect of vitamin E”, Toxicology, 202: 227-235, (2004).
- [23] Traber, M.G., Atkinson, J., “Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more”, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 43: 4-15, (2007).
- [24] El-Gendy, K.S., Aly, N.M., Mahmoud, F.H., Kenawy, A., El-Sebae, A. K., “The role of vitamin C as antioxidant in prodection of oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid”, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48: 215-221, (2010).
- [25] Giri, S., Prasad, S.B., Giri, A., Sharma, G.D., “Genotoxic effects of malathion an organophosphorous insecticide, using three mammalian bioassays in vivo”, Mutat.Res., 514: 223-231 (2002).
- [26] Lasram, M.M., Annabi, A.B., Elj, N.E., Kamoun, A., El-Fazaa, S., Gharbi, N., “Metabolic disorders of acute exposure to malathion in adult Wistar rats”, J. Hazard. Mater., 163: 1052-1055, (2009).
- [27] Possamai, F.P., Fortunato, J.J., Feier, G., Agostinho, F.R., Quevedo, J., Wilhelm Filho, D., Dal-Pizzol, F., “Oxidative stress after acute and sub-chronic malathion intoxication in Wistar rats”, Environ.Toxicol. Pharm., 23: 198-204, (2007).
- [28] Brocardo, P.S., Pandolfo, P., Takahashi, R.N., Rodrigues, A.L.S., Dafre, A., “Antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following acute exposure to malathion and/or zinc chloride”, Toxicology, 207: 283-29, (2005).
- [29] Hazarika, A., Sarkar, S.N., Hajare, S., Kataria, M., Malik, J.K., “Influence of malathion pretreatment on the toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical interaction study”, Toxicology, 185: 1-8, (2003).
- [30] John, S., Kale, M., Rathore, N., Bhatnagar, D., “Protective effect of vitamin E in dimethoate and malathion induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes”, J. Nutr. Biochem. 12: 500–504 (2001).
- [31] Naraharisetti, S.B., Aggarwal, M., Ranganathan, V., Sarkar, S.N., Kataria, M., Malik, J.K., “Effects of simultaneous repeated exposure at high levels of arsenic and malathion on hepatic drugbiotransforming enzymes in broiler chickens”, Environ. Toxicol. Pharm., 28: 213-218 (2009).
- [32] Mansour, S.A., Mossa, A.H., “Oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and the antioxidant role of zinc”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 96: 14-23 (2010).
- [33] Husain, K., Whitworth, C., Rybak, L.P., “Time response of carboplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats”, Pharmacol. Res., 50: 291-300 (2004).
- [34] Elhalwagy, M.E.A., Darwish, N.S., Zaher, E.M., “Prophylactic effect of geen tea polyphenols against liver and kidney injury induced by fenitrothion insecticide”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 91: 81-89 (2008).
- [35] Sivapiriya, V., Jayanthisakthisekaran, J. and Venkatraman, S., “Effects of dimethoate (o,odimethyl S-methyl carbamoyl methyl phosphorodithioate) and ethanol in antioxidant status of liver and kidney of experimental mice”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 85: 115-121 (2006).
- [36] Yeh, Y.H., Lee, Y.T., Hsieh, H.S., Hwang, D.F., “Effect of taurine on toxicity of vitamin A in rats”, Food Chem., 106: 260-268 (2008).
- [37] Yearout, R., Game, X., Krumpe, K., McKenzie, C., “Impacts of DBCP on participants in the agricultural industry in a third world nation (an industrial health, safety case study of a village at risk)”, Int. J. Ind. Ergonom., 38: 127-134, (2008).
- [38] Yousef, M.I., Awad, T.I., Mohamed, E.H., “Deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage and biochemical alterations in rat and its attenuation by vitamin E”, Toxicology, 227: 240-247, (2006).
- [39] Elmas, O., Aslan, M., Caglar, S., Derin, N., Agar, A., Alıcıguzel, Y., Yargıcoglu, P., “The prooxidant effect of sodium metabolite in rat liver and kidney”, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 42: 77- 82, (2005).
- [40] George, J., Chandrakasan, G., 2000. Biochemical abnormalities during the progression of hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine. Clin. Biochem., 33, 563-570.
- [41] Deepa, P.R., Varalakshmi, P., “The cytoprotective role of a low-molecular-weight heparin fragment studied in an experimental model of glomerulotoxicity”, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 478: 199-205, (2003).
- [42] Eraslan, G., Kanbur, M., Silici, S., “Evaluation of propolis effects on some biochemical parameters in rats treated with sodium fluoride”, Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 88: 273-283, (2007).
- [43] Karahan, I., Atessahin, A., Yilmaz, S., Ceribasi, A.O., Sakin, F., “Protective effect of lycopene on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats”, Toxicology, 215: 198-204, (2005).
- [44] Mohnsen, M.,” Biochemical and histopathological changes in serum creatinine and kidney induced by inhalation of thimet (phorate) in male swiss albino Mouse, Mus musculus”, Environ. Res., 87: 31-36 (2001).
- [45] Mora, L.O., Antunes, L.M.G., Francescato, H.D.C., Bianchi, M.L.P., “The effects of oral glutamine on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats”, Pharmacol. Res., 47: 517-522, (2003).
- [46] El-Demerdash, F.M., “Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aluminium”, J. Trace Elem. Med. Bio., 18: 113-121, (2004).
- [47] Sulak, O., Altuntas, I., Karahan, N., Yildirim, B., Akturk, O., Yilmaz, H.R. and Delibas, N., “Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by organophosphate insecticide methidathion and ameliorating effects of vitamins E and C”, Pestic. Biochem, Phys., 82: 21-28, (2005)