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Spirits in Old Assyrian Documents

Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 309 - 321, 01.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.547869

Abstract

Ancient
Mesopotamians had believed in life after death. When a person died, he was
buried after the funeral in which performed several rituals. The being, called eṭemmu
(GIDIM) “spirit”, departed from the body of a dead person and went to the
netherworld according to their beliefs. In written sources of ancient
Mesopotamia, the netherworld have generally depicted as a place in bad
condition and gloomy. Funerary offerings should had been performed by relatives
for spirits reaching to the other world. Firstly, eldest son of a decedent was
responsible for funerary offerings. Daughter or adoptee of a decedent could
carry out this duty in absence of a son. It was believed that if funerary
rituals and offerings did not fulfill for a decedent, its spirits may attack to
family members or the others. In this study, the related Kültepe texts belonged
to Assyrians, will be examined and it will be seen that Assyrian traders who
came from Mesopotamia to Anatolia for trading and settled in the several
Anatolian cities, had similar beliefs to ancient Mesopotamians.

References

  • ABUSH, Tzvi (1995). “Etemmu”, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, ed. K. van der Toorn, B. Becking and P.W. van der Horst, ss. 16-17, Leiden: Brill.
  • BAYLISS, Miranda (1973). “The Cult of Dead Kin in Assyria and Babylonia”, Iraq, 35: 115-125.
  • BLACK, J. & A. GREEN (2003). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (2. ed., reprinted), London.
  • BUTLER, Sally Ann L. (1998). Mesopotamian Conceptions of Dreams and Dream Rituals, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • ÇEÇEN, Salih & K. HECKER (1995), ““ina mātīka eblum”, Zu einem neuen Text zum Wegerecht in der Kültepe-Zeit”, AOAT 240, pp. 31-41, Münster.
  • FINKEL, I. L. (1983). “Necromancy in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 29(30): 1-17.
  • GEORGE, Andrew R. (2003). The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • HOROWITZ, W. (1998). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography, MC 8, Winona Lake.
  • JACOBSEN, Thorkild (1976). The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion, New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
  • JAGERSMA, B. (2002), “The Calendar of the Funerary Cult in Ancient Lagash”, BiOr 64(3-4): 289-307.
  • KAHYA, Ömer (2017). “Kültepe’den ‘Tanrının Kadehini İçme’ Örneği”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 11(2): 45-58.
  • KAHYA, Ömer (2018), “Ölüm Sonrası Hayat: Sumerce Metinlerde Öteki Dünya”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 37(63): 49-76.
  • KATZ, Dina (2007). “Sumerian Funerary Rituals in Context”, Performing Death, pp. 167-188, Chicago: Oriental Institute. KATZ, Dina (2010), “The Naked Soul: Deliberations on a Popular Theme”, Gazing on the deep, pp. 107-120, Bethesda: CDL Press. KRYSZAT, Guido (2006). “Die altassyrischen Belege für den Gott Amurru”, RA 100: 53-56.
  • LARSEN, T. (1976). The Old Assyrian City-State and its Colonies, PIHANS 22, İstanbul.
  • LEICK, G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia, Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press.
  • MCINTOSH, J. R. (2005). Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
  • MICHEL, Cécile (2008). “Les Assyriens et les esprits de leurs morts”, in Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli, ed. Cécile Michel, pp. 181-97, Leiden.
  • ÖZGÜÇ, Tahsin (2005), Kültepe, Kaniš/Neša, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • POTTS, D. T. (1997). Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • TOPTAŞ, Koray, “Eski Mezopotamya’da Çocuk”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 10(1): 55-80.
  • VEENHOF, K. R., “The Death and Burial of Ishtar-lamassī in Karum Kanish”, Studies in the Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society, Bethesda: CDL Press 2008, s. 97-119.
  • AKT 1 BİLGİÇ, Emin; SEVER, Hüseyin; GÜNBATTI, Cahit; BAYRAM, Sebahattin (1990), Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri 1, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • BIN IV CLAY, Albert T. (1927). Letters and Transactions from Cappadocia, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of James B. Nies IV, Yale.
  • CDA BLACK, J.; GEORGE, A. & N. POSGATE (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, Wiesbaden.
  • KT 5 VEENHOF, K. R. (2010), Kültepe Tabletleri V, The Archive of Kuliya, son of Ali-abum (Kt. 92/k 188-263), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • KTK JANKOWSKA, N. B. (1968). Klinopisnye Teksty iz Kjultepe. Sobraniiakh, SSSR Moskova.
  • KTS 1 LEWY, J. (1926). Die altassyrischen Texte von Kültepe, Keilschrifttexte in den Antiken-Musees zu Stambul, İstanbul.
  • TC 1 CONTENAU, G. (1920). Tablettes cappadociennes du Louvre, TCL 4, Paris.

Eski Asurca Belgelerde Ruhlar

Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 309 - 321, 01.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.547869

Abstract



Eski Mezopotamyalılar ölümden sonra
yaşamın devam ettiğine inanmaktaydı. Bir kimse öldüğünde onun için çeşitli
ritüellerin yapıldığı bir cenaze töreni düzenlenir ve ardından gömülürdü. Ölen
kimsenin bedeninden ayrılarak öteki dünyaya gitmiş olan varlığa ise eṭemmu (GIDIM) “ruh” denilmekteydi. Eski Mezopotamya yazılı
kaynaklarında öteki dünya, genellikle kasvetli ve dünyadan daha kötü bir yer
olarak tasvir edilmektedir. Ölüler diyarına gitmiş bir ruh için yakınları
tarafından yiyecek ve içecek sunuları yapılması gerekmekteydi. Ölü sunularından
sorumlu kimse ilk olarak en büyük erkek çocuktu, eğer erkek evlat yoksa bir kız
evlat ya da evlatlık bu sorumluluğu yerine getirebilirdi. Ölen kimse için
cenaze ritüeli gerçekleştirilmez ya da bu sunular yapılmazsa ruhların başta yakınları
olmak üzere insanlara saldırdıklarına inanılmaktaydı. Çalışmamızda Kültepe
bulunmuş Asurlulara ait metinlerindeki ruhlarla ilgili bilgiler incelenecek ve
Mezopotamya’dan Anadolu’ya ticaret yapmak maksadıyla gelen Asurlu tüccarların
benzer inançlara sahip olduğu görülecektir.




References

  • ABUSH, Tzvi (1995). “Etemmu”, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, ed. K. van der Toorn, B. Becking and P.W. van der Horst, ss. 16-17, Leiden: Brill.
  • BAYLISS, Miranda (1973). “The Cult of Dead Kin in Assyria and Babylonia”, Iraq, 35: 115-125.
  • BLACK, J. & A. GREEN (2003). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (2. ed., reprinted), London.
  • BUTLER, Sally Ann L. (1998). Mesopotamian Conceptions of Dreams and Dream Rituals, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • ÇEÇEN, Salih & K. HECKER (1995), ““ina mātīka eblum”, Zu einem neuen Text zum Wegerecht in der Kültepe-Zeit”, AOAT 240, pp. 31-41, Münster.
  • FINKEL, I. L. (1983). “Necromancy in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 29(30): 1-17.
  • GEORGE, Andrew R. (2003). The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • HOROWITZ, W. (1998). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography, MC 8, Winona Lake.
  • JACOBSEN, Thorkild (1976). The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion, New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
  • JAGERSMA, B. (2002), “The Calendar of the Funerary Cult in Ancient Lagash”, BiOr 64(3-4): 289-307.
  • KAHYA, Ömer (2017). “Kültepe’den ‘Tanrının Kadehini İçme’ Örneği”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 11(2): 45-58.
  • KAHYA, Ömer (2018), “Ölüm Sonrası Hayat: Sumerce Metinlerde Öteki Dünya”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 37(63): 49-76.
  • KATZ, Dina (2007). “Sumerian Funerary Rituals in Context”, Performing Death, pp. 167-188, Chicago: Oriental Institute. KATZ, Dina (2010), “The Naked Soul: Deliberations on a Popular Theme”, Gazing on the deep, pp. 107-120, Bethesda: CDL Press. KRYSZAT, Guido (2006). “Die altassyrischen Belege für den Gott Amurru”, RA 100: 53-56.
  • LARSEN, T. (1976). The Old Assyrian City-State and its Colonies, PIHANS 22, İstanbul.
  • LEICK, G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia, Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press.
  • MCINTOSH, J. R. (2005). Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
  • MICHEL, Cécile (2008). “Les Assyriens et les esprits de leurs morts”, in Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli, ed. Cécile Michel, pp. 181-97, Leiden.
  • ÖZGÜÇ, Tahsin (2005), Kültepe, Kaniš/Neša, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • POTTS, D. T. (1997). Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • TOPTAŞ, Koray, “Eski Mezopotamya’da Çocuk”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 10(1): 55-80.
  • VEENHOF, K. R., “The Death and Burial of Ishtar-lamassī in Karum Kanish”, Studies in the Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society, Bethesda: CDL Press 2008, s. 97-119.
  • AKT 1 BİLGİÇ, Emin; SEVER, Hüseyin; GÜNBATTI, Cahit; BAYRAM, Sebahattin (1990), Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri 1, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • BIN IV CLAY, Albert T. (1927). Letters and Transactions from Cappadocia, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of James B. Nies IV, Yale.
  • CDA BLACK, J.; GEORGE, A. & N. POSGATE (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, Wiesbaden.
  • KT 5 VEENHOF, K. R. (2010), Kültepe Tabletleri V, The Archive of Kuliya, son of Ali-abum (Kt. 92/k 188-263), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • KTK JANKOWSKA, N. B. (1968). Klinopisnye Teksty iz Kjultepe. Sobraniiakh, SSSR Moskova.
  • KTS 1 LEWY, J. (1926). Die altassyrischen Texte von Kültepe, Keilschrifttexte in den Antiken-Musees zu Stambul, İstanbul.
  • TC 1 CONTENAU, G. (1920). Tablettes cappadociennes du Louvre, TCL 4, Paris.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ömer Kahya 0000-0003-2760-5133

Publication Date May 1, 2019
Submission Date April 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kahya, Ö. (2019). Eski Asurca Belgelerde Ruhlar. Mavi Atlas, 7(1), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.547869

e-ISSN: 2148-5232