Research Article
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Laissez Passer, Laissez Pugnare (Laissez Jihad): The Reasons of Joining to DAESH from Caucasus

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 34, 203 - 243, 13.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.768605

Abstract

The goal of this article is to investigate the reasons why Caucasus (Russia origin) fighters have moved to Levant region and joined to DAESH. The research is conducted through an extensive literature review and content analysis of websites related to DAESH. The research findings indicate at least six significant variables motivated the fighters from Russia to join DAESH. These are (1) Russia’s “laissez jihad” politics, (2) the sense of helplessness and the idea of helping Muslims in difficult conditions, (3) the conjuncture and Emir (leader) factor, (4) “five star jihad” aphorism, (5) social networks and individual reasons, (6) the intermediary role of social media, digital technology and propaganda”. It is evaluated that the findings and conclusions of the research may contribute both the policymakers in the formation of security policies and the current academic literature.

References

  • AWAN, Fatimah, Young People, Identity and the Media: A Study of Conceptions of Self-Identity Among Youth in Southern England, A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October, 2007.
  • BEHR, Ines Von, Anaïs Reding, Charlie Edwards and Luke Gribbon, Luke. Radicalization in Digital Era: The use of the internet in 15 cases of terrorism and extremism, Rand Corporation, 2013.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “The subjective reality of the terrorist: Ideological and psychological factors in terrorism”, In R. O. Slater and M. Stohl (Eds.), Current Perspectives in International Terrorism, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1988.
  • DAVİS, Eric, Ideology, Social Class and Islamic Radicalism in modern Egypt, (S. Arjoman, Dü.) State University of New York, 1984.
  • GEERAERTS, Sanne B., “Digital Radicalization of Youths”, Social Cosmos, 2012, 3(1), pp.25-32.
  • GILLIAT-RAY, Sophie, Muslims in Britain. An introduction, Cambridge University Press, 2010
  • SAGEMAN, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  • SILBER, Mitchell D. and Arvin Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat, NYPD Intelligence Division, New York, 2007.
  • TAYLOR, Donald M. and Louis Winnifred, “Terrorism and the quest for identity” in Fathali M. Moghaddam and Anthony J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding Terrorism: Psychosocial Roots, Consequences, and Interventions, Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2004.
  • TAYLOR, Max and John Horgan, “The Psychological and Behavioural Bases of Islamic Fundamentalism”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 13(4), pp.37-71, 2001.
  • WEISS, Michael and Hassan Hassan, ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror (Updated Edition), New York Times, March 29, 2016.
  • VELDHUIS, Tinka and Jørgen Staun, Islamist Radicalisation: A Root Cause Model, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, Clingendael 7, 2597 VH Den Haag, 2009.
  • BLANCHARD, Christopher M., Carla E. Humud and Mary Beth D. Nikitin, “Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response”, Report Dated 17 SEP 2014, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 101 Independence Ave, SE,Washington,DC,20540, 2014.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “Current research on terrorism: The academic perspective”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1992, 15(1), pp.:1-11.
  • FELTER, Joseph ve Brian Fishman, “Al‐Qa’ida’sForeignFighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records”, Report, Combating Terrorism Center, Lincoln Hall,U.S. Miltary Academy,West Point, NY,10996, 2007.
  • FRONTEX (European Border and Coast Guard Agency), Risk Analysis for 2018, Risk Analysis Unit Frontex reference number: 2671 / 2018; Warsaw, February 2018.
  • GANOR, Boaz, “Four Questions on ISIS: A ‘Trend’ Analysis of the Islamic State”, Perspectives on Terrorism, , ISSN 2334-3745, 2015, Vol.:9(3), pp.:56-64.
  • HACKER, Frederick, J., “Crusaders , Criminals , Crazies: Terror and Terrorizm in our Time”, 1976’dan aktaran: Sue Mahan and Pamala L. Griset, Terrorizm in Perspective, SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013.
  • HEINKE, Daniel H. ve Jan Raudszus, “German Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq”, Selected Works, 2015, 8(1), pp.:17-21.
  • LUCKABAUGH, Robert, E. Fuqua, J. Cangemi and C. Kowalski, , “Terrorist Behavior and US Foreign Policy: Who is the enemy? Some Psychological and Political Perspectives”, Psychology, 1997, 34(2), 1-15.
  • MURSHED, S. Mansoob and Sarah Pavan, “Identity and Islamic Radicalization in Western Europe”, MICROCON Research Working Paper 16, August 2009.
  • RICHARDSON, Frank C. “Psychology and Religion: Hermeneutic Reflections”, Journal of Psychology and Theology, 2006, 34(3), pp.:232-245, https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710603400305.
  • ŞİŞANİ, Müslim, “Sonradan farklı denklemler oluştu”, Ümmet Bülteni, (Röportajı Yapan:Yılmaz Bilgen), 24 Eylül 2014a, http://ummetbulteni.com/el-cezire-cundus-sam-emiri-muslim-siseni-ile-roportaj-yapti/ , (Erişim tarihi: 15.03.2016).
  • ŞİŞANİ, Müslim, “Chechen militants: ‘more prestigious’ to fight for Islamic State”, Syria direct, (Röportajı Yapan: J. Paraszczuk,). December 08, 2014b, https://syriadirect.org/news/chechen-militants-%E2%80%98more-prestigious%E2%80%99-to-fight-for-islamic-state/ , (Erişim: 17.03.2016).
  • ŞİŞANİ, Selahaddin, “Emir Selahaddin Şişani’nin “Ümmet-i İslam” sitesiyle 2015 yılındaki röportajı”, Ümmet-i İslam, 31 Mart 2015, (Röportajı Yapan: Cüneyt Asım DURU), https://kavkazcihad.wordpress.com/2017/12/17/emir-selahaddin-sisaninin-ummet-i-islam-sitesiyle-2015-yilindaki-roportaji/ , (Erişim:17.12.2017).
  • TERRILL, W. Andrew, “Confronting the ‘İslamic State’ Understanding the Strengths and Vulnerabilities of ISIS”, Parameters, 2014, Vol.: 44(3), s.:13-23.
  • TÜRKER, Ahmet Tolga, “Kuzey Kafkasya’da aşırı İslamcılığın yükselişi: Kafkasya Emirliği’nin analizi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 2013, Cilt 68, No. 3, s.: 141-164.
  • AL JAZEERA, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/isid-bir-gunde-zengin-oldu, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ocak, 2015).
  • AL JAZEERA, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/isid-neden-hizla-buyudu, 5 Eylül 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2015).
  • AP, Bassem MROUE, Chechen in Syria a Rising Star in Extremist Group, http://www.surecanaliz.org: http://www.surecanaliz.org/makale/isidin-cecen-lideri-el-sisani , 8 Temmuz 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2015).
  • CNNTÜRK, http://www.cnnturk.com/haber/turkiye/isid-sosyal-medya, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mart 2015).
  • DEMİR, Hilmi, “Türkiye IŞİD’e karşı doğal direncini kaybediyor”, Aljazeera Turk, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/gorus/turkiye-iside-karsi-dogal-direncini-kaybediyor, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Nisan 2015).
  • Gazeta.ru, “3000 den Fazla Rus, Teroristler Tarafında Savaşmak İçin Suriye ve Irak’a gitti”, Gazeta.ru, https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2016/11/21/n_9357503.shtml, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2016).
  • GÜNALTAY, Ahmet, “El Abadi’yi bekleyen görevler”, DW Akademisi, http://www.dw.de/el-abadiyi-bekleyen-g%C3%B6revler/a-17859335, 17 Ağustos 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.02.2015).
  • HÜRRİYET, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/27067516.asp, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ocak 2015).
  • TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi İnternet sitesi, (2019), https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cihad, Erişim: 20.02.2020.
  • PARASZCZUK, Joanna, “Propaganda & Scandal: The Strange Tale Of Umar Shishani & The Former Head Of Chechnya’s Migration Service”, From Chechnya to Syria: Tracking Russian Speaking Foreign Fighters in Syria, http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=22838, November 9, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).
  • TSVETKOVA, Maria, “How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/russia-militants/, 2016a, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).
  • TSVEKTOVA, Maria, “Other radicals allowed to leave Russia”, https://www.reuters.com/ investigates/special-report/russia-militants/#sidebar-russia , 2016b, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).
  • ÜMMET-İ İSLAM, “Suriye’de Yaşayan Çeçen Mücahidler”, http://www.ummetislam.net/ analiz-suriyede-savasan-cecen-mucahidler/, 20 Kasım 2013, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2015).
  • YAFFA, Joshua, “Checenya’s ISIS Problem”, the New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/chechnyas-isis-problem, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).

Bırakınız Gitsinler, Bırakınız Savaşsınlar (Laissez Jihad): Kafkasya’dan DAEŞ’e Katılım Nedenleri

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 34, 203 - 243, 13.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.768605

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı Kafkas (Rusya kökenli) militanların, Levant bölgesine göç etmeleri ve DAEŞ’e katılım nedenlerini incelemektir. DAEŞ’e katılım sebepleri, ilgili web kaynaklarının içerik analizi ve ilgili alanyazın incelemesi yapılarak araştırılmıştır. Araştırma aşağıda sayılan altı bulgunun Rusya kökenli savaşçıların DAEŞ’e katılmalarının ardında yatan nedenler olduğunu göstermektedir: (1) Rusya’nın laissez jihad politikası, (2) Çaresizlik hissi ve zor durumda bulunan Müslümanlara yardım etme düşüncesi, (3) Konjonktürel durum ve Lider (Emir) faktörü, (4) Beş yıldızlı cihat aforizması, (5) Sosyal ağlar ve kişisel ilişkiler, (6) Sosyal medya, dijital teknoloji ve propaganda araçlarının aracı (mediatör) etkisi. Araştırma sonuçları ve bulgularının hem kamu otoriteleri tarafından güvenlik politikalarının oluşturulmasına hem de mevcut alan yazına katkı sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

References

  • AWAN, Fatimah, Young People, Identity and the Media: A Study of Conceptions of Self-Identity Among Youth in Southern England, A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October, 2007.
  • BEHR, Ines Von, Anaïs Reding, Charlie Edwards and Luke Gribbon, Luke. Radicalization in Digital Era: The use of the internet in 15 cases of terrorism and extremism, Rand Corporation, 2013.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “The subjective reality of the terrorist: Ideological and psychological factors in terrorism”, In R. O. Slater and M. Stohl (Eds.), Current Perspectives in International Terrorism, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1988.
  • DAVİS, Eric, Ideology, Social Class and Islamic Radicalism in modern Egypt, (S. Arjoman, Dü.) State University of New York, 1984.
  • GEERAERTS, Sanne B., “Digital Radicalization of Youths”, Social Cosmos, 2012, 3(1), pp.25-32.
  • GILLIAT-RAY, Sophie, Muslims in Britain. An introduction, Cambridge University Press, 2010
  • SAGEMAN, Marc, Understanding Terror Networks, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  • SILBER, Mitchell D. and Arvin Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat, NYPD Intelligence Division, New York, 2007.
  • TAYLOR, Donald M. and Louis Winnifred, “Terrorism and the quest for identity” in Fathali M. Moghaddam and Anthony J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding Terrorism: Psychosocial Roots, Consequences, and Interventions, Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2004.
  • TAYLOR, Max and John Horgan, “The Psychological and Behavioural Bases of Islamic Fundamentalism”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 13(4), pp.37-71, 2001.
  • WEISS, Michael and Hassan Hassan, ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror (Updated Edition), New York Times, March 29, 2016.
  • VELDHUIS, Tinka and Jørgen Staun, Islamist Radicalisation: A Root Cause Model, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, Clingendael 7, 2597 VH Den Haag, 2009.
  • BLANCHARD, Christopher M., Carla E. Humud and Mary Beth D. Nikitin, “Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response”, Report Dated 17 SEP 2014, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 101 Independence Ave, SE,Washington,DC,20540, 2014.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “Current research on terrorism: The academic perspective”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1992, 15(1), pp.:1-11.
  • FELTER, Joseph ve Brian Fishman, “Al‐Qa’ida’sForeignFighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records”, Report, Combating Terrorism Center, Lincoln Hall,U.S. Miltary Academy,West Point, NY,10996, 2007.
  • FRONTEX (European Border and Coast Guard Agency), Risk Analysis for 2018, Risk Analysis Unit Frontex reference number: 2671 / 2018; Warsaw, February 2018.
  • GANOR, Boaz, “Four Questions on ISIS: A ‘Trend’ Analysis of the Islamic State”, Perspectives on Terrorism, , ISSN 2334-3745, 2015, Vol.:9(3), pp.:56-64.
  • HACKER, Frederick, J., “Crusaders , Criminals , Crazies: Terror and Terrorizm in our Time”, 1976’dan aktaran: Sue Mahan and Pamala L. Griset, Terrorizm in Perspective, SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013.
  • HEINKE, Daniel H. ve Jan Raudszus, “German Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq”, Selected Works, 2015, 8(1), pp.:17-21.
  • LUCKABAUGH, Robert, E. Fuqua, J. Cangemi and C. Kowalski, , “Terrorist Behavior and US Foreign Policy: Who is the enemy? Some Psychological and Political Perspectives”, Psychology, 1997, 34(2), 1-15.
  • MURSHED, S. Mansoob and Sarah Pavan, “Identity and Islamic Radicalization in Western Europe”, MICROCON Research Working Paper 16, August 2009.
  • RICHARDSON, Frank C. “Psychology and Religion: Hermeneutic Reflections”, Journal of Psychology and Theology, 2006, 34(3), pp.:232-245, https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710603400305.
  • ŞİŞANİ, Müslim, “Sonradan farklı denklemler oluştu”, Ümmet Bülteni, (Röportajı Yapan:Yılmaz Bilgen), 24 Eylül 2014a, http://ummetbulteni.com/el-cezire-cundus-sam-emiri-muslim-siseni-ile-roportaj-yapti/ , (Erişim tarihi: 15.03.2016).
  • ŞİŞANİ, Müslim, “Chechen militants: ‘more prestigious’ to fight for Islamic State”, Syria direct, (Röportajı Yapan: J. Paraszczuk,). December 08, 2014b, https://syriadirect.org/news/chechen-militants-%E2%80%98more-prestigious%E2%80%99-to-fight-for-islamic-state/ , (Erişim: 17.03.2016).
  • ŞİŞANİ, Selahaddin, “Emir Selahaddin Şişani’nin “Ümmet-i İslam” sitesiyle 2015 yılındaki röportajı”, Ümmet-i İslam, 31 Mart 2015, (Röportajı Yapan: Cüneyt Asım DURU), https://kavkazcihad.wordpress.com/2017/12/17/emir-selahaddin-sisaninin-ummet-i-islam-sitesiyle-2015-yilindaki-roportaji/ , (Erişim:17.12.2017).
  • TERRILL, W. Andrew, “Confronting the ‘İslamic State’ Understanding the Strengths and Vulnerabilities of ISIS”, Parameters, 2014, Vol.: 44(3), s.:13-23.
  • TÜRKER, Ahmet Tolga, “Kuzey Kafkasya’da aşırı İslamcılığın yükselişi: Kafkasya Emirliği’nin analizi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 2013, Cilt 68, No. 3, s.: 141-164.
  • AL JAZEERA, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/isid-bir-gunde-zengin-oldu, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ocak, 2015).
  • AL JAZEERA, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/isid-neden-hizla-buyudu, 5 Eylül 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2015).
  • AP, Bassem MROUE, Chechen in Syria a Rising Star in Extremist Group, http://www.surecanaliz.org: http://www.surecanaliz.org/makale/isidin-cecen-lideri-el-sisani , 8 Temmuz 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2015).
  • CNNTÜRK, http://www.cnnturk.com/haber/turkiye/isid-sosyal-medya, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mart 2015).
  • DEMİR, Hilmi, “Türkiye IŞİD’e karşı doğal direncini kaybediyor”, Aljazeera Turk, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/gorus/turkiye-iside-karsi-dogal-direncini-kaybediyor, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Nisan 2015).
  • Gazeta.ru, “3000 den Fazla Rus, Teroristler Tarafında Savaşmak İçin Suriye ve Irak’a gitti”, Gazeta.ru, https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2016/11/21/n_9357503.shtml, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2016).
  • GÜNALTAY, Ahmet, “El Abadi’yi bekleyen görevler”, DW Akademisi, http://www.dw.de/el-abadiyi-bekleyen-g%C3%B6revler/a-17859335, 17 Ağustos 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.02.2015).
  • HÜRRİYET, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/27067516.asp, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ocak 2015).
  • TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi İnternet sitesi, (2019), https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cihad, Erişim: 20.02.2020.
  • PARASZCZUK, Joanna, “Propaganda & Scandal: The Strange Tale Of Umar Shishani & The Former Head Of Chechnya’s Migration Service”, From Chechnya to Syria: Tracking Russian Speaking Foreign Fighters in Syria, http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=22838, November 9, 2014, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).
  • TSVETKOVA, Maria, “How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/russia-militants/, 2016a, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).
  • TSVEKTOVA, Maria, “Other radicals allowed to leave Russia”, https://www.reuters.com/ investigates/special-report/russia-militants/#sidebar-russia , 2016b, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).
  • ÜMMET-İ İSLAM, “Suriye’de Yaşayan Çeçen Mücahidler”, http://www.ummetislam.net/ analiz-suriyede-savasan-cecen-mucahidler/, 20 Kasım 2013, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2015).
  • YAFFA, Joshua, “Checenya’s ISIS Problem”, the New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/chechnyas-isis-problem, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018).
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Keser This is me 0000-0002-1064-7807

Bilal Ulusoy This is me 0000-0001-6099-3073

Publication Date July 13, 2020
Submission Date February 7, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 16 Issue: 34

Cite

Chicago Keser, Ahmet, and Bilal Ulusoy. “Bırakınız Gitsinler, Bırakınız Savaşsınlar (Laissez Jihad): Kafkasya’dan DAEŞ’e Katılım Nedenleri”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 16, no. 34 (July 2020): 203-43. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.768605.