Panic Buying: A Theoretical and Conceptual Review

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 1 - 1

İlknur Saral

https://doi.org/10.54439/gupayad.1564427

Abstract

Purpose: Panic buying is a consumer behaviour that can be complex to explain in critical, urgent, uncertain and crisis situations. This phenomenon has yet to be fully explored in research on consumer behaviour, and further investigation is required across a range of scientific fields. Panic buying may have many causes and consequences. Determining the causes of panic buying and understanding consumer psychology in crisis and disaster situations in terms of various theories can guide government officials, businesses, marketing practitioners and researchers in case it occurs again in consumer behaviour in the future. This study aims to conduct a conceptual and theoretical examination of panic buying and to focus on its causes. Material and Method: Panic buying was discussed conceptually and theoretically within the framework of the literature review and inferences were made. Findings: This study focuses on the conceptual and theoretical examination of panic buying and its causes. Theories such as Compensatory Control Theory, Social Influence Theory, Social Proof Theory, Scarcity Theory, Herd Behavior, Survival Psychology and Motivation Theory have been intensively the subject of studies on panic buying. It is more common in the literature to try to explain the reasons for panic buying during situations such as crises, pandemics and disasters. Results: Consumers who panic buy should be measured more in terms of their post-purchase feelings such as regret, sadness, empathy, satisfaction, and their intention to panic buying again. In addition, which marketing messages and strategies are more likely to cause panic buying and which strategies are more useful in controlling panic buying are also recommended for future research.

Keywords

Panic buying, panic buying behavior, theory, consumer behavior

Panik Satın Alma: Teorik ve Kavramsal Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Amaç: Panik satın alma kritik, acil, belirsiz, kriz gibi durumlarda açıklanması karmaşık olabilen bir tüketici davranışıdır. Bu olgu henüz tüketici davranışı araştırmalarında tam olarak araştırılmamıştır ve çeşitli bilimsel alanlarda daha fazla araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Panik satın almanın birçok nedeni ve sonucu olabilir. Panik satın almanın nedenlerini belirlemek ve kriz ve felaket durumlarında tüketici psikolojisini çeşitli teoriler açısından anlamak, gelecekte tüketici davranışlarında tekrar meydana gelmesi durumunda hükümet yetkililerine, işletmelere, pazarlama uygulayıcılarına ve araştırmacılara rehberlik edebilir. Bu çalışmada panik satın almanın kavramsal ve teorik bir incelemesi yapılarak nedenleri üzerinde durulması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Panik satın alma, literatür taraması çerçevesinde kavramsal ve teorik açıdan ele alınmış ve çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Panik satın alma ile ilgili çalışmalara "Telafi Edici Kontrol Teorisi", "Sosyal Etki Teorisi", "Sosyal Kanıt Teorisi", "Kıtlık Teorisi", "Sürü Davranışı", "Hayatta Kalma Psikolojisi" ve "Motivasyon Teorisi" gibi teoriler yoğun olarak konu olmuştur. Literatürde, panik satın almanın kriz, salgın ve afet gibi durumlar esnasında ele alınarak nedenlerinin açıklanmayı çalışıldığı daha çok görülmektedir. Sonuç: Panik satın almayı gerçekleştiren tüketicilerin satın alma sonrası pişmanlık, üzüntü, empati, tatmin gibi duygu durumları ile tekrar panik satın alma niyetlerinin daha çok ölçülmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, hangi pazarlama mesajlarının ve stratejilerin panik satın almaya daha çok neden olduğu ve panik satın almayı kontrol edebilecek stratejilerden hangisinin daha faydalı olabileceği de gelecek araştırmalar için önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Panik satın alma, panik satın alma davranışı, teori, tüketici davranışı

References

• Ajraldi, V., Pittavino, M., & Venturino, E. (2011). Modeling herd behavior in population systems. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, 12(4), 2319-2338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2011.02.002
• Alfuqaha, O. A., Dua'a, A. A., Al Thaher, Y., & Alhalaiqa, F. N. (2022). Measuring a panic buying behavior: the role of awareness, demographic factors, development, and verification. Heliyon, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09372
• Ali, M., Gomes, L. M., Azab, N., de Moraes Souza, J. G., Sorour, M. K., & Kimura, H. (2023). Panic buying and fake news in urban vs. rural England: A case study of twitter during COVID-19. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193, 122598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122598
• Amblee, N., & Bui, T. (2011). Harnessing the influence of social proof in online shopping: The effect of electronic word of mouth on sales of digital microproducts. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(2), 91-114. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-4415160205
• Arafat, S. Y., Kar, S. K., & Aminuzzaman, M. (2021). Business perspectives of panic buying. In Panic buying: Perspectives and prevention (ss. 93-102). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Arafat, S. Y., Kar, S. K., Marthoenis, M., Sharma, P., Apu, E. H., & Kabir, R. (2020). Psychological underpinning of panic buying during pandemic (COVID-19). Psychiatry Research, 289, 113061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113061.
• Ardyan, E., Kurniawan, D., Istiatin, I., & Luhgiatno, L. (2021). Does customers’ attitude toward negative eWOM affect their panic buying activity in purchasing products? Customers satisfaction during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1952827
• Aslan, M., İğde, Ç. S., & Kocagöz, E. (2024). Pandemi e-çapraz satın alma davranışını nasıl etkiledi? Türk tüketicilerle bir araştırma. Socıal Mentalıty and Researcher Thınkers Journal (Smart Journal), 10(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13085005
• Atılgan, K. Ö., & Koç, O. (2022). Fiyat artış hızının tüketicilerin fiyat algısı, panik satın alma, stoklama niyeti ve düşük fiyat bekleme üzerine etkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 74-89.
• Banerjee, A. V. (1992). A simple model of herd behavior. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(3), 797-817. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118364
• Barlow, D. H., & Craske, M. G. (2013). The phenomenology of panic. In Panic (ss. 11-35). Routledge. Barnes, S. J., Diaz, M., & Arnaboldi, M. (2021). Understanding panic buying during COVID-19: A text analytics approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 169, 114360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114360
• Bayazıt, A., & Saygılı Akkaya, N. (2022). Covid-19 salgınına bağlı değişen tüketici satın alma davranışı: Panik satın alma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(3), 1859-1879. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2022.1476
• Bayır, T. (2022). Paniklemek mi pineklemek mi? Covid-19 tehdidi, kıtlık ve duygular ekseninde çevrimiçi tüketiciler. Pazarlama Teorisi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 8(2), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.15659/patu.8.2.067
• Beck, C. T. (1996). A concept analysis of panic. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(5), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9417(96)80035-5
• Bozacı, İ., & İşcan, R. V. (2023). Enflasyonist ortamda tüketicilerin temel ihtiyaç ürünlerine yönelik panik satın alma davranışını etkileyen faktörler: Kırıkkale ilinde bir araştırma. International Journal of Disciplines in Economics & Administrative Sciences Studies, 9(49), 1131-1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/ideas.68830
• Bridgman, T., Cummings, S., & Ballard J. (2019). Who built Maslow’s pyramid? A history of the creation of management studies’ most famous symbol and its implications for management education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 18(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMLE.2017.0351
• Brock, T. C. (1968). Implications of commodity theory for value change. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (ss. 243- 275). New York: Academic Press.
• Byun, S. E., & Sternquist, B. (2008). The antecedents of in-store hoarding: measurement and application in the fast fashion retail environment. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593960701868241
• Cham, T. H., Cheng, B. L., Lee, Y. H., & Cheah, J. H. (2023). Should I buy or not? Revisiting the concept and measurement of panic buying. Current Psychology, 42(22), 19116-19136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03089-9
• Chang, E. C., Cheng, J. W., & Khorana, A. (2000). An examination of herd behavior in equity markets: An international perspective. Journal of Banking & Finance, 24(10), 1651-1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(99)00096-5
• Chen, Y. F. (2008). Herd behavior in purchasing books online. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1977-1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.08.004
• Chua, G., Yuen, K. F., Wang, X., & Wong, Y. D. (2021). The determinants of panic buying during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063247
• Chiang, T. C., & Zheng, D. (2010). An empirical analysis of herd behavior in global stock markets. Journal of Banking & Finance, 34(8), 1911-1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.12.014
• Cialdini, R. B., Wosinska, W., Barrett, D. W., Butner, J., & Gornik-Durose, M. (1999). Compliance with a request in two cultures: The differential influence of social proof and commitment/consistency on collectivists and individualists. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(10), 1242-1253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299258006
• Cialdini, R. (1993). Influence: Science and practice. New York: Harper Collins.
• Cialdini, R. B. (2021). Influence, new and expanded: The psychology of Persuasion. New York: Harper Business. de Bruijn, E. J., & Antonides, G. (2022). Poverty and economic decision making: A review of scarcity theory. Theory and Decision, 92, 5-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-021-09802-7
• Deloitte Türkiye, (2020a). Küresel Covid-19 salgınının Türkiye’de farklı kategorilere etkileri. Erişim adresi: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/consulting/articles/kuresel-covid-19-salgininin-turkiyede-farkli-kategorilere-etkileri.html. Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2024
• Deloitte Türkiye. (2020b). Küresel Covid-19 salgınının Türkiye’de farklı kategorilere etkileri – II. Erişim adresi: https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/consulting/articles/kuresel-covid-19-salgininin-turkiyede-farkli-kategorilere-etkileri.html. Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2024
• Deveci, F. G., & Yıldız, T. (2022). Health-Seeking consumer: Cognitive dissonance encountered after panic buying. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 730-756. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1003324
• Diyadin Lenger, A. (2023). Pazarlama alanyazınında panik satın alma davranışı. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(4), 474-486.
• Erdugan, F., & Yurt Öncel, S. (2023). Covid-19 pandemisi döneminde durumluk-kaygı, sıkıntıya toleranssızlık ve panik satın alma düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 9(2), 247-257.
• Erkan, C., Erkuş, U., & Öztürk, A. (2023). Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarındaki değişimlerin incelenmesi. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(2), 1212-1238. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1206181
• Eva, N., Saputra, D. R., Wulandari, D. A., Yahya, F. A., & Annisa, W. (2020). Panic-buying behaviour during the covid-19 outbreak: A cross-cultural psychological study. KnE Social Sciences, 80-87. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i15.8192
• Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Grisham, J. (2004). Measurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory-revised. Behaviour research and therapy, 42(10), 1163-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.006
• Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Williams, L. (2000). Hoarding: a community health problem. Health & Social Care in The Community, 8(4), 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2524.2000.00245.x
• Hall, C. M., Fieger, P., Prayag, G., & Dyason, D. (2021). Panic buying and consumption displacement during COVID-19: Evidence from New Zealand. Economies, 9(46). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020046
• Herjanto, H., Amin, M., & Purington, E. F. (2021). Panic buying: The effect of thinking style and situational ambiguity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, 102455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102455
• Jung, J. M., & Kellaris, J. J. (2004). Cross-national differences in proneness to scarcity effects: The moderating roles of familiarity, uncertainty avoidance, and need for cognitive closure. Psychology & Marketing, 21, 739-753. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20027
• Kameda, T., & Hastie, R. (2015). Herd behavior. Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0157
• Kar, A. K., Tripathi, S. N., Malik, N., Gupta, S., & Sivarajah, U. (2023). How does misinformation and capricious opinions impact the supply chain-A study on the impacts during the pandemic. Annals of Operations Research, 327(2), 713-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04997-6
• Kaur, A., & Malik, G. (2020). Understanding the psychology behind panic buying: A grounded theory approach. Global Business Review, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920973504
• Kay, A. C., & Eibach, R. P. (2013). Compensatory control and its implications for ideological extremism. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 564-585. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12029
• Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., Napier, J. L., Callan, M. J., & Laurin, K. (2008). God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.18
• Kay, A. C., Whitson, J. A., Gaucher, D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Compensatory control: Achieving order through the mind, our institutions, and the heavens. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), 264-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01649.x
• Keane, M., & Neal, T. (2021). Consumer panic in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Econometrics, 220(1), 86-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.07.045
• Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
• Kemp, E., Kennett‐Hensel, P. A., & Williams, K. H. (2014). The calm before the storm: Examining emotion regulation consumption in the face of an impending disaster. Psychology & Marketing, 31(11), 933-945. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20744
• Laato, S., Islam, A. N., Farooq, A., & Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102224
• Landau, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Whitson, J. A. (2015). Compensatory control and the appeal of a structured world. Psychological Bulletin, 141(3), 694. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038703
• LaPiere, R. T. (1938). Panic behavior. R. T. LaPierre (Ed.), Collective behavior (ss. 437-461) içinde. McGraw-Hill Book Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11044-017
• Latané, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36(4), 343-356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.343
• Leach, J. (1994). Survival psychology. Springer.
• Leung, J., Chung, J. Y. C., Tisdale, C., Chiu, V., Lim, C. C., & Chan, G. (2021). Anxiety and panic buying behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic—a qualitative analysis of toilet paper hoarding contents on Twitter. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031127
• Li, X., Zhou, Y., Wong, Y. D., Wang, X., & Yuen, K. F. (2021). What influences panic buying behaviour? A model based on dual-system theory and stimulus-organism-response framework. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 64, 102484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102484
• Lim, W. M., Kalantari, H. D., & Perera, C. R. (2024). Commercial value of panic buying and its marketing implications. Journal of Consumer Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2331
• Lins, S., & Aquino, S. (2020). Development and initial psychometric properties of a panic buying scale during COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04746
• Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617-624.
• Loxton, M., Truskett, R., Scarf, B., Sindone, L., Baldry, G., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Consumer behaviour during crises: Preliminary research on how coronavirus has manifested consumer panic buying, herd mentality, changing discretionary spending and the role of the media in influencing behaviour. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(8), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13080166
• Lynn, M. (1991). Scarcity effects on value: A quantitative review of the commodity theory literature. Psychology & Marketing, 8(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220080105
• Quarantelli, E. L. (2001). The sociology of panic. In N. J. Smelser and P. B. Baltes (Eds.) International encyclopedia of the social and behavioural sciences. New York: Pergamon Press.
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
• Maslow, A. H. (1958). A dynamic theory of human motivation. C. L. Stacey and M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human motivation (ss. 26-47) içinde. Howard Allen Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1037/11305-004
• Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Türkiye (2020). Koronavirüs ile mücadele kapsamında-yeni kısıtlama ve tedbirler genelgeleri. Erişim adresi: https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-ile-mucadele-kapsaminda-sokaga-cikma-kisitlamalari---yeni-kisitlama-ve-tedbirler-genelgeleri Erişim tarihi: 30.11.2024
• Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. Times Books/Henry Holt and Co.
• Naeem, M. (2021). Do social media platforms develop consumer panic buying during the fear of Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102226
• Nakić, M., Koričan Lajtman, M., & Oblaković, G. (2024). Exploring panic buying as a situational response–the role of fear, media exposure and context-specific paranoia. International Journal of Emerging Markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-09-2022-1407
• Navy, S. L. (2020). Theory of human motivation-Abraham Maslow. Science Education in Theory and Practice: An Introductory Guide to Learning Theory, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43620-9_2
• Omar, N. A., Nazri, M. A., Ali, M. H., & Alam, S. S. (2021). The panic buying behavior of consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining the influences of uncertainty, perceptions of severity, perceptions of scarcity, and anxiety. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102600
• Ponce de Leon, R., & Kay, A. C. (2020). Political ideology and compensatory control mechanisms. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 112-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.013
• Prechter, R. R. Jr, (2001). Unconscious herding behavior as the psychological basis of financial market trends and patterns. The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2(3), 120-125. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327760JPFM0203_1
• Prentice, C., Quach, S., & Thaichon, P. (2022). Antecedents and consequences of panic buying: The case of COVID-19. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 46(1), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12649
• Rajkumar, R. P. (2021). A biopsychosocial approach to understanding panic buying: Integrating neurobiological, attachment-based, and social-anthropological perspectives. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 652353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.652353
• Rao, H., Greve, H. R., & Davis, G. F. (2001). Fool’s gold: Social proof in the initiation and abandonment of coverage by wall street analysts. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(3), 502–526. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094873
• Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. (2020). COVID-19 nedir? Erişim adresi: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66300/covid-19-nedir-.html Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2024
• Rogsch, C., Schreckenberg, M., Tribble, E., Klingsch, W., & Kretz, T. (2010). Was it panic? An overview about mass-emergencies and their origins all over the world for recent years. In W. W. F. Klingsch, C. Rogsch, A. Schadschneider and M. Schreckenberg (Eds.) Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2008 (ss. 743-755). London: Springer.
• Rook, L. (2006). An economic psychological approach to herd behavior. Journal of Economic Issues, 40(1), 75-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2006.11506883
• Sharma, P., Kar, S., Menon, V., Ravi, C., Mukherjee, S., Alradie-Mohamed, A., ... & Arafat, S. Y. (2020). Panic buying: Is it a normal social construct? The Anatolian Journal of Family Medicine, 3(3), 270-271. https://doi.org/10.5505/anatoljfm.2020.52523
• Sharma, P., & Pokharel, M. (2021). Social perspectives of panic buying. Panic buying: Perspectives and prevention (ss. 81-92) içinde. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Shi, X., Li, F., & Chumnumpan, P. (2020). The use of product scarcity in marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 380-418. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-04-2018-0285
• Shiller, R. J. (1995). Conversation, information, and herd behavior. The American Economic Review, 85(2), 181-185.
• Shoib, S., & Arafat, S. Y. (2021). Behavioural perspectives of panic buying. In Panic buying: Perspectives and prevention (ss. 1-12). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Singh, G., Aiyub, A. S., Greig, T., Naidu, S., Sewak, A., & Sharma, S. (2023). Exploring panic buying behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A developing country perspective. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(7), 1587-1613. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-03-2021-0308
• Singh, J., Kumar, P., & Kar, S. K. (2021). Predictors of panic buying. Panic buying: Perspectives and prevention (ss. 13-34) içinde. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Somani, A., & Kumar, A. (2021). Historical perspectives of panic buying. Panic buying: Perspectives and prevention (ss. 115-123) içinde. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Statista, (2024a). Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the global economy-statistics & facts. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid-19-impact-on-the-global-economy/#editorsPicks Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2024
• Statista. (2024b). Coronavirus impact on U.S. e-commerce-statistics & facts. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/topics/6321/coronavirus-covid-19-impact-on-e-commerce-in-the-us/#topicOverview Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2024
• Sun, H. (2013). A longitudinal study of herd behavior in the adoption and continued use of technology. Mis Quarterly, 37(4), 1013-1041. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.4.02
• Tester, K. (2013). Panic. London: Routledge.
• Trisno, B., & Vidayana, V. (2023). Understanding herding behavior among Indonesian stock market investors. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 426, p. 01088). EDP Sciences.
• Van, D., McLaws, M. L., Crimmins, J., MacIntyre, C. R., & Seale, H. (2010). University life and pandemic influenza: Attitudes and intended behaviour of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009. BMC Public Health, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-130
• Walsh, R. (1989). Toward a psychology of human survival: Psychological approaches to contemporary global threats. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 43(2), 158-180. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1989.43.2.158
• Wang, H. H., & Hao, N. (2020). Panic buying? Food hoarding during the pandemic period with city lockdown. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 19(12), 2916-2925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63448-7
• Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Lacking control increases illusory pattern perception. Science, 322(5898), 115-117. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159845
• Yaran Ögel, İ. (2022). Did fear of missing out trigger panic buying behavior and cognitive dissonance of consumers during early days of Covid-19 pandemic? The mediating role of panic buying. Journal of Research in Business, 7(1), 22-45. https://doi.org/10.54452/jrb.987788
• Yoshizaki, H. T., de Brito Junior, I., Hino, C. M., Aguiar, L. L., & Pinheiro, M. C. R. (2020). Relationship between panic buying and per capita income during COVID-19. Sustainability, 12(23), 9968. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239968
• Yousaf, S., Tauni, M. Z., & Khan, B. (2022). Dark triad traits and panic buying. Personality and Individual Differences, 197, 111771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111771
• Yuen, K. F., Leong, J. Z. E., Wong, Y. D., & Wang, X. (2021). Panic buying during COVID-19: Survival psychology and needs perspectives in deprived environments. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 62, 102421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102421
• Yuen, K. F., Wang, X., Ma, F., & Li, K. X. (2020). The psychological causes of panic buying following a health crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103513
• Zheng, R., Shou, B., & Yang, J. (2021). Supply disruption management under consumer panic buying and social learning effects. Omega, 101, 102238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2020.102238