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NATO Dönüşüm Politikalarının İnşacı Yaklaşımla İncelenmesi (1991-2011)

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 38, 289 - 334, 07.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964041

Abstract

1990’larda uluslararası yapıda meydana gelen köklü değişimlere kadar önde gelen teoriler olarak kabul gören yeni gerçekçi ve yeni liberal teoriler uluslararası alanı devletlerin stratejik çıkarlarını gerçekleştirdikleri bir alan olarak görmekteydi. Ancak, bu dönemde NATO’nun benimsediği politikalardaki iş birliği vurgusu ve devletlerin problemler karşısında geliştirdiği ortak tutum ve davranışlar bu teorilerin öngördüğü salt çıkar odaklı yaklaşımın yeterli teorik çerçeveyi sağlayamadığını göstermiştir. Yine bu dönemde, eleştirel uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri içerisinde konumlanan ve devletlerarası ilişkilerde sosyal etkileşim boyutunu öne çıkaran inşacı yaklaşım klasik teorilerden farklı bir teorik çerçeve sunmuştur. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmanın amacı NATO’nun Soğuk Savaş sonrasında uygulamaya koyduğu dönüşüm politikalarının inşacı yaklaşım çerçevesinde anlaşılmaya çalışılmasıdır. Çalışmada NATO’nun iş birliğine dayalı güvenlik, genişleme süreci ve ortak güvenlik kapsamındaki politikalarının inşacı yaklaşımın; “ortak, paylaşılan anlam, norm ve değerler geliştirerek maddi gücün bu çerçevede anlamlandırılması; sosyal etkileşim yoluyla bu değerlerin yaygınlaştırılması” anlayışıyla okunabileceği görülmüş, ancak bu yaklaşımın başarısının stratejik ortamın uygunluğuna bağlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • ADLER Emanuel and BARNETT Michael (ed.), Security Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
  • DEUTSCH Karl W. et. al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1957.
  • EGELİ Sıtkı, Füze Tehdidi ve NATO Füze Kalkanı, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
  • KATZENSTEIN P. J. (ed.), Culture of National Security, Colombia University Press, New York, 1996.
  • NATO Public Diplomacy Division, NATO Handbook, Brussels, 2006.
  • ONUF Nicholas Greenwood, World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations, University of South Carolina Press, Colombia / South Carolina, 1989.
  • REUS-SMIT Christian et. al., Theories of International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005.
  • WENDT Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge, 1999.
  • ZEHFUSS Maja, Constructivism in International Relations, Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge, 2004.
  • BURTON Joe, NATO After the Cold War: Explaining the Durability of the Atlantic Alliance in a New Global Context, the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2010 (Yayımlanmamıs Doktora Tezi).
  • ÇAKIR Adem, Türkiye-NATO İlişkilerinin İnşacı Perspektiften Analizi: 1991-2011, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, Harp Akademileri, 2016. ADLER Emanuel, “The Spread of Security Communities: Communities of Practice, Self-Restraint, and NATO’s Post– Cold War Transformation”, Paper Presented at the 2007 Meeting of the International Studies Association, Chicago, 2 March 2007.
  • AYBET Gülnur, “NATO’S New Missions”, Perceptions, 1999, Cilt 4, Sayı 1.
  • AYBET Gülnur, “The Evolution of NATO’s Three Phases and Turkey’s Transatlantic Relationship”, Perceptions, 2012, Cilt 17, Sayı 1, 19-36.
  • BARKIN J. Samuel, “Realist Constructivism”, International Studies Review, 2003, Cilt 5, 325-342
  • BOZDAĞLIOĞLU Yücel, “Constructivism and Identity Formation: An Interactive Approach”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 2007, Cilt 3 Sayı 11, 121-144.
  • COTTEY Andrew, “NATO: Globalization or redundancy?”, Contemporary Security Policy, 2004, Cilt 25, Sayı 3, 391-408.
  • CYR Arthur, “Turkey and the West”, Perceptions, 1996, Cilt 1, Eylül-Ekim.
  • FLYNN Gregory and FARRELL Henry, “Piecing Together the Democratic Peace: The CSCE, Norms, and the “Construction” of Security in Post-Cold War Europe”, International Organization, 1999, Cilt 53, Sayı 3, Yaz, 505-535.
  • GHECIU Alexandra, “Security Institutions as Agents of Socialization? NATO and the ‘New Europe”, International Organization, 2005, Cilt 59, Sayı 4, Sonbahar, 973-1002.
  • MOORE Rebecca R., “Lisbon and the Evolution of NATO’s New Partnership Policy”, Perceptions, 2012, Cilt 17, Sayı 1, Bahar, 55-74.
  • RISSE-KAPPEN Thomas, “Collective Identity in a Democratic Community: The Case of NATO”, Katzenstein, P. J., (ed.), Culture of National Security, Colombia University Press, New York, 1996, 357-399.
  • SCHIMMELFENNIG Frank, “NATO enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation”, Security Studies, 1998, Cilt 8, Sayı 2-3, 198-234.
  • SOLANA Javier, “NATO in Transition”, Perceptions, 1996, Cilt 1, Mar.-May.
  • ULUSOY Hasan, “Collective Security in Europe”, Perceptions, 2003, Cilt 7, Sayı 4.
  • WALLANDER Celeste A., “Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO after the Cold War”, International Organization, 2000, Cilt 54, Sayı 4, 705-735.
  • WALT Stephen M., “Alliances in a Unipolar World”, World Politics, 2009, Cilt 61, Sayı 1, 86-120.
  • WENDT Alexander “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, The American Political Science Review, 1994, Cilt 88, Sayı 2, 384-396.
  • WOLFF Andrew T., “The Structural and Political Crisis of NATO Transformation”, Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 2009, Cilt 7, Sayı 4, 476-792.
  • Bucharest Summit Declaration, 03 April 2008.
  • Comprehensive Political Guidance Endorsed by NATO Heads of State and Government, 29 November 2006.
  • Declaration of the Heads of State and Government, Brussel, 11 January 1994.
  • Declaration on Peace and Cooperation issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council, Rome, 8 November 1991.
  • Helsinki Final Act, Helsinki Final Act, 01 August 1975.
  • Istanbul Summit Communiqueé, 28-29 June 2004.
  • Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Policy Document, 28 June 2004.
  • Lisbon Summit Declaration, 20 November 2010.
  • Madrid Declaration on Euro-Atlantic Security and Cooperation, 8 July 1997.
  • Membership Action Plan (MAP), 24 Nisan 1999.
  • Partnership for Peace: Framework Document, 10-11 January 1994.
  • Prague Summit Declaration, 21 November 2002
  • Riga Summit Declaration, 29 November 2006.
  • Strasbourg/Kehl Summit Declaration, 4 April 2009.
  • Strategic Concept 2010, Lisbon, 19 November 2010.
  • Study on NATO Enlargement, 3 September 1995.
  • The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept agreed by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council, Rome, 7-8 November 1991.
  • The Alliance’s Strategic Concept, Approved by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington D.C., Washington D.C, 24 April 1999.
  • The North Atlantic Treaty (Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması), Washington D.C., 4 April 1949.
  • “History of the ARRC (Allied Rapid Reaction Corps”, https://arrc.nato.int/page6814928.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Kasım 2020).
  • Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “Who Needs NATO?”, The New York Times, 15 June 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/opinion/16iht-edwheatcroft16.html?_r=0 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2016).
  • General James Jones (dönemin NATO Avrupa Müttefik Kuvvetleri Komutanı [Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)], aktaran NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO Response Force”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/ topics_49755.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2016).
  • Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch”, 1795, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Enlargement”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/topics_49212.htm# (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mart 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, ‘Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI), http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_58787.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mayıs 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “A Short History of NATO”, http://www.nato.int/ history/nato-history.html (Erişim Tarihi 06 Kasım 2014).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Ballistic missile defence”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/topics_49635.htm# (Erişim Tarihi: 6 Mayıs 2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Basic Document of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council”, 29 May 1997, http://www.nato.int./docu/pr/1997/p97-066e.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mart 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “International Security Assistance Force (ISAF): Key Facts and Figures”, 6 October 2014, http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/ assets/pdf/pdf_2014_10/20141014_141006-ISAF-Placemat-final.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Mayıs 2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO Mediterranean Dialogue”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_60021.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mayıs 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO’s relations with Contact Countries”, http://www.nato.int/summit2009/topics_en/12-contact_countries.html#evolution (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Mayıs 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO Response Force”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/topics_49755.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_82584.htm?selectedLocale=en (Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “The Harmel Report”, http://www.nato.int/cps/ en/natohq/topics_67927.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Kasım 2014).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “The Future Tasks of the Alliance
  • Report of the Council- ‘The Harmel Report’”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/official_texts_26700.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2013).
  • William J. Clinton, “Remarks at the Harry S. Truman Library Institute Legacy of Leadership Dinner,” 25 October 1995, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ ws/?pid=50701 (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Mayıs 2015).
  • DEMİREL Süleyman, DYP Genel Başkanı, TBMM Tutanak Dergisi, 21.02.1990, Cilt 41, Birleşim 80, Oturum 1.

Analysis of NATO’s Transformation Policies with Constructivist Approach

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 38, 289 - 334, 07.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964041

Abstract

Neo-realism and neo-liberalism, which had been regarded as mainstream theories up until profound changes took place in the 1990s in international structure, considered the international area a domain in which states mainly pursue their strategic interests. In this period, NATO adopted policies that emphasized cooperation, and NATO countries developed collaborative and collective responses to tackle international problems. This approach demonstrated that pure interest-based mainstream theories could not provide enough theoretical framework for the new policies. In the same period constructivism, which is considered among critical theories and emphasizes the interaction of states, offered a different framework than classical theories. In this context, the study tries to understand transformation policies from a constructivist approach perspective. In the study, it has been found out that cooperative security, enlargement, and collective security policies could be understood by the constructivist approach’s following claim; material force is given meaning according to the shared knowledge, norm and values and these could be spread by social interaction; though the success of this understanding depends on the suitable strategic environment.

References

  • ADLER Emanuel and BARNETT Michael (ed.), Security Communities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
  • DEUTSCH Karl W. et. al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1957.
  • EGELİ Sıtkı, Füze Tehdidi ve NATO Füze Kalkanı, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
  • KATZENSTEIN P. J. (ed.), Culture of National Security, Colombia University Press, New York, 1996.
  • NATO Public Diplomacy Division, NATO Handbook, Brussels, 2006.
  • ONUF Nicholas Greenwood, World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations, University of South Carolina Press, Colombia / South Carolina, 1989.
  • REUS-SMIT Christian et. al., Theories of International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005.
  • WENDT Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge, 1999.
  • ZEHFUSS Maja, Constructivism in International Relations, Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge, 2004.
  • BURTON Joe, NATO After the Cold War: Explaining the Durability of the Atlantic Alliance in a New Global Context, the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2010 (Yayımlanmamıs Doktora Tezi).
  • ÇAKIR Adem, Türkiye-NATO İlişkilerinin İnşacı Perspektiften Analizi: 1991-2011, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, Harp Akademileri, 2016. ADLER Emanuel, “The Spread of Security Communities: Communities of Practice, Self-Restraint, and NATO’s Post– Cold War Transformation”, Paper Presented at the 2007 Meeting of the International Studies Association, Chicago, 2 March 2007.
  • AYBET Gülnur, “NATO’S New Missions”, Perceptions, 1999, Cilt 4, Sayı 1.
  • AYBET Gülnur, “The Evolution of NATO’s Three Phases and Turkey’s Transatlantic Relationship”, Perceptions, 2012, Cilt 17, Sayı 1, 19-36.
  • BARKIN J. Samuel, “Realist Constructivism”, International Studies Review, 2003, Cilt 5, 325-342
  • BOZDAĞLIOĞLU Yücel, “Constructivism and Identity Formation: An Interactive Approach”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 2007, Cilt 3 Sayı 11, 121-144.
  • COTTEY Andrew, “NATO: Globalization or redundancy?”, Contemporary Security Policy, 2004, Cilt 25, Sayı 3, 391-408.
  • CYR Arthur, “Turkey and the West”, Perceptions, 1996, Cilt 1, Eylül-Ekim.
  • FLYNN Gregory and FARRELL Henry, “Piecing Together the Democratic Peace: The CSCE, Norms, and the “Construction” of Security in Post-Cold War Europe”, International Organization, 1999, Cilt 53, Sayı 3, Yaz, 505-535.
  • GHECIU Alexandra, “Security Institutions as Agents of Socialization? NATO and the ‘New Europe”, International Organization, 2005, Cilt 59, Sayı 4, Sonbahar, 973-1002.
  • MOORE Rebecca R., “Lisbon and the Evolution of NATO’s New Partnership Policy”, Perceptions, 2012, Cilt 17, Sayı 1, Bahar, 55-74.
  • RISSE-KAPPEN Thomas, “Collective Identity in a Democratic Community: The Case of NATO”, Katzenstein, P. J., (ed.), Culture of National Security, Colombia University Press, New York, 1996, 357-399.
  • SCHIMMELFENNIG Frank, “NATO enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation”, Security Studies, 1998, Cilt 8, Sayı 2-3, 198-234.
  • SOLANA Javier, “NATO in Transition”, Perceptions, 1996, Cilt 1, Mar.-May.
  • ULUSOY Hasan, “Collective Security in Europe”, Perceptions, 2003, Cilt 7, Sayı 4.
  • WALLANDER Celeste A., “Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO after the Cold War”, International Organization, 2000, Cilt 54, Sayı 4, 705-735.
  • WALT Stephen M., “Alliances in a Unipolar World”, World Politics, 2009, Cilt 61, Sayı 1, 86-120.
  • WENDT Alexander “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, The American Political Science Review, 1994, Cilt 88, Sayı 2, 384-396.
  • WOLFF Andrew T., “The Structural and Political Crisis of NATO Transformation”, Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 2009, Cilt 7, Sayı 4, 476-792.
  • Bucharest Summit Declaration, 03 April 2008.
  • Comprehensive Political Guidance Endorsed by NATO Heads of State and Government, 29 November 2006.
  • Declaration of the Heads of State and Government, Brussel, 11 January 1994.
  • Declaration on Peace and Cooperation issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council, Rome, 8 November 1991.
  • Helsinki Final Act, Helsinki Final Act, 01 August 1975.
  • Istanbul Summit Communiqueé, 28-29 June 2004.
  • Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Policy Document, 28 June 2004.
  • Lisbon Summit Declaration, 20 November 2010.
  • Madrid Declaration on Euro-Atlantic Security and Cooperation, 8 July 1997.
  • Membership Action Plan (MAP), 24 Nisan 1999.
  • Partnership for Peace: Framework Document, 10-11 January 1994.
  • Prague Summit Declaration, 21 November 2002
  • Riga Summit Declaration, 29 November 2006.
  • Strasbourg/Kehl Summit Declaration, 4 April 2009.
  • Strategic Concept 2010, Lisbon, 19 November 2010.
  • Study on NATO Enlargement, 3 September 1995.
  • The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept agreed by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council, Rome, 7-8 November 1991.
  • The Alliance’s Strategic Concept, Approved by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington D.C., Washington D.C, 24 April 1999.
  • The North Atlantic Treaty (Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması), Washington D.C., 4 April 1949.
  • “History of the ARRC (Allied Rapid Reaction Corps”, https://arrc.nato.int/page6814928.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Kasım 2020).
  • Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “Who Needs NATO?”, The New York Times, 15 June 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/opinion/16iht-edwheatcroft16.html?_r=0 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2016).
  • General James Jones (dönemin NATO Avrupa Müttefik Kuvvetleri Komutanı [Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)], aktaran NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO Response Force”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/ topics_49755.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2016).
  • Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch”, 1795, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Enlargement”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/topics_49212.htm# (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mart 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, ‘Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI), http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_58787.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mayıs 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “A Short History of NATO”, http://www.nato.int/ history/nato-history.html (Erişim Tarihi 06 Kasım 2014).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Ballistic missile defence”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/topics_49635.htm# (Erişim Tarihi: 6 Mayıs 2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Basic Document of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council”, 29 May 1997, http://www.nato.int./docu/pr/1997/p97-066e.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mart 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “International Security Assistance Force (ISAF): Key Facts and Figures”, 6 October 2014, http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/ assets/pdf/pdf_2014_10/20141014_141006-ISAF-Placemat-final.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Mayıs 2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO Mediterranean Dialogue”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_60021.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mayıs 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO’s relations with Contact Countries”, http://www.nato.int/summit2009/topics_en/12-contact_countries.html#evolution (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Mayıs 2015).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “NATO Response Force”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/topics_49755.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_82584.htm?selectedLocale=en (Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2016).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “The Harmel Report”, http://www.nato.int/cps/ en/natohq/topics_67927.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Kasım 2014).
  • NATO Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “The Future Tasks of the Alliance
  • Report of the Council- ‘The Harmel Report’”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natolive/official_texts_26700.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2013).
  • William J. Clinton, “Remarks at the Harry S. Truman Library Institute Legacy of Leadership Dinner,” 25 October 1995, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ ws/?pid=50701 (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Mayıs 2015).
  • DEMİREL Süleyman, DYP Genel Başkanı, TBMM Tutanak Dergisi, 21.02.1990, Cilt 41, Birleşim 80, Oturum 1.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Adem Çakır This is me 0000-0002-8099-8880

Publication Date July 7, 2021
Submission Date June 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 17 Issue: 38

Cite

Chicago Çakır, Adem. “NATO Dönüşüm Politikalarının İnşacı Yaklaşımla İncelenmesi (1991-2011)”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 17, no. 38 (July 2021): 289-334. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964041.