Percy Bysshe Shelley’in Kısa Şiirlerinde Ölüm Teması

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 302 - 311, 29.10.2024

Yağmur Sönmez Demir

https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1476558

Abstract

Erken 19. yüzyıl şiir geleneğinde yaratıcı deha olarak şaire büyük bir önem verilirdi ve öznellik, her zamankinden daha fazla el üstünde tutulurdu. Romantik dönem şairlerinden biri olan Percy Bysshe Shelley, duygu ve düşüncelerini, felsefi inançlarını ve dinî kanaatlerinin yanı sıra korkularını ve onu harekete geçiren şeyleri edebî eserleri aracılığıyla okuyucuya aktardı. Ölüm, Shelley’in hayatında her zaman var olan bir temaydı ve o, şiiri bu konudaki duygu ve düşüncelerini ifade etmek için bir araç olarak kullandı. Eşi Harriet ve çocukları Clara ve William gibi yakınlarının ölümü onu kendi ölümlülüğüyle yüz yüze getirdi. Bu farkındalık ile birlikte sevdiklerinin ölümüne verdiği tepki çoğu zaman şiirler yazmak oldu. Bu kayıplardan duyduğu üzüntüyü ifade etmenin yanı sıra Shelley, şiirlerinde hayat arzusunun azalışını ve kendi ölüm arzusunu da dile getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada Shelley’in kısa şiirleri (“Ölüm”, “Ölüm Üzerine”, “William Shelley’e”, “Napoli Yakınlarında Kederle Yazılmış Kıtalar”, “Batı Rüzgârına Övgü”, “Geceye” ve “Ey dünya! Ey hayat! Ey zaman!” başlıklı şiirleri), Sigmund Freud’a ait yas ve melankoli kavramlarının yanı sıra ölüm arzusu kavramı ile oluşturulacak kuramsal çerçeve ışığında incelenecektir. Seçilen şiirler, otobiyografik özellikler göstermekte olup Shelley’in sevdiklerinin ölümü ardından yaşadığı yas sürecini ve ölüm olgusunu kabullenme yolculuğunu ortaya koymakta, onun ölüm dürtüsünü sergileyerek gerçek duygularını ve yeni platoncu felsefesini yansıtmaktadır.

Keywords

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ölüm, Melankoli, Freud, Romantik Şiir.

The Motif of Death in Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Short Poems

Abstract

In the early 19th century poetic tradition, there was a great emphasis on the poet as the creative genius, and subjectivity was cherished more than ever. As a poet of the Romantic Era, Percy Bysshe Shelley conveyed his emotions, philosophical beliefs, and religious convictions, as well as his fears and motivations, through his literary works. Death was an omnipresent theme in Shelley’s life, and he used poetry as a means to express his thoughts and feelings about it. The passing of those close to him, such as his wife Harriet and children Clara and William, confronted him with his own mortality. He responded to the death of his beloved ones by composing poems. In addition to expressing his grief over these losses, he also voiced the decrease of his life instincts and his death wish. This paper will examine Shelley’s short poems (“Death”, “On Death”, “To William Shelley”, “Stanzas Written in Dejection, near Naples” “Ode to the West Wind,” “To Night,” and “O world! O life! O time!”) through the lens of Sigmund Freud’s concepts of mourning and melancholy, as well as death wish. The chosen autobiographical poems reveal Shelley’s mourning process and his journey towards accepting death, showcasing his death drive, and reflecting his genuine emotions as well as his Neoplatonic philosophy.

Keywords

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Death, Melancholy, Freud, Romantic Poetry.

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